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Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) contributes significantly to maternal and neonatal morbidity, but data from marginalized populations remains scarce. This study aims to compare risk-factor-based screening to universal testing for GDM among migrants along the Thailand-Myanmar border. Methods: From the prospective cohort (September 2016, February 2019), 374 healthy pregnant women completed a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-32 weeks gestation. Fasting, one hour and two hour cut-offs were based on Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO trial) criteria and cases were treated. The sensitivity and specificity of risk-factor-based screening criteria was calculated using OGTT as the gold standard. Risk factors included at least one positive finding among 10 criteria, e.g., obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥27.5kg/m2), 1st degree relative with diabetes etc. Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared by GDM status, and risk factors for GDM were explored. Results: GDM prevalence was 13.4% (50/374) (95% CI: 10.3-17.2). Risk-factors alone correctly identified 74.0% (37/50) OGTT positive cases: sensitivity 74.0% (59.7-85.4) and specificity 27.8% (3.0-33.0). Burman women accounted for 29.1% of the cohort population, but 38.0% of GDM cases. Percentiles for birthweight (p=0.004), head circumference (p=0.005), and weight-length ratio (p=0.010) were higher in newborns of GDM mothers compared with non-GDM, yet 21.7% (75/346) of newborns in the cohort were small-for-gestational age. In Burman women, overweight/obese BMI was associated with a significantly increased adjusted odds ratio 5.03 (95% CI: 1.43-17.64) for GDM compared to normal weight, whereas underweight and overweight/obese in Karen women were both associated with similarly elevated adjusted odds, approximately 2.4-fold (non-significant) for GDM. GDM diagnosis by OGTT was highest prior to peak rainfall. Conclusions: Risk-factor-based screening was not sufficiently sensitive or specific to be useful to diagnose GDM in this setting among a cohort of low-risk pregnant women. A two-step universal screening program has thus been implemented.

IntroductionTo examine the interactions between short maternal stature, body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) among appropriate for gestational age (AGA) term newborns in a population of refugees and migrants in Southeast Asia.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study from 2004 to 2016, including women delivering term, singleton newborns, with first trimester height, weight and gestation dated by ultrasound and a last body weight measured within 4 weeks of birth. AGA newborns were those not classified as small for gestational age or large for gestational age by either INTERGROWTH-21st or Gestation Related Optimal Weight standards. The influence of maternal stature on GWG in delivering an AGA newborn was analysed, with GWG compared with existing National Academy of Medicine (NAM) recommendations.Results4340 women delivered AGA newborns. Mean maternal height (SD) was 151.5 cm (5.13), with 58.5% of women considered too short by INTERGROWTH-21st standards. Only one in four women (26.5%, 1150/4340) had GWG within NAM recommendations. Women of shorter stature had a significantly lower mean GWG compared with taller women in underweight and normal BMI categories (pConclusionThese results suggest that short maternal stature can be an important predictor of GWG and should be considered with prepregnancy BMI. Limited-resource settings and special populations need robust GWG recommendations that reflect height and BMI.

Using the conventional ceramic technique, humidity sensitivity of metal ferrite nanoparticles [MFe2O4, M (II) = Ni, Zn, and Co] was examined. The spinel structure and infrared spectral analysis of the compounds prepared by this method were confirmed by XRD and FTIR studies. Furthermore, the surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. All the samples were also subjected to dc electrical conductivity studies at room temperature., {"references":["Li, Z.W., Yang, Z.H. & Kong, L.B. (2010) Ultrabroad bandwidth and matching characteristics for spinel ferrite composites with flaky fillers. Journal of Applied Physics, 108, 06927. Maria1, K.H., Choudhury S. & Hakim, M.A. (2013). Structural phase transformation and hysteresis behavior of Cu-Zn ferrites. International Nano Letters, 3, 1-10"]}

Myanmar Bamboo Xylophone (Pattalar) is one of the famous Myanmar fixed-pitch musical instruments. In this paper, the frequency contents such as, pitch, harmonics and their relative amplitude of individual note of Pattalar are analyzed by Fourier analysis. The frequencies changing over time, in other words time-frequency representation of each tone, is visualized by spectrogram method based on short time Fourier transform (STFT)., {"references":["Muriel C Williamson. (2000). The Burmese Harp; Its classical music, tunings and modes,Centre for South - East Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Dr Maung Maung Kha. (1963). An Acoustical Analysis of the Vibrations of Bamboo Bars Used in Pattalars, Journal of the Burma Research Society."]}