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Greater wax moths (GWM, Galleria mellonella L.) are important pests of Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. The larval moths feed on wax combs, cast honey bee larval skins, pollen, and s...

Some plant essential oil constituents, such as monoterpenoids and phenylpropanoids, are promising insecticides in some situations and for certain insect pests. They vary in their toxicity, depending on the target insect. Moths (Lepidoptera) appear susceptible to these compounds, making them of promise for use against greater wax moths (Galleria mellonella Fabricius, (Lepidoptera: Pyrallidae), GWM), an important pest of western honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) colonies. We determined the LC50 for GWM larvae or LD50 for GWM adults of select compounds (thymol, carvacrol, (S)-(+)-carvone, estragole, citral, linalool, (S)-(−)-limonene, and γ-terpinene). Concentrations between 8 and 2,266 µg/cm3 were mixed into the diets of GWM larvae and doses ranging between 0.08 and 70.3 mg per adult were applied topically to the abdomens of GWM adults. Lethal concentrations and doses were calculated after of 72 h of exposure. All eight compounds showed insecticidal activity against all tested stages of GWMs. Thymol (LC50 µg/cm3 (95% CI) = 21 [9–56], carvacrol = 46 [26–79], citral = 63 [30–134], and carvone = 76 [33–201]) had the highest toxicity toward GWM larvae. The hydrocarbons limonene (296 [231–377]), estragole (466 [354–611]), and γ-terpinene (729 [630–857]) had the lowest toxicity toward GWM larvae. Thymol had the highest toxicity towards GWM adults (LD50 (CI) = 0.5 [0.4–0.8] mg/adult). However, carvacrol (11.6 [10.1–13.6]), linalool (12.9 [9.3–17.8]), and limonene (15.8 [13.1–19.2]) were less toxic to GWM larvae. Our data show that select plant essential oil constituents are promising controls of GWM.

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., is a natural pest of western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. They can overwhelm weakened honey bee colonies and occasionally cause significant losses to the beekeeping industry. In this study, we determined the seasonal abundance (No. moth larvae/hive) of G. mellonela larvae in hives of honey bees located in district Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Our data showed that the maximum moth abundance occurred during the regional dearth period, i.e. May–November. The peak abundance (14.8 ± 3.9 moth larvae/hive) occurred in August. A multiple correlation analysis was used to estimate the association between explanatory variables (multiple weather factors) and the abundance of wax moth larvae in hives, and a stepwise regression analysis was used to find the best explanatory variable for high abundance. All abiotic factors were correlated with the seasonal abundance of greater wax moth larvae but minimum and maximum temperature correlated with moth abundance more t...

This study investigated the effects of four insect growth regulators (IGRs) on biology and behavior of Chrysoperla carnea. IGRs were sprayed on eggs, larvae (~24-h old), and pupae at recommended doses along with their relatively low and high dose. Eggs, larval, and pupal survival were assessed along with effects on fecundity and fertility of C. carnea adults emerged when pupae were treated. IOBC (International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control) proposed toxicity scale was used to categorize the IGRs. Concerning the eggs lufenuron, pyriproxyfen, and diflubenzuron were categorized as slightly harmful (class 2), whereas buprofezin was categorized as moderately harmful (class 3). Lufenuron and diflubenzuron were classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to C. carnea larvae, while pyriproxyfen and buprofezin were categorized as harmless (class 1). Buprofezin did not affect the locomotion behavior of the larvae as time proportion spent in the treated and untreated zone was equal, while all others were affected significantly. Regarding the pupae, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin were found slightly harmful (class 2) and moderately harmful (class 3), respectively, and considerably reduced fecundity and fertility of the C. carnea adults. Lufenuron and diflubenzuron did not affect significantly when pupae were treated. Based on combined effect, the IGRs lufenuron and diflubenzuron did nott influence the significantly on population parameters comparatively. This could be helpful for the use of IGRs in integration with C. carnea towards their conservation in agroecosystem.

Keeping in view the increasing demand, queen of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was reared artificially in this experiment at varying diets including royal jelly. Larval duration, pupal duration, weight, and size of pupae were evaluated at different diets including royal jelly. Queen larvae were raised by Doo Little grafting method. Four different diets were mixed with royal jelly and applied to larvae. Fructose, sugar, yeast, and honey were provided to rearing queen larvae along with same amount of royal jelly. Larval and pupal duration were longest (6.15 and 7.5 days, respectively) at yeast and shortest on honey (5.05 and 7.02 days, respectively). Heavier and bigger pupae were recorded on yeast (168.14 mg and 1.76 cm, respectively) followed by diets having sugar and honey. Due to production of heavier and bigger pupae, yeast was considered as best artificial diet for the growing queen larvae. So, in the second part of experiment, different amounts of yeast were provided to growing larvae along with fixed amount (0.5 g) of royal jelly. Survival rates of the larvae and queen bee were 70% and 40% in the 4-g food, 86.7% and 53.3% in the 6-g food, and 76.7% and 50% in the 8-g food. Weight of adult queen bee (1.459±0.191 g) and the number of ovarioles (41.7±21.3) were highest at 8 g of food. Results of this study are helpful for bee-keepers in producing fitter queen bees., {"references":["Büchler, R., S. Andonov, K. Bienefeld, C. Costa, F. Hatjina, N. Kezic, P. Kryger, M. Spivak, A. Uzunov, and J. Wilde, Standard methods for rearing and selection of Apis mellifera queens. Journal of Apicultural Research, 2013. 52(1): p. 1-30.","Crailsheim, K., R. Brodschneider, P. Aupinel, D. Behrens, E. Genersch, J. Vollmann, and U. Riessberger-Gallé, Standard methods for artificial rearing of Apis mellifera larvae. Journal of Apicultural Research, 2013. 52(1): p. 1-16.","Mitsui, T., T. Sagawa, and H. Sano, Studies on rearing honey bee larvae in the laboratory. I. The effect of royal jelly taken from different ages of queen cells on queen differentiation. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1964. 57(4): p. 518-521.","Shuel, R. and S. Dixon, An artificial diet for laboratory rearing of honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research, 1986. 25(1): p. 35-43.","Ellis, A.M. and G. Hayes Jr, An evaluation of fresh versus fermented diets for honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Apicultural Research, 2009. 48(3): p. 215-216.","Rhein, W., Über die Entstehung des weiblichen Dimorphismus im Bienenstaate. Development Genes and Evolution, 1933. 129(4): p. 601-665.","Peng, Y.-S.C., E. Mussen, A. Fong, M.A. Montague, and T. Tyler, Effects of chlortetracycline of honey bee worker larvae reared in vitro. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 1992. 60(2): p. 127-133.","Michael, A. and M. Abramovitz, A method of rearing honey bee larvae in vitro. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1955. 48(1): p. 43-44.","Hoffmann, I., Rearing worker honeybee larvae in an incubator. Bee world, 1960. 41(1): p. 10-11.\n[10]\tRembold, H. and B. Lackner, Rearing of honeybee larvae in vitro: Effect of yeast extract on queen differentiation. Journal of Apicultural Research, 1981. 20(3): p. 165-171.\n[11]\tAsencot, M. and Y. Lensky, The effect of sugars and Juvenile Hormone on the differentiation of the female honeybee larvae (Apismellifera L.) to queens. Life sciences, 1976. 18(7): p. 693-699.\n[12]\tHanser, G. and F. Ruttner, Queen rearing: Biological basis and technical instruction. 1983, Apimondia Publishing House Bucharest, Romania.\n[13]\tAupinel, P., D. Fortini, H. Dufour, J. Tasei, B. Michaud, J. Odoux, and M. Pham-Delegue, Improvement of artificial feeding in a standard in vitro method for rearing Apis mellifera larvae. Bulletin of insectology, 2005. 58(2): p. 107.\n[14]\tVandenberg, J. and H. Shimanuki, Technique for rearing worker honeybees in the laboratory. Journal of Apicultural Research, 1987. 26(2): p. 90-97.\n[15]\tKaftanoglu, O., T.A. Linksvayer, and R.E. Page, Rearing honey bees, Apis mellifera, in vitro I: Effects of sugar concentrations on survival and development. Journal of Insect Science, 2011. 11(1): p. 96.\n[16]\tHladun, K.R., O. Kaftanoglu, D.R. Parker, K.D. Tran, and J.T. Trumble, Effects of selenium on development, survival, and accumulation in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2013. 32(11): p. 2584-2592.\n[17]\tThompson, H.M., S. Wilkins, A.H. Battersby, R.J. Waite, and D. Wilkinson, the effects of four insect growth-regulating (IGR) insecticides on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colony development, queen rearing and drone sperm production. Ecotoxicology, 2005. 14(7): p. 757-769."]}

In present study, six cotton varieties were observed for seasonal population dynamics of jassid. The lowest mean population of jassid per leaf was recorded in IUB-13 (0.27) and FH-598 showed highest population (0.36/leaf). Jassid infestation increased in the 4th week of June and exceeded threshold level during July. The month of July was most favorable for jassid increase and recorded its peak abundance. Correlation matrix revealed that population of jassid correlated positively with relative humidity, minimum temperature and rainfall but negative association was observed with maximum temperature and sunshine.

The reported high loss mortality rate of green lacewing, (Chrysoperla carnea) have been attributed to diverse factors including unattended use of insecticides. Since chemical control is one of a significant practice to manage insect pest in cotton. However, this kind of practice may impair the natural control provided by generalist predator C. carnea. Although, natural control adoption is limited in crops, area and season due to wide-spread use of insecticides but presence of resistance potential in C. carnea may improve the design of solid IPM strategies. Herein, we aimed to assess the toxicity of four insecticides to two strains of C. carnea (viz. laboratory reared and field collected adults) and to evaluate their resistance potential by calculating their resistance ratio. LC50 was calculated at 24 h following topical application administered when the adults were 3 days old. Control adult mortalities were less than 10% at 24 h. The LC50 values (µl mL-1) for laboratory reared strains of each tested insecticide were: acetamiprid, 0.0064; bifenthrin, 3.75; chlorpyrifos, 0.067; and profenofos, 0.052. The LC50 values for field collected strains were 0.096 (acetamiprid), 34.8 (bifenthrin), 0.21 (chlorpyrifos) and 0.44 (profenofos). The toxicity of the test insecticide to C. carnea from more to least toxic was acetamiprid > profenofos > chlorpyrifos > bifenthrin. Field collected strain possessed 15 (acetamiprid)-, 9.28 (bifenthrin)-, 3.13 (chlorpyrifos)-, and 8.5 (profenofos)-fold more resistance than the susceptible population. These results are pretty worthwhile for integration of C. carnea in IPM programs, impairing with insecticides.

Mango unlubiti (Drosicha stebbingi Green) mango bahcelerinde oburca beslenen bir zararlidir. Mango meyvesinde agir kalite kaybi ve dusuk uretime sebep olmaktadir (Luhanga & Gwinner 1993). Bu calisma zararlinin kontrolu icin yapilmistir. Izolasyon, saflastirma ve amilaz karakterizasyonu Mango unlubitinden yapilmistir. Amilolitik aktivite D. stebbingi ham homojenat icinde 365U / ml iken aseton icinde cokeltme ornek aktivitesi 680 U / ml olmustur. Amilaz aktivitesi icin optimum pH ve sicaklik sirasiyla, 6.4 ve 50-60 oC olmus, bununla birlikte, amilaz aktivitesi, maksimum alt-tabaka (nisasta) konsantrasyonunun% 3’u olmustur. Enzimatik aktivite Pb2 +, nA1- +, Hg2 +, Ni + 2 ve Cu + 2 tarafindan onlenmis, fakat Ca + 2 enzimatik aktiviteyi arttirmistir. Datura (Datura alba), Neem (Azadirachta indica) ve narenciye (Citrus reticulata) gibi dogal bitki ekstraktlari amilolitik aktiviteyi engellemistir. Sodiumdodisylsulphatepoliakrilamid jel elektroforez (SDS-PAGE) ile olculen amilaz molekul agirligi 26 kDa olmustur. Arastirmanin amaci izolasyonu, saflastirmayi ve mango unlubitlerin sindirim enziminin biyokimyasal karakterizasyonunu degerlendirmektir. Bu calisma unlubitlerin etkin kontrolu icin, unlubitlerin sindirim fizyolojisinin daha iyi anlasilmasini saglar. Mango unlubitlerin erginlerindeki sindirim amilolitik aktivitesinin biyokimyasal ozellikleri zararlinin kontrolu icin yeni ufuklar acabilir