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Endodontics procedures are difficult and complicated that most of the practitioners would encounter. Therefore, dental students should gain their confidence and competent during their training. This research aimed to study the perception of final year students on confidence level regarding endodontic treatments from all public universities and their opinions on the quality of endodontic education. A Google Form was used to disseminate an online questionnaire to all dental students from public universities across Malaysia. The survey included both scaled answer and open-ended questions. 184 responses out of 235 students, were obtained (response rate = 78%). Perception of competence and confidence were significantly greater amongst the students from research-based universities group (P < 0.05). 93.5% (n=179) of participants agree that they were confident to do endodontic procedure on anterior tooth, whilst on posterior tooth, only 75.5% (n=139) were confident. Only 6.5 percent of participants (n = 12) did not feel confident doing root canal treatment on single-rooted teeth, but 76.1 percent (n = 140) did not feel competent performing root canal treatment on multirooted teeth. Over 90% of the students rated the quality and the amount of time spent on endodontic education were adequate at their respective university as ?5 on a Likert scale (1 = inadequate to 10 = adequate). In addition, when they were asked to give the suggestion on how to improve the quality of endodontic education, 10.9% of the students suggested to increase the number of practical session and to do regular discussion regarding endodontic cases. It is vital to improve undergraduate endodontic education in order to raise students' perceptions of their confidence and competence when doing root canal therapy.

Energy crisis in particular, electricity in the isolated rural areas of Indonesia is a very crucial issue that needs to be resolve through electrification . Compared to other options, pico hydro cross-flow turbine (CFT) is the better option to provides electrical power for the isolated rural areas. Studies to improve CFT performance can be undertaken analytically, numerically, experimentally, or a combination of those methods. However, the development of computer technology makes numerical simulation studies have become increasingly frequent. This paper describes the utilization of the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approach in the pico hydro CFT method. This review has resulted that the recommended Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model for CFT CFD simulation because its absolute relative error is lower than standard k-ε and transitional Shear Stress Transport (SST). The absolute relative error for the RNG k-ε turbulence model of 3.08%, standard k-ε of 3.19%, and transitional SST of 3.10%. While for the unsteady approach, the six-degrees of freedom (6-DoF) are considered because more accurate than moving mesh. The absolute relative error for 6-DoF of 3.1% and moving mesh of 9.5%. Thus, based on the review, the RNG k-ε turbulence model and 6-DoF are proposed for the pico hydro CFT CFD study.