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Background: Real-world studies have shown the sustained therapeutic effect and favourable safety profile of OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNTA) in the long term and up to 4 years of treatment in chronic migraine (CM). This study aims to assess the safety profile and efficacy of BoNTA in CM after 5 years of treatment in a real-life setting. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with CM in relation to BoNTA treatment for more than 5 years in 19 Spanish headache clinics. We excluded patients who discontinued treatment due to lack of efficacy or poor tolerability. Results: 489 patients were included [mean age 49, 82.8% women]. The mean age of onset of migraine was 21.8 years; patients had CM with a mean of 6.4 years (20.8% fulfilled the aura criteria). At baseline, patients reported a mean of 24.7 monthly headache days (MHDs) and 15.7 monthly migraine days (MMDs). In relation to effectiveness, the responder rate was 59.1% and the mean reduction in MMDs was 9.4 days (15.7 to 6.3 days; p < 0.001). The MHDs were also reduced by 14.9 days (24.7 to 9.8 days; p < 0.001). Regarding the side effects 17.5% experienced neck pain, 17.3% headache, 8.5% eyelid ptosis, 7.5% temporal muscle atrophy and 3.2% trapezius muscle atrophy. Furthermore, after longerterm exposure exceeding 5 years, there were no serious adverse events (AE) or treatment discontinuation because of safety or tolerability issues. Conclusion: Treatment with BoNTA led to sustained reductions in migraine frequency, even after long-term exposure exceeding 5 years, with no evidence of new safety concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: According to the latest European guidelines, discontinuation of monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene‐related peptide (anti‐CGRP MAb) may be considered after 12–18 months of treatment. However, some patients may worsen after discontinuation. In this study, we assessed the response following treatment resumption. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in 14 Headache Units in Spain. We included patients with response to anti‐CGRP MAb with clinical worsening after withdrawal and resumption of treatment. Numbers of monthly migraine days (MMD) and monthly headache days (MHD) were obtained at four time points: before starting anti‐CGRP MAb (T‐baseline); last month of first treatment period (T‐suspension); month of restart due to worsening (T‐worsening); and 3 months after resumption (T‐reintroduction). The response rate to resumption was calculated. Possible differences among periods were analysed according to MMD and MHD. Results: A total of 360 patients, 82% women, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age at migraine onset of 18 (12) years. The median (IQR) MHD at T‐baseline was 20 (13) and MMD was 5 (6); at T‐suspension, the median (IQR) MHD was 5 (6) and MMD was 4 (5); at T‐worsening, the median (IQR) MHD was 16 (13) and MMD was 12 (6); and at T‐reintroduction, the median (IQR) MHD was 8 (8) and MHD was 5 (5). In the second period of treatment, a 50% response rate was achieved by 57.4% of patients in MHD and 65.8% in MMD. Multivariate models showed significant differences in MHD between the third month after reintroduction and last month before suspension of first treatment period (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that anti‐CGRP MAb therapy is effective after reintroduction. However, 3 months after resumption, one third of the sample reached the same improvement as after the first treatment period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prior studies have suggested that cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) can affect the prognosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to assess if CVRFs affect the early course of MS. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed, including patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) from 2010 to 2020, with at least 2 years of disease and 6 months follow-up. Age at onset, disease duration, number of relapses, time to confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3.0 and 6.0, and time to secondary progressive MS (SPMS) were collected. Presence and date at onset of hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), and smoking during the study period were collected. The primary objective was to assess if CVRFs at the onset of MS are associated with lower time to EDSS 3.0, time to EDSS 6.0, and time to SPMS, using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: 281 RRMS patients were included; median age at onset was 33 (IQR 26–39); 69.4% were female. Median EDSS at onset was 1.5 (IQR 1–2.5). Nine patients reached SPMS; 24 patients were diagnosed with HT, 9 with DM, 109 with high LDLc, and 123 were smokers during follow-up. No statistically significant association was found between the presence of CVRF at MS onset and the mentioned clinical outcomes during the MS course. Conclusion: No association was found between CVRFs and the early course of MS in our cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies (anti-CGRP MAbs) are approved and available treatments for migraine prevention. Patients do not respond alike and many countries have reimbursement policies, which hinder treatments to those who might respond. This study aimed to investigate clinical factors associated with good and excellent response to anti-CGRP MAbs at 6 months., Methods: European multicentre, prospective, real-world study, including high-frequency episodic or chronic migraine (CM) patients treated since March 2018 with anti-CGRP MAbs. We defined good and excellent responses as ≥50% and ≥75% reduction in monthly headache days (MHD) at 6 months, respectively. Generalised mixed-effect regression models (GLMMs) were used to identify variables independently associated with treatment response., Results: Of the 5818 included patients, 82.3% were females and the median age was 48.0 (40.0-55.0) years. At baseline, the median of MHD was 20.0 (14.0-28.0) days/months and 72.2% had a diagnosis of CM. At 6 months (n=4963), 56.5% (2804/4963) were good responders and 26.7% (1324/4963) were excellent responders. In the GLMM model, older age (1.08 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.15), p=0.016), the presence of unilateral pain (1.39 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.60), p<0.001), the absence of depression (0.840 (95% CI 0.731 to 0.966), p=0.014), less monthly migraine days (0.923 (95% CI 0.862 to 0.989), p=0.023) and lower Migraine Disability Assessment at baseline (0.874 (95% CI 0.819 to 0.932), p<0.001) were predictors of good response (AUC of 0.648 (95% CI 0.616 to 0.680)). These variables were also significant predictors of excellent response (AUC of 0.691 (95% CI 0.651 to 0.731)). Sex was not significant in the GLMM models., Conclusions: This is the largest real-world study of migraine patients treated with anti-CGRP MAbs. It provides evidence that higher migraine frequency and greater disability at baseline reduce the likelihood of responding to anti-CGRP MAbs, informing physicians and policy-makers on the need for an earlier treatment in order to offer the best chance of treatment success., Competing Interests: Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at http://www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: EC has received honoraria from Novartis, Chiesi, Lundbeck, MedScape; his salary has been partially funded by Río Hortega grant Acción Estratégica en Salud 2017–2020, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CM20/00217). He is a junior editor for Cephalalgia. GE received travel grants and honoraria from Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Lusofarmaco, New Penta and Ecupharma. CNC has received honoraria for advisories, educational or commercial symposia from: Abbvie-Allergan, Kern Pharma, Chiesi, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis and Teva Pharmaceuticals And has participated as subinvestigator in Clinical Trials for: Abbvie-Allergan, Amgen, Biohaven, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer and Teva Pharmaceuticals. JAM has received honoraria as consultant and/or speaker for Lilly, Novartis, Teva. FS-C received honoraria from Novartis, Lilly, TEVA, Abbvie. AM has received honoraria from Teva, Lilly, Roche, UCB, Bial, Chiesi, Allergan, Esai, Zambon, Kern Pharma, Pfizer, Biogen Idec, Novartis, TEVA, Merck, Janssen, Neuraxpharm, Genzyme, Sanofi, Bayer, Almirall and/or Celgene. JS received honoraria from Allergan, Lilly, Teva, Novartis. IBB received honoraria for presentations from Novartis, Lilly, Teva, Lundbeck and Abbvie. MW-P received honoraria from Pfizer, Allergan-Abbvie, TEVA, Polpharma. MW-P is member of Editorial Board: The Journal of Headache and Pain. LP received honoraria from Pfizer, Lilly, Abbvie, TEVA, Novartis. AL-R received honoraria for Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis and Teva. IL received honoraria from Novartis, Abbvie, Teva, Eisai, Tecnifar and Bial. LD received honoraria as a speaker for Allergan, Lilly, Teva and Lundbeck. MRA-E, received honoraria from ABBVIE, Lilly, and Novartis. AM has no COI to declare. The University Clinic Hamburg got an unrestricted scientific grant from Novartis (2019-2023). IPM has received honoraria from Allergan Teva, Novartis, Lundbeck and Eli Lilly for lecturing or participating in advisory boards; is principal investigator for phase IV trials sponsored by Novartis, Lundbeck and Teva. CS has received personal fees for lectures/ advisory boards: Novartis, Abbvie and TEVA. PI received honoraria from TEVA, Novartis, Lilly, Abbvie, Lundbeck, Exeltis. ALR received honoraria from TEVA. ABG-V has received speaker honoraria and/or clinical advisor from Novartis, Lilly, TEVA, Exeltis, Chiesi, Abbvie, Pfizer and Lundbeck. RR has received travel grants and/or honoraria for lectures or advisory boards from Allergan/AbbVie, Hormosan, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer and Teva. SS reports consultant, speaker or advisory board fees from Abbott, Allergan/Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Medscape, Medtronic, Novartis, Pfizer, Starmed, Teva and Uriach. EC-G received honoraria from TEVA. DGA has received personal compensation for consulting/advising from the WHO. Non-profit board membership in the Spanish Society of Neurology, and the European Union of Medical Specialist section of Neurology. Research funding from the Regional Health Administration (Gerencia Regional de Salud SACYL) in Castilla y Leon, Spain and Carlos III institute, Madrid, Spain. Speaker/travel grants/ clinical trials from Teva, Allergan, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis and Biohaven. JP has received honoraria from Abbvie, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis and Teva. RG-G received honoraria from Allergan/ Abbvie, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Tecnifar, Teva. MH-V has received honoraria for participating on advisory boards and for collaborations as consultant, scientific communications, speaker, research support as well as funding for travel and congress-attending expenses for Abbie-Allergan, Novartis, Lundbeck, Lilly, Almirall, Chiesi, Esai, Exeltis, Kern Pharma, Menarini, TEVA and Zambon. His research group has received research grants from Abbie-Allergan and has received funding for clinical trials from Lilly, Novartis, TEVA. JVR received honoraria from Novartis, Abbvie, Lilly, TEVA, Lundbeck. SS-L received honoraria from Allergan, Almirall, Amgen, Chiesi, Eisai, Exeltis, Lilly, Lündbeck, Novartis, Pfizer y Teva. MG-S has received honoraria and been involved in research, education and advisory boards with Teva, Lily, Novartis and Abbvie. CT received personal fees for participating in advisory or for speaking at scientific events from AbbVie, Allergan, Biohaven, Dompé, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis and Teva. CT has received research funding from the European Commission, the Italian Ministry of Health and Migraine Research Foundation. JDdT has received honoraria as consultant and/or speaker for Lilly, Novartis, Teva. SDI has received honoraria for advisories, educational or commercial symposia from: Abbvie-Allergan, Fundació Universitat-Empresa, Ipsen Pharma, Kern Pharma, Lilly, Lundbeck, MSD-Organon, Novartis and Teva Pharmaceuticals And has participated as PI in Clinical Trials for: Abbvie-Allergan, Alder, Amgen, Biohaven, Ipsen Pharma, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer and Teva Pharmaceuticals. CGO participated in clinical trials from Novartis, St Jude Medical, Lilly, Lundbeck; TEVA, Biohaven, Pfizer. CGO received honoraria as consultant for Novartis, Lilly, Allergan-abbvie, Lundbeck, TEVA, Pfizer. CGO received honoraria as speaker for Allergan-Abbvie, TEVA, Novartis,Lilly, Chiesi, MSD, Almirall. PB reports personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, research support, collaborated for clinical trials or other activities with Abbvie, Alder, Allergan, Amgen, Angelini, Assosalute, Bayer, Biohaven, ElectroCore, Eli-Lilly, Fondazione Ricerca e Salute, GSK, Lundbeck, Lusofarmaco, 1MED, MSD, New Penta, Noema Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Stx-Med, Teva, Visufarma, Zambon and serves as President with Italian Association of Headache Sufferers. PP-R has received, in the last 3 years, honoraria as a consultant and speaker for: AbbVie, Biohaven, Chiesi, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Medscape, Novartis, Pfizer and Teva. Her research group has received research grants from AbbVie, Novartis and Teva; as well as, Instituto Salud Carlos III, EraNet Neuron, European Regional Development Fund (001-P-001682) under the framework of the FEDER Operative Programme for Catalunya 2014-2020 - RIS3CAT; has received funding for clinical trials from AbbVie, Amgen, Biohaven, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Teva. She is the Honorary Secretary of the International Headache Society. She is in the editorial board of Revista de Neurologia. She is an associate editor for Cephalalgia, Headache, Neurologia, The Journal of Headache and Pain and Frontiers of Neurology. She is a member of the Clinical Trials Guidelines Committee of the International Headache Society. She has edited the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache of the Spanish Neurological Society. She is the founder of www.midolordecabeza.org. PP-R does not own stocks from any pharmaceutical company. VJG, MMV, GV, JR-M, NFF, AJS, RO, GG, YG-O, GC, AL-B, FVJ, JR-V and VO reports no disclosures. RO reports personal fees from Eli Lilly, Novartis, Teva, and Pfizer, and non-financial support from Novartis, Teva, and Allergan/AbbVie. CT has received honoraria for lectures from TEVA, Lundbeck and for advisory boards from TEVA. He has received travel support from TEVA and Lundbeck. SS received honoraria from TEVA. AH declares no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. HB received honoraria from Novartis, Teva and Lundbeck. NPRP received honoraria from ABBVIE, Lilly and Novartis. CF received honoraria from Novartis and Abbvie. AAL received honoraria for Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis and Teva. EMS received a grant from the Portuguese Headache Society, supported by Teva. MTF has received honoraria from Allergan-AbbVie, Novartis, Chiesi and Teva. AA has received honoraria from Allergan-AbbVie, Novartis, Chiesi. PT received grants and honoria from Novartis, Teva, Eli-Lilly and Allergan. CA received travel grants from FB-Health, Lusofarmaco, Almirall, Eli-Lilly Novartis and Teva. RDI received speaker honoraria from Eli-Lilly, TEVA and Lundbeck. GS received personal fees as speaker or advisory board from Eli Lilly, Novartis, Teva, Lundbeck, Pfizer. SB has received honoraria from Teva. SC has received honoraria from Teva, Lilly, Roche, UCB, Bial, Chiesi, Allergan, Esai, Zambon, Kern Pharma, Pfizer, Biogen Idec, Novartis, TEVA, Merck, Janssen, Neuraxpharm, Genzyme, Sanofi, Bayer, Almirall and/or Celgene. EP reports personal fees from Novartis, Teva and Lilly. ALGP Research funding from the Regional Health Administration (Gerencia Regional de Salud SACYL) in Castilla y Leon, Spain. Speaker/travel grants/ clinical trials from Teva, Allergan, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer and Biohaven. AS has received honoraria for advisory boards and lectures from Allergan/AbbVie, Hormosan, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Sanofi, Teva. AGM has received speaker honoraria from TEVA. SQ has received speaker honoraria from Novartis, Lilly and Exeltis. MSR has received consulting fees and honoraria for lectures/presentations from Eli Lily, Lundbeck, Novartis, Teva and Pfizer. Intellectual as Secretary of the European Headache Federation, Review Editor on the Editorial Board of Headache and Neurogenic Pain (specialty section of Frontiers in Neurology). Margarita Sanchez-del-Rio serves as a member of the Board of Directors in the European Headache Federation. ET has received personal fees for lectures/ advisory boards: Novartis, Eli Lilly, Abbvie, TEVA, Roche, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Biogen. Consultant for and owner of stocks and IP in Man & Science. Stocks and IP in Nordic Brain Tech and Keimon Medical. Non-personal research grants from EU, Norwegian Research Council, Dam foundation, KlinBeForsk. Commissioned research (non-personal): Lundbeck, Pfizer. BVP received honoraria from ABBVIE. AOD received honoraria from ABBVIE, Lilly, Teva, Novartis. MR received honoraria from Lilly, Novartis. BC received grants and honoria from Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Teva; SC received travel grants, honoraria for advisory boards, speaker panels or clinical investigation studies from Novartis, Teva, Lilly, Allergan, Abvie, Ibsa, Amgen, Angelini and Lundbeck; FF has received fees for participation on advisory boards, speaker honoraria or consulting activities from Angelini, Cristalfarma, Ecupharma, IBSA, Lundbeck, Novartis, PIAM, Teva; FdO received travel grant, honoraria as a speaker or for partecipating in advisory boards from Novartis, Teva, Neopharmed Gentili, Qbgroup srl, K link srl and Eli-Lilly; MA received grants from Novartis and Lilly; RR received honoraria for speaker panels from Teva, Lilly, Novartis, Allergan, Lundbeck; MZ received travel grants and honoraria from Novartis; MA received travel grants and honoraria from Novartis, Teva, Eli-Lilly and Lundbeck; CF received grants and honoraria from Novartis, Eli Lilly, TEVA, AIM group; AR received travel grants and honoraria from Teva and Eli-Lilly; SZ, RLP, MJRC, VGQ, HCO, SA, IKZ, DGA, IFL, BFP, SB, PRA, AC, AEU, AGG, IM, JPS, VC, AFR, YVE, MT, AS, AC, FZ and MA has no disclosures to declare., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)