24 results on '"Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael"'
Search Results
2. Comparative effects of calcitriol and calcimimetic on bone health in renal insufficiency
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Díaz‐Tocados, Juan Miguel, primary, Rodríguez‐Ortiz, María Encarnación, additional, Herencia, Carmen, additional, López‐Baltanás, Rodrigo, additional, Jurado‐Montoya, Daniel, additional, García‐Saez, Raquel María, additional, Valdés‐Díaz, Karen, additional, Martínez‐Moreno, Julio Manuel, additional, Santamaría, Rafael, additional, Pendón‐Ruiz de Mier, María Victoria, additional, Rodelo‐Haad, Cristian, additional, Frazão, João Miguel, additional, Felsenfeld, Arnold J., additional, Rodríguez, Mariano, additional, Almadén, Yolanda, additional, and Muñoz‐Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional
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- 2024
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3. Novel Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism.
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Fernández-Villabrille, Sara, Martín-Carro, Beatriz, Martín-Vírgala, Julia, Rodríguez-Santamaria, Mª del Mar, Baena-Huerta, Francisco, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, Fernández-Martín, José Luis, Alonso-Montes, Cristina, Naves-Díaz, Manuel, Carrillo-López, Natalia, and Panizo, Sara
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Bone represents a metabolically active tissue subject to continuous remodeling orchestrated by the dynamic interplay between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These cellular processes are modulated by a complex interplay of biochemical and mechanical factors, which are instrumental in assessing bone remodeling. This comprehensive evaluation aids in detecting disorders arising from imbalances between bone formation and reabsorption. Osteoporosis, characterized by a reduction in bone mass and strength leading to heightened bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures, is one of the more prevalent chronic diseases. Some epidemiological studies, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), have identified an association between osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Notably, low bone mineral density has been linked to an increased incidence of aortic calcification, with shared molecules, mechanisms, and pathways between the two processes. Certain molecules emerging from these shared pathways can serve as biomarkers for bone and mineral metabolism. Detecting and evaluating these alterations early is crucial, requiring the identification of biomarkers that are reliable for early intervention. While traditional biomarkers for bone remodeling and vascular calcification exist, they suffer from limitations such as low specificity, low sensitivity, and conflicting results across studies. In response, efforts are underway to explore new, more specific biomarkers that can detect alterations at earlier stages. The aim of this review is to comprehensively examine some of the emerging biomarkers in mineral metabolism and their correlation with bone mineral density, fracture risk, and vascular calcification as well as their potential use in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. The Role of Disturbed Mg Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease Comorbidities
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Rodelo-Haad, Cristian, Pendón-Ruiz de Mier, M. Victoria, Díaz-Tocados, Juan Miguel, Martin-Malo, Alejandro, Santamaria, Rafael, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, Rodríguez, Mariano, [Rodelo-Haad,C, Pendón-Ruiz de Mier,MV, Díaz-Tocados,JM, Martin-Malo,A, Santamaria,R, Muñoz-Castañeda,JR, Rodríguez,M] Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. [Rodelo-Haad,C, Rodríguez,M] University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. [Rodelo-Haad,C, Rodríguez,M] Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. [Rodelo-Haad,C, Rodríguez,M] Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain., and JRM-C is a senior researcher supported by the Nicolás Monardes Program from Consejeria de Salud-SAS (Junta de Andalucía). This study was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health Carlos III (FIS 17/01010, and FIS 18/0138), the Consejeria de Salud of Junta de Andalucía (PI-0136-2016), the REDinREN from the National Institute of Health Carlos III, the EUTox Workgroup, and the EDTA CKD-MBD group. The sponsors had no influence in study design, data collection, and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Diseases::Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases::Metabolic Diseases::Calcium Metabolism Disorders::Calcinosis::Vascular Calcification [Medical Subject Headings] ,Diseases::Male Urogenital Diseases::Urologic Diseases::Kidney Diseases::Renal Insufficiency::Renal Insufficiency, Chronic [Medical Subject Headings] ,Diseases::Endocrine System Diseases::Diabetes Mellitus [Medical Subject Headings] ,Enfermedades óseas ,Mineral metabolism and bone disease ,Chemicals and Drugs::Inorganic Chemicals::Minerals [Medical Subject Headings] ,Cardiovascular disease ,Anatomy::Cardiovascular System::Blood Vessels::Arteries::Coronary Vessels [Medical Subject Headings] ,Chemicals and Drugs::Inorganic Chemicals::Elements::Metals, Alkaline Earth::Magnesium [Medical Subject Headings] ,Diseases::Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications::Female Urogenital Diseases::Urologic Diseases::Kidney Diseases::Renal Insufficiency::Renal Insufficiency, Chronic [Medical Subject Headings] ,Magnesio ,Diseases::Cardiovascular Diseases::Vascular Diseases::Hypertension [Medical Subject Headings] ,Chronic kidney disease ,Technology and Food and Beverages::Food and Beverages::Food::Dietary Supplements [Medical Subject Headings] ,Hypomagnesemia ,Magnesium ,Diseases::Musculoskeletal Diseases::Bone Diseases [Medical Subject Headings] ,Enfermedades cardiovasculares ,Phenomena and Processes::Metabolic Phenomena::Metabolism::Oxidative Stress [Medical Subject Headings] ,Diseases::Cardiovascular Diseases [Medical Subject Headings] ,Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Physiological Processes::Homeostasis [Medical Subject Headings] ,Diseases::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Pathologic Processes::Inflammation [Medical Subject Headings] - Abstract
Some of the critical mechanisms that mediate chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression are associated with vascular calcifications, disbalance of mineral metabolism, increased oxidative and metabolic stress, inflammation, coagulation abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, or accumulation of uremic toxins. Also, it is widely accepted that pathologies with a strong influence in CKD progression are diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). A disbalance in magnesium (Mg) homeostasis, more specifically hypomagnesemia, is associated with the development and progression of the comorbidities mentioned above, and some mechanisms might explain why low serum Mg is associated with negative clinical outcomes such as major adverse cardiovascular and renal events. Furthermore, it is likely that hypomagnesemia causes the release of inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein and promotes insulin resistance. Animal models have shown that Mg supplementation reverses vascular calcifications; thus, clinicians have focused on the potential benefits that Mg supplementation may have in humans. Recent evidence suggests that Mg reduces coronary artery calcifications and facilitates peripheral vasodilation. Mg may reduce vascular calcification by direct inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, Mg deficiency worsens kidney injury induced by an increased tubular load of phosphate. One important consequence of excessive tubular load of phosphate is the reduction of renal tubule expression of α-Klotho in moderate CKD. Low Mg levels worsen the reduction of Klotho induced by the tubular load of phosphate. Evidence to support clinical translation is yet insufficient, and more clinical studies are required to claim enough evidence for decision-making in daily practice. Meanwhile, it seems reasonable to prevent and treat Mg deficiency. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of Mg homeostasis, the potential mechanisms that may mediate the effect of Mg deficiency on CKD progression, CVD, and mortality. Yes
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- 2020
5. Magnesium supplementation reduces inflammation in rats with induced chronic kidney disease
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López‐Baltanás, Rodrigo, primary, Encarnación Rodríguez‐Ortiz, Maria, additional, Canalejo, Antonio, additional, Díaz‐Tocados, Juan M., additional, Herencia, Carmen, additional, Leiva‐Cepas, Fernando, additional, Torres‐Peña, José D., additional, Ortíz‐Morales, Ana, additional, Muñoz‐Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, Rodríguez, Mariano, additional, and Almadén, Yolanda, additional
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- 2021
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6. Klotho/FGF23 and Wnt Signaling as Important Players in the Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease
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Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, Rodelo-Haad, Cristian, Pendon-Ruiz de Mier, Maria Victoria, Martin-Malo, Alejandro, Santamaria, Rafael, Rodriguez, Mariano, [Muñoz-Castañeda,JR, Rodelo-Haad,C, Pendon-Ruiz de Mier,MV, Martin-Malo,A, Santamaria,R, Rodriguez,M] Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain. [Muñoz-Castañeda,JR, Rodriguez,M] School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. [Muñoz-Castañeda,JR, Rodriguez,M] Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain. [Muñoz-Castañeda,JR, Rodriguez,M] Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain., and This work was supported by a Spanish government grant from the Programa Nacional I+D+I 2013–2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) Grants PI18/0138, PI17/01010 cofinancing from European Funds (FEDER), Consejería de Salud (Grant PI-0136) from the Junta de Andalucía, Framework Programme 7 Syskid UE Grant FP7-241544, and EUTOX and REDinREN from the ISCIII. J.R.M.-C. is senior researcher supported by the Nicolás Monardes Programme, Consejería de Salud-Servicio Andaluz de Salud (Junta de Andalucía).
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Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Skeleton::Bone and Bones [Medical Subject Headings] ,Phenomena and Processes::Chemical Phenomena::Chemical Processes::Biochemical Processes::Signal Transduction::Wnt Signaling Pathway [Medical Subject Headings] ,Diseases::Male Urogenital Diseases::Urologic Diseases::Kidney Diseases::Renal Insufficiency::Renal Insufficiency, Chronic [Medical Subject Headings] ,Anatomy::Urogenital System::Urinary Tract::Kidney [Medical Subject Headings] ,Cardiorenal syndrome ,Vía de señalización Wnt ,Chemicals and Drugs::Enzymes and Coenzymes::Enzymes::Hydrolases::Glycoside Hydrolases::Glucuronidase [Medical Subject Headings] ,Anatomy::Cardiovascular System::Heart::Myocardium [Medical Subject Headings] ,Chemicals and Drugs::Biological Factors::Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins::Fibroblast Growth Factors [Medical Subject Headings] ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Wnt/B-catenin ,Klotho ,Proteínas Wnt ,Diseases::Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications::Female Urogenital Diseases::Urologic Diseases::Kidney Diseases::Renal Insufficiency::Renal Insufficiency, Chronic [Medical Subject Headings] ,Síndrome cardiorrenal ,Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings] ,Klotho proteins ,CKD ,Insuficiencia renal crónica ,FGFG23 ,Factores de crecimiento de fibroblastos - Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) and Klotho play an essential role in the regulation of mineral metabolism, and both are altered as a consequence of renal failure. FGF23 increases to augment phosphaturia, which prevents phosphate accumulation at the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This effect of FGF23 requires the presence of Klotho in the renal tubules. However, Klotho expression is reduced as soon as renal function is starting to fail to generate a state of FGF23 resistance. Changes in these proteins directly affect to other mineral metabolism parameters; they may affect renal function and can produce damage in other organs such as bone, heart, or vessels. Some of the mechanisms responsible for the changes in FGF23 and Klotho levels are related to modifications in the Wnt signaling. This review examines the link between FGF23/Klotho and Wnt/β-catenin in different organs: kidney, heart, and bone. Activation of the canonical Wnt signaling produces changes in FGF23 and Klotho and vice versa; therefore, this pathway emerges as a potential therapeutic target that may help to prevent CKD-associated complications. Yes
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- 2020
7. Assessment of Inorganic Phosphate Intake by the Measurement of the Phosphate/Urea Nitrogen Ratio in Urine
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Pendón-Ruiz de Mier, María Victoria, primary, Vergara, Noemí, additional, Rodelo-Haad, Cristian, additional, López-Zamorano, María Dolores, additional, Membrives-González, Cristina, additional, López-Baltanás, Rodrigo, additional, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, Caravaca, Francisco, additional, Martín-Malo, Alejandro, additional, Felsenfeld, Arnold J., additional, De la Torre, Eugenio J., additional, Soriano, Sagrario, additional, Santamaría, Rafael, additional, and Rodríguez, Mariano, additional
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- 2021
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8. The Role of Disturbed Mg Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease Comorbidities
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Rodelo-Haad, Cristian, primary, Pendón-Ruiz de Mier, M. Victoria, additional, Díaz-Tocados, Juan Miguel, additional, Martin-Malo, Alejandro, additional, Santamaria, Rafael, additional, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, and Rodríguez, Mariano, additional
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- 2020
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9. Inflammation, Senescence and MicroRNAs in Chronic Kidney Disease
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Carmona, Andres, primary, Guerrero, Fatima, additional, Jimenez, Maria Jose, additional, Ariza, Francisco, additional, Agüera, Marisa L., additional, Obrero, Teresa, additional, Noci, Victoria, additional, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, Rodríguez, Mariano, additional, Soriano, Sagrario, additional, Moreno, Juan Antonio, additional, Martin-Malo, Alejandro, additional, and Aljama, Pedro, additional
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- 2020
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10. Klotho/FGF23 and Wnt Signaling as Important Players in the Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease
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Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, primary, Rodelo-Haad, Cristian, additional, Pendon-Ruiz de Mier, Maria Victoria, additional, Martin-Malo, Alejandro, additional, Santamaria, Rafael, additional, and Rodriguez, Mariano, additional
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- 2020
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11. FP381DUODENAL IRON AFTER FERRIC CITRATE ADMINISTRATION IN UREMIC RATS
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Vergara, Noemi, primary, Diaz-Tocados, Juan Miguel, additional, Rodríguez-Ortiz, María Encarnación, additional, Almaden, Yolanda, additional, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, and Rodriguez, Mariano, additional
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- 2015
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12. FP428SEVERE DIETARY PHOSPHORUS RESTRICTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FGF23 LEVELS IN UREMIC RATS
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Rodríguez Ortiz, María Encarnación, primary, Díaz Tocados, Juan Miguel, additional, Muñoz Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, Herencia, Carmen, additional, Martínez Moreno, Julio Manuel, additional, Montes de Oca, Addy, additional, Alcalá Díaz, Juan Francisco, additional, Ortiz, Alberto, additional, Aguilera Tejero, Escolástico, additional, Felsenfeld, Arnold J, additional, Rodríguez, Mariano, additional, and Almadén, Yolanda, additional
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- 2015
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13. FP416PHOSPHATE RESTRICTION PRESERVES BONE VOLUME IN EARLY AND LATE STAGES OF CKD IN RATS
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Diaz Tocados, Juan Miguel, primary, Rodríguez Ortiz, María Encarnación, additional, Herencia, Carmen, additional, Martínez-Moreno, Julio Manuel, additional, Montes de Oca, Addy, additional, Vergara, Noemi, additional, Carvalho, Catarina G., additional, Rodríguez, Mariano, additional, Frazao, Joao M., additional, Almadén, Yolanda, additional, and Muñoz Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional
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- 2015
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14. Identification of the Vasoconstriction-Inhibiting Factor (VIF), a Potent Endogenous Cofactor of Angiotensin II Acting on the Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor
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Salem, Silvia, primary, Jankowski, Vera, additional, Asare, Yaw, additional, Liehn, Elisa, additional, Welker, Pia, additional, Raya-Bermudez, Ana, additional, Pineda-Martos, Carmen, additional, Rodriguez, Mariano, additional, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, Bruck, Heike, additional, Marx, Nikolaus, additional, Machado, Fernanda B., additional, Staudt, Mareike, additional, Heinze, Georg, additional, Zidek, Walter, additional, and Jankowski, Joachim, additional
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- 2015
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15. Cardiotrophin-1 decreases liver apoptosis through calpastatin induction
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Herencia, Carmen, primary, Almadén, Yolanda, additional, Ferrín, Gustavo, additional, Martínez-Romero, Rubén, additional, de la Mata, Manuel, additional, Ciria, Ruben, additional, Briceño, Francisco Javier, additional, and Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional
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- 2015
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16. FP415HIGH DOSES OF CALCITRIOL LEAD TO ALTERATIONS IN OSTEOGENESIS AND BONE DISEASE
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Muñoz Castañeda Juan Rafael, Rodriguez-Ortiz Maria Encarnacion, Almadén Peña Yolanda, Herencia Bellido Carmen, Montes de Oca Addy, Rodríguez Portillo Juan Mariano, Vergara Noemi, Diaz-Tocados Juan Miguel, and Martinez-Moreno Julio Manuel
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Transplantation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Endocrinology ,Bone disease ,Calcitriol ,Nephrology ,business.industry ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,business ,medicine.disease ,Lead (electronics) ,medicine.drug - Published
- 2015
17. Upregulation of parathyroid VDR expression by extracellular calcium is mediated by ERK1/2-MAPK signaling pathway
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Cañadillas, Sagrario, primary, Canalejo, Rocio, additional, Rodriguez-Ortiz, Maria Encarnacion, additional, Martinez-Moreno, Julio Manuel, additional, Estepa, Jose Carlos, additional, Zafra, Rafael, additional, Perez, Jose, additional, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, Canalejo, Antonio, additional, Rodriguez, Mariano, additional, and Almaden, Yolanda, additional
- Published
- 2010
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18. Melatonin prevents brain oxidative stress induced by obstructive jaundice in rats
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Cruz, Adolfo, primary, Túnez, Isaac, additional, Martínez, Rubén, additional, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, additional, Ramírez, Luz María, additional, Recio, Marta, additional, Ochoa, Luís, additional, Arjona, Alvaro, additional, Montilla, Pedro, additional, Muntané, Jordi, additional, and Padillo, Francisco J., additional
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- 2007
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19. Ovariectomy exacerbates oxidative stress and cardiopathyinduced by adriamycin
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Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, primary, Muntané, Jordi, additional, Herencia, Carmen, additional, Muñoz, Maria C., additional, Bujalance, Inmaculada, additional, Montilla, Pedro, additional, and Túnez, Issac, additional
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- 2006
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20. Upregulation of parathyroid VDR expression by extracellular calcium is mediated by ERK 1/2-MAPK signaling pathway.
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Cañadillias, Sagrario, Canalejo, Rocio, Rodriguez-Ortiz, Maria Encarnacion, Martinez-Moreno, Julio Manuel, Estepa, Jose Carlos, Zafra, Rafael, Perez, Jose, Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, Canalejo, Antonio, Rodriguez, Mariano, and Almaden, Yolanda
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PARATHYROID glands ,CALCIUM ,TRANSCRIPTION factors ,MESSENGER RNA ,ARACHIDONIC acid ,GENE expression - Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the activation of rat parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) upregulates VDR expression in vivo (Garfia B. Cañadillas S, Luque F, Siendones E, Quesada M, Almadén Y, Aguilera-Tejero E, Rodríguez M. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:2945-2952, 2002: Rodriguez ME, Almaden Y, Cañadillas S, Canalejo A, Siendones E, Lopez I, Aguilera-Tejero E, Martin D, Rodriguez M. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292: F1390-F1395, 2007). The present study was designed to characterize the signaling system that mediates the stimulation of parathyroid VDR gene expression by extracellular calcium. Experiments were performed in vitro by the incubation or rat parathyroid glands and in vivo with normal and uremic (Nx) rats receiving injections of CaCl
2 or EDTA to obtain hypercalcemic or hypocalcemic clamps. A high calcium concentration increased VDR expression. The addition of arachidonic acid (AA) to the low-calcium medium produced an increase in VDR mRNA of the same magnitude as that observed with high calcium. The addition of ionophore to the low-tritium medium also increased VDR mRNA expression. High calcium or the addition of AA to the low-calcium medium induced the activation (phosphorylation) of ERK1/2-MAPK. The specific inhibition of the ERK1/2-MAPK activity prevented the stimulation of VDR expression by high calcium or AA. These results suggest that AA regulates parathyroid VDR gene expression through the activation of the ERK1/2-MAPK. CaSR activation induced the activation of transcription factor Sp1, but not of NF-κB p50 or p65 or activator protein-1. The addition of AA to the low-calcium medium increased specific DNA-binding activity of Sp1 to almost the same level as high calcium, which was prevented by the inhibition of ERK1/2. Furthermore, mithramycin A (a Sp1 inhibitor) prevented the upregulation of VDR mRNA by high calcium. Finally, both sham and Nx hypercalcemic rats showed similar increased levels of VDR mRNA compared with sham and Nx hypocalcemic rats. Our results demonstrate that extracellular calcium stimulates VDR expression in parathyroid glands through the elevation of the cytosolic calcium level and the stimulation of the PLA2 -AA-dependent ERK1/2 pathway. Furthermore, the transcription factor Sp1 mediates this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
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21. Melatonin effect on renal oxidative stress under constant light exposure
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Túnez, Isaac, Muñoz, María del Carmen, Feijoo, Montserrat, Valdelvira, Manuel E., Muñoz-Castañeda, Juan Rafael, and Montilla, Pedro
- Abstract
Recently, numerous studies have shown antioxidant actions of melatonin. Melatonin at both physiological and pharmacological levels stimulates glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities in the brains of rats and chickens. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of melatonin on nephropathy and oxidative stress under constant light exposure. Nephropathy was induced by adriamycin administered in a single dose (25 mg kg−1 b.w., i.p.). Melatonin was injected i.p. (1000 μg kg−1 b.w./day). Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase were determined in kidney. Urea, creatinine and total proteins in plasma and proteinuria were evaluated and melatonin was determined. Results show a decrease in melatonin levels. Similar effects occurred with the antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced glutathione. Likewise, adriamycin and constant light induced significant enhancement of malondialdehyde. All changes induced both by adriamycin and constant light were reverted to normal by melatonin administration. Constant light exposure was associated with an increase in oxidative stress and nephropathy induced by adriamycin. Treatment with melatonin decreased lipid peroxides, and permitted a recovery of reduced glutathione, scavenger enzyme activity and parameters of renal function. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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- 2003
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22. Influence of magnesium supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular dysfunction associated to chronic kidney disease: in vivo and in vitro studies
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López Baltanás, Rodrigo, Almadén Peña, Yolanda, Muñoz Castañeda, Juan Rafael, and Rodríguez Ortiz, María Encarnación
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Síndrome metabólico ,Estrés oxidativo ,Enfermedades cardiovasculares ,Enfermedad renal crónica - Abstract
Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) se mantienen como la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo, superando incluso las debidas a todos los tumores combinados. En particular, la ECV es la principal causa de muerte en enfermos con alteraciones del metabolismo mineral, como son los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). La integridad funcional y estructural de la vasculatura es crítica en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis cardiovascular. La disfunción vascular aparece como el denominador común que conecta a ésta con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y algunas patologías como la diabetes y el Síndrome Metabólico (SMet). El estrés oxidativo (EO) y la inflamación son procesos que invariablemente se asocian con las diferentes fases de la disfunción vascular. La sobreproducción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROs) contribuyen al deterioro vascular alterando el tono y el crecimiento vascular, además aumenta la regulación de mediadores proinflamatorios, como NF-κB. Mientras el aumento de marcadores inflamatorias juega un papel clave en la formación de lesiones vasculares junto con la inducción de EO, que a su vez potencia el proceso inflamatorio. De hecho, el EO y la inflamación son características comunes de la ERC. Los pacientes con ERC tienen sistemas antioxidantes gravemente deteriorados y suelen sufrir inflamación crónica, que empeoran progresivamente con el grado de insuficiencia renal. Las alteraciones en el metabolismo mineral presentes en la ERC pueden ser también un estímulo adicional en la respuesta inflamatoria y en el aumento de producción de EROs. Además, en los últimos años se viene abordando la posibilidad de considerar como posibles factores de riesgo cardiovascular algunos parámetros del metabolismo mineral (Fósforo (P), Magnesio (Mg2+), Factor de crecimiento fibroblástico 23 (FGF23) /Klotho y vitamina D (Vit D)). El conocimiento de las moléculas y las rutas esenciales en la preservación de la integridad y función de la vasculatura debe proporcionar la base para el descubrimiento de dianas terapéuticas eficaces para el tratamiento de la disfunción vascular. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo establece que puede existir una asociación entre algunas alteraciones del metabolismo mineral, relacionadas con los niveles de P, Mg2+, FGF23/Klotho, Vit D, y el inicio y progresión de la disfunción vascular. Asimismo, pensamos que una intervención dietética rica en Mg2+ puede modular favorablemente estos parámetros del metabolismo mineral y, por tanto, resultar en un efecto protector frente a la disfunción vascular. El trabajo de investigación fue desarrollado en dos bloques. En el primer bloque, con el fin de evaluar del efecto del Mg2+ en la inflamación y el EO en la ERC, se realizó un estudio in vitro de células del músculo liso vascular (CMLV) cultivadas en P para promover EO e inflamación. Se estudiaron 3 grupos experimentales: un grupo control con niveles normales de P (0,9 mM) y Mg2+ (0,8 mM), un grupo con alto P (AP) (3,3 mM) y Mg2+ normal, y un grupo AP con adición de Mg2+ (1,6 mM) (AP+Mg2+). Además, se realizó un estudio in vivo en un modelo de rata Wistar con nefrectomía 5/6 (Nx5/6) para inducir la ERC donde fueron alimentados con una dieta alta en P (1,2%) que contenía un 0,1% de Mg2+ (Nx-Mg2+0,1%) o con una dieta suplementada con 0,6% de Mg2+ (Nx-Mg2+0,6%); usando como controles Wistar operadas de forma simulada que recibieron 0,1% de Mg2+. En el segundo bloque se evaluó el efecto del suplemento de Mg2+ dietético sobre el EO, la inflamación y la disfunción vascular en un modelo de rata de SMet (cepa Zucker) con ERC (Nx5/6). Los animales nefrectomizados fueron con un moderado contenido en P (0,9%) y con un contenido de Mg2+ 0,1% (SMet+Nx- Mg2+0,1%) o de 0,6% (SMet+Nx-Mg2+0,6%). Del mismo modo, se utilizaron de control ratas Zucker operadas de forma simulada que recibieron 0,1% de Mg2+. En el primer bloque, los resultados in vitro de las CMLV cultivadas en un medio proinflamatorio con alto P, se observó un aumento de la producción de EROs, incremento de la expresión de citoquinas y activación de la señalización NF-κB. La incubación con Mg2+ inhibió el aumento de la producción de EROs y de citoquinas, así como la activación de NF-κB. In vivo, las ratas Nx alimentadas con una dieta normal de Mg2+ (0,1%) mostraron una respuesta inflamatoria sistémica evidenciada por la elevación en plasma de las citoquinas proinflamatorias, y de la actividad de la glutatión peroxidasa (GPx), un marcador de EO. También se observó un aumento de la expresión de estas citoquinas en el tejido aórtico. Por el contrario, el suplemento dietético de Mg2+ (0,6%) previno en gran medida el EO y la actividad proinflamatoria. En cuanto al segundo bloque, el modelo in vivo de SMet-ERC, en comparación con los controles, el grupo SMet+Nx-Mg2+0,1% mostró un aumento significativo de los biomarcadores de EO e inflamación (peroxidación lipídica y expresión aórtica de citoquinas) y de los niveles de endotelina-1 (ET-1), una disminución del óxido nítrico (NO) y un empeoramiento de la uremia y de la patología asociada al SMet, como la hipertensión, glucosa y un perfil lipídico anormal. Además, la evaluación proteómica reveló cambios relacionados principalmente con el metabolismo lipídico y en marcadores de ECV. Por el contrario, en el grupo MetS+Nx- Mg2+0,6%, estos parámetros se mantuvieron en gran medida similares a los controles. En conclusión, el suplemento con Mg2+ redujo la inflamación y el EO, ejerciendo un efecto directo sobre las células vasculares. Además, el suplemento dietético con Mg2+ no solo redujo la inflamación y el EO asociados a la ERC, sino que mejoró la función vascular. En conjunto, estos hallazgos apoyan un posible efecto beneficioso del suplemento de Mg2+ en el manejo clínico de los pacientes con ECV y ERC. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death worldwide, even exceeding those due to all tumors combined. In particular, CVD is the leading cause of death in patients with alterations in mineral metabolism, such as patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The functional and structural integrity of the vasculature is critical in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. Vascular dysfunction appears as the common denominator that connects this with cardiovascular risk factors and some pathologies such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are processes that are invariably associated with the different phases of vascular dysfunction. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to vascular deterioration by altering vascular tone and growth, in addition upregulation of proinflammatory mediators, such as NF- κB. While the increase in inflammatory markers plays a key role in the formation of vascular lesions along with the induction of OS, which in turn potentiates the inflammatory process. Indeed, OS and inflammation are common features of CKD. Patients with CKD have severely impaired antioxidant systems and often suffer from chronic inflammation, which progressively worsen with the degree of renal failure. The alterations in mineral metabolism present in CKD may also be an additional stimulus in the inflammatory response and in the increased production of ROS. Furthermore, in recent years some parameters of mineral metabolism (phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg2+), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)/Klotho and vitamin D (Vit D)) have been considered as possible cardiovascular risk factors. Knowledge of the molecules and pathways essential in preserving the integrity and function of the vasculature should provide the basis for the discovery of effective therapeutic targets for the treatment of vascular dysfunction. Our hypothesis states that there may be an association between some alterations in mineral metabolism, related to P, Mg2+, FGF23/Klotho, Vit D levels, and the onset and progression of vascular dysfunction. Likewise, we believe that a dietary intervention rich in Mg2+ may favorably modulate these parameters of mineral metabolism and, therefore, result in a protective effect against vascular dysfunction. The research work was developed in two sections. In the first section, in order to evaluate the effect of Mg2+ on inflammation and OS in CKD, an in vitro study of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) cultured in P to promote OS and inflammation was performed. Three experimental groups were studied: a control group with normal P (0.9 mM) and Mg2+ (0.8 mM) levels, a high P (AP) (3.3 mM) and normal Mg2+ group, and an AP group with addition of Mg2+ (1.6 mM) (AP+Mg2+). In addition, an in vivo study was performed in a Wistar rat model with 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx5/6) to induce CKD where they were fed a high P diet (1.2%) containing 0.1% Mg2+ (Nx-Mg2+0.1%) or a diet supplemented with 0.6% Mg2+ (Nx-Mg2+0.6%); using sham-operated Wistar receiving 0.1% Mg2+ as controls. In the second section, the effect of dietary Mg2+ supplementation on OS, inflammation and vascular dysfunction was evaluated in a rat model of MetS (Zucker strain) with CKD (Nx5/6). Nephrectomized animals were moderately P (0.9%) and Mg2+ 0.1% (SMet+Nx-Mg2+0.1%) or 0.6% (SMet+Nx-Mg2+0.6%). Similarly, sham-operated Zucker rats receiving 0.1% Mg2+ were used as controls. In the first section, in vitro results of VSMCs cultured in proinflammatory medium with high P, increased production of ROS, increased cytokine expression, and activation of NF-κB signaling were observed. Incubation with Mg2+ inhibited increased ROS and cytokine production, as well as NF-κB activation. In vivo, Nx rats fed a normal Mg2+ diet (0.1%) showed a systemic inflammatory response evidenced by elevation in plasma proinflammatory cytokines, and of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, a marker of oxidative stress. Increased expression of these cytokines was also observed in aortic tissue. In contrast, dietary supplementation of Mg2+ (0.6%) largely prevented oxidative stress and proinflammatory activity. Regarding the second section, the in vivo MetS-CKD model, compared with controls, the MetS+Nx-Mg2+0.1% group showed a significant increase in biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation (lipid peroxidation and aortic cytokine expression) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels, a decrease in nitric oxide (NO), and a worsening of uremia and MetS-associated pathology, such as hypertension, glucose, and an abnormal lipid profile. In addition, proteomic evaluation revealed changes mainly related to lipid metabolism and in CVD markers. In contrast, in the MetS+Nx- Mg2+0.6% group, these parameters remained largely similar to controls. In conclusion, Mg2+ supplementation reduced inflammation and OS, exerting a direct effect on vascular cells. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with Mg2+ not only reduced CKD-associated inflammation and EO, but also improved vascular function. Taken together, these findings support a possible beneficial effect of Mg2+ supplementation in the clinical management of patients with CVD and CKD.
- Published
- 2023
23. Upregulation of parathyroid VDR expression by extracellular calcium is mediated by ERK1/2-MAPK signaling pathway.
- Author
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Cañadillas S, Canalejo R, Rodriguez-Ortiz ME, Martinez-Moreno JM, Estepa JC, Zafra R, Perez J, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Canalejo A, Rodriguez M, and Almaden Y
- Subjects
- Animals, Arachidonic Acid pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, In Vitro Techniques, MAP Kinase Signaling System drug effects, Male, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases drug effects, Models, Animal, NF-kappa B metabolism, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Signal Transduction drug effects, Sp1 Transcription Factor metabolism, Transcription Factor AP-1 metabolism, Up-Regulation physiology, Calcium pharmacology, MAP Kinase Signaling System physiology, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases physiology, Parathyroid Glands metabolism, Receptors, Calcitriol metabolism, Signal Transduction physiology, Up-Regulation drug effects
- Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the activation of rat parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) upregulates VDR expression in vivo (Garfia B, Cañadillas S, Luque F, Siendones E, Quesada M, Almadén Y, Aguilera-Tejero E, Rodríguez M. J Am Soc Nephrol 13: 2945-2952, 2002; Rodriguez ME, Almaden Y, Cañadillas S, Canalejo A, Siendones E, Lopez I, Aguilera-Tejero E, Martin D, Rodriguez M. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292: F1390-F1395, 2007). The present study was designed to characterize the signaling system that mediates the stimulation of parathyroid VDR gene expression by extracellular calcium. Experiments were performed in vitro by the incubation of rat parathyroid glands and in vivo with normal and uremic (Nx) rats receiving injections of CaCl(2) or EDTA to obtain hypercalcemic or hypocalcemic clamps. A high calcium concentration increased VDR expression. The addition of arachidonic acid (AA) to the low-calcium medium produced an increase in VDR mRNA of the same magnitude as that observed with high calcium. The addition of ionophore to the low-calcium medium also increased VDR mRNA expression. High calcium or the addition of AA to the low-calcium medium induced the activation (phosphorylation) of ERK1/2-MAPK. The specific inhibition of the ERK1/2-MAPK activity prevented the stimulation of VDR expression by high calcium or AA. These results suggest that AA regulates parathyroid VDR gene expression through the activation of the ERK1/2-MAPK. CaSR activation induced the activation of transcription factor Sp1, but not of NF-κB p50 or p65 or activator protein-1. The addition of AA to the low-calcium medium increased specific DNA-binding activity of Sp1 to almost the same level as high calcium, which was prevented by the inhibition of ERK1/2. Furthermore, mithramycin A (a Sp1 inhibitor) prevented the upregulation of VDR mRNA by high calcium. Finally, both sham and Nx hypercalcemic rats showed similar increased levels of VDR mRNA compared with sham and Nx hypocalcemic rats. Our results demonstrate that extracellular calcium stimulates VDR expression in parathyroid glands through the elevation of the cytosolic calcium level and the stimulation of the PLA(2)-AA-dependent ERK1/2-pathway. Furthermore, the transcription factor Sp1 mediates this effect.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Ovariectomy exacerbates oxidative stress and cardiopathy induced by adriamycin.
- Author
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Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Muntané J, Herencia C, Muñoz MC, Bujalance I, Montilla P, and Túnez I
- Subjects
- Animals, Catalase blood, Catalase metabolism, Erythrocytes chemistry, Erythrocytes enzymology, Female, Glutathione analysis, Glutathione blood, Glutathione Peroxidase blood, Glutathione Peroxidase metabolism, Heart Diseases chemically induced, Heart Diseases pathology, Humans, Lipid Peroxidation, Menopause, Models, Animal, Myocardium chemistry, Myocardium enzymology, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Superoxide Dismutase blood, Superoxide Dismutase metabolism, Doxorubicin toxicity, Heart Diseases physiopathology, Ovariectomy, Oxidative Stress
- Abstract
Ovarian hormone depletion in ovariectomized experimental animals is a useful model with which to study the physiopathological consequences of menopause in women. It has been suggested that menopause is a risk factor for the induction of several cardiovascular disorders. In the present study we analyzed the effects of ovarian hormone depletion by ovariectomy (OVX) in a model of oxidative stress and cardiopathy induced by adriamycin (AD). To evaluate these effects, we measured parameters related to cardiac damage (creatinine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide and carbonyl proteins) in cardiac tissue and erythrocytes. OVX was found to alter all markers of oxidative stress and cell damage in cardiac tissue. Similarly, the OVX-derived loss of ovarian hormones enhanced cardiac damage and oxidative stress induced by AD. Our results suggest that antioxidant status in cardiac tissue and erythrocytes is seriously compromised by OVX during the cardiomyopathy induced by AD in experimental animals. In conclusion, the absence of hormones caused by OVX or menopause may induce or accelerate pre-existing cardiovascular dysfunctions.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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