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Herein, we have devised a green protocol for the biogenicmadeAu NPs mediated over natural and biological macromolecules derived from Quince (Cydoniaoblonga) seed mucilage (QSM). The intrinsic phytomolecules were utilized as effective reducing agent for the gold ions under ultrasonic conditions. They also enabled the Au NPs to stabilize inherently by capping or encapsulation. The structure of the Au NPs/QSM bio-nanocomposite was analyzed using a range of physicochemical techniques, such as elemental mapping, TEM, FE-SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, EDS, and ICP. In medicinal therapeutics sector on human health the cancer treatment assumes an important segment. Furthermore, the material's biological activity was assessed by examining its antioxidant and cytotoxic characteristics against cell lines of prostate carcinoma. DPPH radical scavenging experiments were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Au NPs/QSM, and the resulting IC50 was determined to be 138.1 µg/mL.IC50index of the Au NPs/QSM against PC3, NCI-H660, and LNCaP cell lines were evaluated as 253, 271 and 195 µg/mL, respectively. Au NPs/QSM was found to cause a dose-dependent reduction in the viability of a malignant prostate cell line. The antioxidant properties of recent nanoparticles appear to be the cause of their anti-human prostate carcinoma activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the mucilage obtained from the cladodes of a not previously investigated accession of Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. (syn. Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw), collected in Sicily, was analysed by 13C-NMR. The yield of mucilage extracted from cladodes in aqueous medium was 2.55%. The monosaccharides identified, after acidic hydrolyses of the mucilage, were arabinose (36.48%), galactose (32.31%), xylose (15.33%), glucose (10.45%) and rhamnose (5.40%). The mucilage showed a sufficient antimicrobial activity and excellent antioxidant property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zygnematophyceae green algae represent the closest living relatives of land plants. Adaptions to hydro-terrestrial environments are evident through the production of mucilage carbohydrates, which are secreted outside algal cell walls to retain water. However, the mucilage poses significant challenges for the extraction of high molecular weight (HMW) DNA. Methods: To address this, we have developed an efficient protocol optimized for algae nuclei isolation and HMW DNA extraction with modified CTAB method, facilitating the use of third-generation long read sequencing technologies, e.g., PacBio or Oxford Nanopore. Furthermore, we have benchmarked the performance of our method against eight established DNA extraction methods or commercial kits. Results: Of the eight existing DNA extraction methods assessed, the PowerPlant DNeasy Kit, prominent for its use in plant DNA extraction, was the only protocol to successfully isolate DNA from Zygnema circumcarinatum algae. However, the DNA quality was insufficient for applications in PacBio or Oxford Nanopore sequencing. In contrast, our novel method not only yielded a high DNA concentration but also high purity with optimal A260/A230 and A260/A280 ratios suitable for long read DNA sequencing. Notably, the integrity of algal DNA obtained via our method surpassed that from commercial kits, demonstrating a significant increase in the length of extracted DNA, with a peak at 55.7 kb compared to 17.6 kb for the PowerPlant DNeasy Kit. Additionally, our method substantially reduced the organellar DNA, lowering it from 72.5% in the commercial kits to 9.6%, thereby enhancing the yield of nuclear genomic DNA. Discussion: Our method represents a significant advancement in the extraction of DNA from challenging plants and algae characterized by high extracellular mucilage contents. Our protocol removes most organellar DNA, and thus substantially increases the proportion of nuclear DNA reads in the sequencing data to lower the cost for nuclear genome sequencing. Our cost-efficient method will facilitate the whole genome sequencing of mucilage-rich algae and plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seeds of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum) and sweet basil (O. basilicum) produce mucilage upon hydration that can be utilized as a substitute in several foods. In the present study, reduced‐fat eggless mayonnaises were developed by substituting 30% of the oil content in the formulation with clove basil and sweet basil seed mucilages. The developed mayonnaises exhibited a similar appearance and better texture with ideal firmness, thick consistency, spreadable texture, lesser stickiness, and adhesiveness than the control eggless mayonnaise. The replacement of oil with basil seed mucilages significantly (p ≤ 0.01) improved the emulsion, freeze‐thaw, and heat stability of mayonnaises as mucilages acted as emulsifying and stabilizing agents. Further, the mayonnaises with clove basil and sweet basil seed mucilages exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.01) high ash (0.78, 0.69 g), carbohydrate (36.55, 38.37 g), soluble dietary fiber (0.21, 0.22 g), total dietary fiber (0.22, 0.23 g) contents and less fat (33.07, 38.37 g), energy (304, 305 Kcal) contents per 100 g than control. Also, they exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher total phenols content (90.57, 83.35 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g) and total antioxidant capacity (268.28, 259.94 mg TE/100 g) than the control. Thus, the utilization of clove basil seed and sweet basil seed mucilages aided in the development of eggless mayonnaises with reduced fat content and enriched with bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols and antioxidants. The technology of development of reduced fat mayonnaises can be taken up by the food industries and the product can be popularised further to meet the rising demand for eggless mayonnaises with reduced fat content by health‐conscious lacto‐vegetarian consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The deterioration of meat products is significantly influenced by the oxidation of lipids. The addition of antioxidants is one of the accepted methods to retard lipid oxidation. The goal of this research was to encapsulate tomato powder with chia seed mucilage by lyophilization. Tomato powder and chia seed mucilage were used as the wall material at three ratios 1:1 (T1:C1), 2:1 (T2:C1), and 1:2 (T1:C2). The particle size, encapsulation efficiency, rheology, and solubility index of the beads were assessed. Three sausage samples, including the control, 3% w/w tomato powder (TPsample), and 6% w/w bead (EnTPsample), were produced. The color, texture, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, and sensory parameters of the sausage were analyzed during storage. The results showed that T2:C1 had a maximum encapsulation efficiency (44.71%) with particle size (172.31 nm). T1:C1 had a highly significant value in the solubility index (90.09% w/w), but for the viscosity parameter, T1:C2 had a maximum value among the samples. FTIR and X‐ray diffraction analyses demonstrated successful encapsulation in all samples. The water holding capacity (6.92% w/w), hardness (2992.5 g), and gumminess (2772.3 g) were the highest, but cooking loose (10.98% w/w) the lowest in the EnTPsamples. Higher color and odor scores were recorded for the EnTPs. In addition, the encapsulated tomato powder had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower peroxide value (7.34 mEq/kg) and thiobarbituric acid (2.09 mg MDA/kg) in the sausages than in the other samples. In conclusion, the incorporation of EnTPsample as a polyphenol component in cocktail sausages is more advantageous than TP alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land plants evolved from an ancestral alga around 470 mya, evolving complex multicellularity in both haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations. The evolution of water-conducting tissues in the sporophyte generation was crucial for the success of land plants, paving the way for the colonization of a variety of terrestrial habitats. Class II KNOX (KNOX2) genes are major regulators of secondary cell wall formation and seed mucilage (pectin) deposition in flowering plants. Here, we show that, in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha , loss-of-function alleles of the KNOX2 ortholog, Mp KNOX2 , or its dimerization partner, Mp BELL1 , have defects in capsule wall secondary cell wall and spore pectin biosynthesis. Both genes are expressed in the gametophytic calyptra surrounding the sporophyte and exert maternal effects, suggesting intergenerational regulation from the maternal gametophyte to the sporophytic embryo. These findings also suggest the presence of a secondary wall genetic program in the non-vascular liverwort capsule wall, with attributes of secondary walls in vascular tissues. [Display omitted] • Marchantia Class II KNOX is maternally expressed in the calyptra post-fertilization • Mp KNOX2 non-cell autonomously directs sporophytic capsule wall formation • Mp KNOX2 is involved in pectin biosynthesis during microsporogenesis • Secondary cell wall and pectin biosynthesis by KNOX2 genes is land plant universal The evolution of vasculature paved the way for land plants to colonize a vast array of terrestrial habitats. Dierschke et al. demonstrate that maternally expressed Marchantia polymorpha Class II KNOX controls sporophyte capsule secondary cell wall and pectin biosynthesis during sporogenesis, a function conserved throughout land plant evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cope with the constraints of conventional drug delivery systems, site‐specific drug delivery systems are the major focus of researchers. The present research developed water‐swellable, pH‐responsive methacrylic acid‐based hydrogel scaffolds of Artemisia vulgaris seed mucilage with mucin and loaded with acyclovir sodium as a model drug. The developed hydrogel discs are evaluated for diverse parameters. Drug loading efficiency in all formulations ranges from 63% to 75%. The hydrogels exhibited pH‐dependent swelling, displaying optimum swelling in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and insignificant swelling in an acidic buffer (pH 1.2), in addition, they responded well to electrolyte concentrations. The sol‐gel fraction is estimated ranging from 60 to 95%. Dissolution studies unveiled sustained drug release for 24 h in a phosphate buffer of pH 7.4, exhibiting zero‐order release kinetics. Moreover, FTIR spectra confirmed the drug‐excipient compatibility. SEM photomicrographs revealed a rough and porous surface of hydrogel discs with several pores and channels. The PXRD diffractograms exposed the amorphous nature of the polymeric blends. The findings of acute toxicity studies proved the developed hydrogel network is biocompatible. Therefore, these outcomes connote the newly created network as a smart delivery system, able to dispatch acyclovir sodium into the intestinal segment for a prolonged period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate non-cyanobacteria dominance succession from Microcystis blooms, particularly to diatom dominance, an experiment using varying colonial Microcystis biomasses expressed as bulk concentrations of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, and 24.0 mL L−1 was undertaken under continuous aeration mixing in a greenhouse during a hot summer where shading had reduced light level by 97%. The results showed that the algal shift process was affected by the initial biomass of the colonial Microcystis, and the algal community diversified. When the Microcystis bulk concentration was between 2.0 and 16.0 mL L−1, the bloom became dominated by diatom Nitzschia palea, which aggregated on the mucilage sheathes of the Microcystis colonies. The diatom density at bulk concentration biomass of 2.0 mL L−1 reached a maximum at 2.8 × 105 cells mL−1 on day 27. When the bulk concentration was at 18.0–24.0 mL L−1, no diatom dominance appeared. The shift from a Microcystis bloom to diatom dominance was affected by the initial Microcystis biomass, and the most suitable bulk concentration biomass for colonial Microcystis was at 2–12 mL L−1, in which the chlorophyll-a level was about from 285 to 1714 μg L−1. The mechanism underlying this algal shift may be that the low light and nutrient levels in the Microcystis bloom promoted diatom aggregation growth on the mucilage sheaths of Microcystis colonies under continuous aeration mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensation of dry mouth is a clinical illness known as xerostomia. Treatment is necessary for alleviating symptoms in patients who experience either transient or persistent dry mouth. It is essential to develop artificial saliva for this purpose. The fruit of the Phoenix dactylifera is edible and has been used in food. Its mucilage from dried fruits was extracted by soaking in distilled water and precipitated with 90% v/v ethanol. The mucilage of P. dactylifera was used for producing artificial saliva and was combined with other components including proteins and electrolytes. The translucent light brown gel solution was seen in the artificial saliva using P. dactylifera mucilage. The measured relative density ranged from 1.02 to 1.15 g/mL. Artificial saliva had to become more viscous with the addition of P. dactylifera mucilage and its concentration. Their pH values ranged between 6.98 and 7.15. The produced artificial saliva had a wetting time ranging from 7.53 to 9.70 min, which is similar to the typical human saliva. Artificial saliva could form a film in the mouth after certain periods. It was found that artificial saliva exhibited many adsorption bands corresponding to various biomolecules, such as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, and had a unique peak at 275 nm. The results of this investigation suggest that a formulation including mucilage from P. dactylifera may be utilized to treat xerostomia patients by temporarily lubricating and hydrating their mouths when they experience persistent dry mouth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The stem of Abroma augusta contains mucilaginous polysaccharides having numerous ethnomedicinal properties. The present work aimed to develop a scalable ultrasonic‐assisted aqueous Abroma augusta mucilage (AAM) extraction (UAE) method and further explores its emulsifying property and toxicity concern. RESULTS: The combination of ultrasonic power (750 W), solid‐to‐liquid ratio (1:15) and temperature (348 K) gave the highest extraction yield of 2.28% with a diffusivity value of 3.85 × 10−9 m2 s−1, which was higher than aqueous extraction method using a kinetic model based on Fick's second law of diffusion. The extracted polysaccharide showed no toxicity as measured through 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay on RAW cell line. Additionally, the polysaccharide over its critical micelle concentration (400, 500, 600 and 700 μg mL−1) offered emulsifying properties with 0.5%, 1% and 5% oil (v/v). The emulsion with a polysaccharide concentration of 600 μg mL−1 with 5% oil (v/v) provides stability against coalescence for 3 days. CONCLUSION: The overall findings indicated that UAE of AAM polysaccharide can be used for an efficient extraction method, and the obtained polysaccharide is nontoxic in nature and bears emulsifying properties. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we focused on reducing the molecular weight of purified red okra pectin using various hydrolytic enzymes and evaluating its physicochemical properties or characterization. The enzyme treatments targeted both the main pectin chain and the side-chain sugars, resulting in a reduction in the molecular weight by approximately 10% (from 647 kDa) to 60% (down to 252 kDa). Both the purified red okra pectin and enzyme-treated pectins exhibited a homogalacturonan (HG)-type backbone. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the absorbance peak for the pectin backbone (1200–1000 cm−1) in the low-molecular-weight (LMW) pectin. The most significant decrease was observed at 3300 cm−1 in pectin treated with both RGH+RGAE enzymes, indicating reduced sugar bonds. These results demonstrate the physicochemical changes in LMW red okra pectin following enzyme treatment and confirm its potential applications due to its unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine environments are subject to various naturally occurring phenomena, including marine snow and mucilage. In 2021, the rapid emergence of mucilage in the Marmara Sea raised concerns about its environmental impact. This study investigates the microbial communities in mucilage and seawater samples from the Marmara Sea using metagenomic-scale comparative analyses. The results indicate significant differences in microbial composition and diversity, with mucilage samples showing higher levels of polysaccharide biosynthesis-related enzymes. Over 50% of reads in mucilage samples remained unclassified (dark matter), highlighting unknown microbial taxa. Clean seawater was characterized by a higher presence of Euryarchaeota, Proteobacteria, and Rhodothermaeota, while Chlamydiae and Fusobacteria were dominant in mucilage. The study underscores the necessity for comprehensive metagenomic analyses to understand microbial roles in mucilage formation and persistence. Early detection of microbial shifts could serve as a warning system for mucilage outbreaks, aiding in the development of management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: During the last decades, excessive application of chemicals in conventional agriculture has contaminated the environment due to contaminants, and harmful residues. Hence, sustainable agricultural practices such as nature-based solutions can be helpful to increase production and alleviate harmful effects on the ecosystem. Also, optimization of environmental conditions influences the physiological process and metabolism in plants and induces better growth and enhance crop yield. The experiments were conducted in a research field in Iran (Roudsar in Gulian province) to investigate the photosynthetic parameters, yield components, and mucilage content of Viola ignobilis Rupr. during 2021-2022. Materials and Methods: The study was set up in a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. In this work, two light regimes consisting of 50 and 100% full natural irradiance as the main factor and the biostimulant application including vegetal-protein hydrolysate (V-PH), animal-protein hydrolysate (V-PH), seaweed extract (SE), and the combination of V-PH + SE and A-PH + SE as sub-factors and untreated plants (control) were assessed. A foliar spray of the abovequoted protein hydrolysate was used on the leaves at (0.2 g L-1, 0) and the seaweed extract was applied directly to the soil (2 g L-1, 0). Results: The obtained results indicated that the fresh and dry weight increased at 100% light intensity by 11.66% and 29.39% respectively compared with shade condition. Also, the soluble carbohydrate and total protein showed higher amount in 100% light intensity by 14.18% and 19.29% respectively compared with shaded plants. The mucilage contents of leaf and flower was higher in 100% light intensity by 12.77% and 25.85% respectively. In this work, the root fresh and dry weight did not influence by the light intensity. The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight of aerial parts, the number of flowers, total soluble carbohydrates, total protein, and mucilage contents of leaves and flowers obtained in plants were grown in full sunlight, whereas, the highest leaf area was recorded in 50% light intensity. Moreover, all kinds of biostimulant applications had positive significant impact on investigated traits. The highest means of yield components were related to A-PH + SE, but in many cases didn’t show any significant differences with V-PH + SE. In terms of mucilage content, the highest concentration of leaf and flower mucilage were connected to V-PH + SE, nevertheless, didn’t reveal any significant differences with other bio-stimulant, except the SE. The interaction between light intensity and bio-stimulants just impacted on the leaf area and the number of flowers. The light intensity did not show any significant effect on total chlorophyll and carotenoids, but, the biostimulant application increased considerably these photosynthetic pigments compared to the control. Moreover, the investigation of photosynthetic traits showed that transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and assimilation rate increased in full irradiance by 13%, 16.95% and 10.95% respectively in comparison with shade condition, Also, the biostimulant application highly increased photosynthetic traits compared with untreated plants. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this work exhibited that the optimizination and changes in the growth conditions of medicinal plants can be improved growth parameters and increased primary and secondary metabolites. The bio-stimulants application was caused to promote the growth parameters, photosynthetic efficiency, and mucilage production in violet. However, applications of seaweed extract in addition to protein hydrolysate had synergistic effects on all assessed growth parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture collections such as the Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Culture Collection (LEGE‐CC) hold approximately 1200 cyanobacterial strains and are critical community resources. However, many isolates in this and other collections have not been described with a polyphasic approach, and this limits further study. Here, we employed a polyphasic methodology that integrates 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses, similarity (p‐distance), 16S‐23S ITS rRNA region secondary structures, morphological analyses, and habitat assessments to describe four novel cyanobacterial genera from the LEGE‐CC, Portugal. Pseudolimnococcus planktonicus gen. et sp. nov. (Chroococcales) is phylogenetically and morphologically related to Limnococcus. The 16S rRNA gene similarity between the types of both genera is only 93.1%. Morphologically, Pseudolimnococcus cells do not reach the original spherical shape before the next division or have aerotopes and firm mucilage, while Limnococcus cells reach the original shape, lack aerotopes, and have diffluent mucilage. Eucapsopsis lusitanus gen. et sp. nov. (Chroococcales) is morphologically similar to Eucapsis but differs from it by having aerotopes and diffluent envelope. Eucapsis lacks aerotopes and has firm mucilaginous envelopes, rarely diffluent. Both genera are phylogenetically very distant from each other and have only 90.68% 16S rRNA gene similarity. Pseudoacaryochloris arrabidensis gen. et sp. nov. (Acaryochloridales) differs from Acaryochloris by the lack of mucilaginous envelope, which is present in Acaryochloris. Both genera are phylogenetically distant and have only 94.1% 16S rRNA gene similarity. Moreover, Acaryochloris is marine (sponge symbiont), while Pseudoacaryochloris is from freshwater. Vasconcelosia minhoensis gen. et sp. nov. (Nodosilineales) is phylogenetically related to Cymatolege but has only 94.3% similarity with this genus. Morphologically both genera are distinct. Vasconcelosia has a Romeria‐like structure, while Cymatolege has a Phormidium‐like structure. In all cases the 16S‐23S ITS rRNA region secondary structures are in agreement with the other analyses. These novel genera expand the diversity of cyanobacteria in culture collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian saltbush (Atriplex spp.) survive in exceptionally saline environments and are often used for pasture in semi-arid areas. To investigate the impact of salinity on saltbush root morphology and root exudates, three Australian native saltbush species (Atriplex nummularia , Atriplex amnicola , and Atriplex vesicaria) were grown in vitro in optimised sterile, semi-hydroponic systems in media supplemented with different concentrations of salt (NaCl). Histological stains and chromatographic techniques were used to characterise the root apical meristem (RAM) type and root exudate composition of the saltbush seedlings. We report that saltbush species have closed-type RAMs, which release border-like cells (BLCs). Monosaccharide content, including glucose and fructose, in the root mucilage of saltbush was found to be uniquely low, suggesting that saltbush may minimise carbon release in polysaccharides of root exudates. Root mucilage also contained notable levels of salt, plus increasing levels of unidentified compounds at peak salinity. Un-esterified homogalacturonan, xyloglucan, and arabinogalactan proteins between and on the surface of BLCs may aid intercellular adhesion. At the highest salinity levels, root cap morphology was altered but root:shoot ratio remained consistent. While questions remain about the identity of some components in saltbush root mucilage other than the key monosaccharides, this new information about root cap morphology and cell surface polysaccharides provides avenues for future research. Australian saltbush (Atriplex spp.), used for pasture in semi-arid areas, survive in exceptionally salty environments, but little is known about how salinity affects the root morphology and root exudates. We discovered that saltbush have closed-type root apical meristems and release limited sugars as root exudates, maintaining root:shoot ratio even at extreme salinity. These findings offer new insights into saltbush resilience and encourage further research into their unique root properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has highlighted the effectiveness of starter inocula in fermentation processes. In this sense, this study examines the use of an inoculum composed of coffee pulp, mucilage broth, and microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus in fermenting Castillo variety coffee. An inoculum was prepared, measuring variables such as the pH, acidity, °Brix, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast viability. Following optimization, the inoculum was evaluated in a fermentation process, evaluating the pH, °Brix, acidity, microbiological analysis, ochratoxin A, and cup quality post-drying and roasting. The findings demonstrated a significant reduction in the pH from 4.47 to 4.05 and in the °Brix from 15.8 to 8.45, indicating efficient organic acid production and sugar degradation. Acidity levels increased from 20.02 mg/g to 42.69 mg/g, while microbial viabilities remained above 107 CFUs/g, suggesting effective biomass production. The process effectively reduced the microbial load without detecting ochratoxin A. Sensory evaluations confirmed the enhanced cup quality, validating the positive impact of inoculum use in coffee fermentation. The results support the use of coffee pulp and mucilage broth as effective substrates for the growth of the evaluated microorganisms, and the application of starter cultures containing lactic acid bacteria and yeast can elevate the coffee to a specialty grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cream cheese is a type of fresh cheese with a thin consistency with great potential for adding probiotics. However, artificial thickeners have been used in its production, decreasing consumer satisfaction. This study suggests natural mucilage, specifically from the Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica, as a replacement for artificial thickeners due to its thick gelatinous properties. This study evaluated different cream cheese formulations by adding varying concentrations of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage and the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Four formulations were created: formulation C (control, without mucilage), F1 (containing 1 mL/kg mucilage), F2 (2 mL/kg), and F3 (3 mL/kg mucilage). The physicochemical characteristics (pH, 4.90–5.57; 0.15–0.20% acidity; 1.78–2.42% protein; 29.98–30.88% fat; 38.27–41.63% moisture; and 1.25–1.63% ash) and microbiological analysis met the quality standards required by Brazilian legislation, and the cream cheese showed probiotic potential, with L. acidophilus counts above 108 CFU/mL within four weeks of storage. Regarding sensory evaluation, the texture received one of the highest scores (7.89), followed by aroma (7.11). Therefore, the Cactaceae mucilage has proven to be a viable alternative to replace artificial thickeners in cream cheese, making it an excellent option for probiotic supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to create Tolbutamide extended-release (ER) tablets and evaluate their efficacy in comparison to the gold standard, hydrophobic polymer (HPC). The natural polymers that were considered for this study included guar gum, xanthan gum, acacia gum, and fenugreek mucilage. The mechanical characteristics, drug release patterns, and stability under accelerated settings of tablets produced employing direct compression at different polymer concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75%) were studied. With a release rate of 94.5 percent over 24 hours, the optimized formulation (TF6 with 75% Guar gum) offered the best sustained drug release. As for controlled-release qualities, Xanthan gum showed promise with a cumulative release of 93.45% and Acacia gum was dependable, though not quite as efficient. Fenugreek mucilage was not well suited for endotracheal formulations due to its rapid drug release. The optimized formulation (TF6) kept its mechanical integrity, drug content, and constant drug release profile throughout three months at 40°C/75% RH, according to stability testing. This study offers additional evidence that natural polymers, specifically Guar gum can effectively replace synthetic binders in sustained-release formulations. Additional research should explore alternative combinations of these natural binders to enhance formulation efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is a common vegetable in the African cuisine, known for its distinctive slimy texture. Plant cell walls include hydrocolloids, especially pectin, which contribute to their sliminess. This textural property is known to become lost during thermal treatment. In this research, okra hydrocolloid is extracted and used to produce a model medium at a pH of 6.0, representing okra's natural state. This medium is subjected to various controlled thermal treatments (70–130 °C) to evaluate their impact on pectin degradation. At the same time, the texture of okra puree is also assessed using an instrumental method under the same conditions. The two main products of pectin degradation—reducing end sugars from depolymerization and methanol from a demethylation—are measured and found to show an increase as a function of time and temperature. Kinetic modeling indicates that a first-order reaction fits well with the experimental concentrations of both products. The rate constants, as a function of temperature, aligns with the Arrhenius model, confirming the chemical basis of the degradation. Instrumental results correlate well with the production of methanol and reducing end sugars, indicating that pectin degradation is the primary cause of texture changes during the thermal treatment of okra and that this change can be controlled by adjusting the temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of poplar anthracnose, which induces major economic losses and adversely affects the ecosystem services of poplar forests. The appressorium serves as a penetration structure for many pathogenic fungi, including C. gloeosporioides. The production of mucilage and the formation of penetration pegs are critically important for the appressorium-mediated penetration of host tissues. We previously found that CgPmk1 is a key protein involved in appressorium formation, penetration, and pathogenicity. Although CgSte12, which is a transcription factor that functions downstream of CgPmk1, regulates the formation of penetration pegs, its role in C. gloeosporioides appressorium development and pathogenicity has not been elucidated. Here, we developed C. gloeosporioides CgSTE12 mutants and characterized the molecular and cellular functions of CgSTE12. The results showed that mycelial growth and morphology were not affected in the CgSTE12 knockout mutants, which produced normal melanized appressoria. However, these mutants had less mucilage secreted around the appressoria, impaired appressorial cone formation, and the inability to form penetration pores and pegs, which ultimately led to a significant loss of pathogenicity. Our comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that CgSte12 controls the expression of genes involved in appressorium development and function, including genes encoding cutinases, NADPH oxidase, spermine biosynthesis-related proteins, ceramide biosynthesis-related proteins, fatty acid metabolism-related proteins, and glycerophospholipid metabolism-related proteins. Overall, our findings indicate that CgSte12 is a critical regulator of appressorium development and affects C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity by modulating the structural integrity of appressoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas exchange in the soil is determined by the size and connectivity of air‐filled pores. Root mucilage reduces air‐filled pore connectivity and thus gas diffusivity. It is unclear to what extent mucilage affects soil pore connectivity and tortuosity. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of gas diffusion processes in the rhizosphere by explaining the geometric alterations of the soil pore space induced by mucilage. We quantified the effect of a root mucilage analogue collected from chia seeds without intrinsic respiratory activity on oxygen diffusion at different water contents during drying–rewetting cycles in a diffusion chamber experiment. Quantification of oxygen diffusion showed that mucilage decreased the gas diffusion coefficient in dry soil without affecting air‐filled porosity. Without mucilage, a hysteresis in gas diffusion coefficient during a drying–rewetting cycle was observed. The effect depended on particle size and diminished with increasing mucilage content. X‐ray computed tomography imaging indicated a hysteresis in the connectivity of the gas phase during a drying–rewetting cycle for samples without mucilage. This effect was attenuated with increasing mucilage content. Furthermore, electron microscopy showed that mucilage structures formed in drying soil increase with mucilage content, thereby progressively reducing the connectivity of the gas phase. In conclusion, the effect of mucilage on soil gas diffusion highly depends on soil texture and mucilage content. The diminishing hysteresis with the addition of mucilage suggests that plant roots secrete mucilage to balance oxygen availability and water content, even under fluctuating moisture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is evidence to suggest that the endophytic fungus Serendipita indica plays a crucial role in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic/abiotic stressors, less is known about the impacts of this symbiosis association on root mucilage chemical composition and its physical functions. The mucilage of inoculated and non‐inoculated seedlings of four wheat cultivars (i.e., Roshan, Ghods, Kavir and Pishtaz) were extracted using an aeroponic method. Total solute concentration (TCm), carbon content (Cmucilage), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, fatty acids, surface tension (σm), and viscosity (ηm) of mucilage were measured. Ghods and Kavir had the highest and lowest root colonization percents, respectively. Saturated fatty acids, including palmitic and stearic acids, were dominant over unsaturated fatty acids in wheat root mucilage. However, their compositions were significantly different among wheat cultivars. S. indica colonization, especially for Ghods, increased the TCm, Cmucilage, and palmitic acid. Moreover, root mucilage of S. indica‐inoculated Ghods had lower σm and greater ηm. An increased amount of powerful surfactants like palmitic acid in the mucilage of S. indica inoculated treatments led to lower σm and greater ηm. Such studies provide further support for the idea that plant‐released mucilage plays a major role in modifying the physical environment of the rhizosphere. This knowledge toward truly understanding the rhizosphere can be potentially used for improving the rhizosphere soil quality and increasing crop growth and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mozzarella is a soft white fermented cheese comprising up to 40% saturated fats and is well known for its stretchability. Consumers' demand for low‐fat mozzarella cheese (LFMC) has increased with increasing health consciousness. However, the rubbery texture of LFMC tends to lower its acceptability. The study investigates the effect of aloe vera mucilage (AVM) as a fat replacer on the physicochemical, proximate composition, functional, and sensory attributes of LFMC using buffalo milk as substrate. For this purpose, mucilage from AV leaves was extracted and added in concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5% v/v) during the formulation of LFMC treatments using the direct acidification technique. A significant reduction in fat contents of LFMC treatments prepared using AVM (p = 0.02) was observed, and among all LFMC treatments, AT2 with 2.5% AVM exhibited significantly improved (p = 0.00) stretchability and meltability. The higher free oil content of 3.8% was observed in LFMC in To (positive control), whereas the lowest (1.28%) was reported in T* (negative control). For hardness, the lowest puncture force of 2.12 and 2.17 N was experienced by the LFMC treatments prepared using 2.5% AVM v/v. The study concluded that adding AVM with a concentration of 2.5% v/v was considered best for its organoleptic properties, improving the textural and functional attributes of LFMC. Practical Application: The demand of consumers for low‐fat mozzarella cheese (LFMC) has increased with increasing health consciousness. The rubbery texture of LFMC tends to lower its acceptability. This research will help to formulate LFMC at the industrial level, creating more diversity and availability of health‐modulating functional foods in markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares oil and mucilage idioblasts occurring together in the vegetative organs of Ocotea pulchella, a Lauraceae species. Our focus is specifically on the ontogeny and developmental cytology of these secretory cells. Both types of idioblasts originate from solitary cells located in the fundamental meristem, underlying the protodermis. The growth of both types of idioblasts is asynchronous, with the oil idioblasts developing first, but their initiation is restricted to the early stages of organ development. Mucilaginous idioblasts occur exclusively in the palisade parenchyma, while oil idioblasts are scattered throughout the mesophyll, midrib, and petiole of the leaves. The lamellar secretion of mucilage idioblasts is mostly made up of polysaccharides, while the secretion of oil idioblasts is made up of terpenes and lipids. Cupule occurred only in the oil idioblasts, while suberized layers occurred in both types of cells. We found that immature oil idioblasts that are close to each other fuse; mature mucilage idioblasts have labyrinthine walls arranged in a reticulate pattern; the cells close to the oil idioblasts have a pectin protective layer; and the oil idioblasts have a sheath of phenolic cells. In contrast to previous reports, the two types of secretory idioblasts were recognized during the early stages of their development. The results emphasize the importance of combining optical and electron microscopy methods to observe the ontogenetic, histochemical and ultrastructural changes that occur during the development of the secretory idioblasts. This can help us understand how secreting cells store their secretions and how their walls become specialized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe weloensis Sebsebe, a species used for therapeutic purposes in Ethiopia, exemplifies the plant's rich history of herbal use, traditional applications, and the need for further research. Aloe weloensis, a species of the Aloe genus, has gained attention for its potential pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties. This review examines the phytochemical composition, pharmacological effects, and pharmaceutical applications of Aloe weloensis. The methods involved a thorough review of published literature using reputable databases, focusing on English-language articles covering Aloe weloensis' phytochemistry, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimalarial activities. Aloe weloensis leaf latex demonstrates diverse bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity (IC50: 10.25 μg/ml), significant antibacterial effects, and promising in vitro antimalarial activity (IC50: 9.14 μg/ml) on 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum species. In vivo studies support its potential as an antimalarial remedy, showcasing its multifaceted pharmacological profile. Aloe weloensis presents promising pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimalarial activities, supported by its rich phytochemical composition. The in vivo antimalarial results and mucilage's potential as a suspending agent highlight its significance in modern medicine, warranting further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the utilization of natural sources for hydrogel preparation has surged, driven by their economic and environmental advantages. The use of natural polysaccharides offers distinct benefits over synthetic counterparts, including non-toxicity, cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, and widespread availability. This study explores the enhanced properties of natural hydrogels derived from mucilages extracted from okra pods and chia seeds. The hydrogels, fortified with zinc oxide nanoparticles and loaded with nettle extract as herbal drug, demonstrate improved mechanical strength and elastic behavior. The characterization of prepared hydrogel through FTIR, SEM, TGA, and RMS techniques, along with rheological analysis, reveals enhanced features. The release pattern and kinetics of nettle extract in the buffered medium were studied. The result of nettles extract release showed that it is most suitable for the zero-order model, which states that during the release process, the drug concentration in the body remains constant and the release is occurred by the Fickian mechanism. Swelling behavior studies showed increased water absorption capacity in nanocomposite hydrogels. Antibacterial assessments confirmed significant efficacy against Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia bacteria. These suitable properties indicate that the synthesized nanocomposite hydrogel is a good formulation to be used as a drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of thickening powders for the management of dysphagia is imperative due to the rapid growth of aging population and prevalence of the dysphagia. One promising thickening agent that can be used to formulate dysphagia diets is basil seed mucilage (BSM). This work investigates the effects of dispersing media, including water, milk, skim milk, and apple juice, on the rheological and tribological properties of the BSM‐thickened liquids. Shear rheology results revealed that the thickening ability of BSM in these media in ascending order is milk < skim milk ≈ apple juice < water. On the other hand, extensional rheology demonstrated that the longest filament breakup time was observed when BSM was dissolved in milk, followed by skim milk, water, and apple juice. Furthermore, tribological measurements showed varying lubrication behavior, depending on the BSM concentration and dispersing media. Dissolution of BSM in apple juice resulted in the most superior lubrication property compared with that in other dispersing media. Overall, this study provides insights on BSM's application as a novel gum‐based thickening powder in a range of beverages and emphasizes how important it is for consumers to have clear guidance for the use of BSM in dysphagia management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural wound healing products are in increased demand. The potential for unexplored Sedum species in wound healing was discovered based on benefits of the genus reported in traditional medicine. The objectives were to screen ten Sedum species for wound healing, to ascertain the optimal harvest period using the five best, and finally to investigate effects of extraction protocols on wound healing using the most promising species. Different protocols were used to extract leaf polyphenol and mucilage content. Wound healing was assessed from L929 fibroblast migration. April was the optimal harvest month for wound healing efficacy, whereas the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were evident in September and November. S. album Murales (ALBU), the best candidate, was then compared with S. telephium (TELE), which is well recognized in skin care. The mucilage-containing aqueous extract of ALBU was shown for the first time to induce the highest fibroblast migration after 24 h, not evident in TELE. Moreover, functional constituents contained within the absolute acetone- and isopropanol-containing polyphenol pools from ALBU induced significantly higher migration compared to TELE. A prototype cream, containing the water- and solvent-extracted bioactive compounds was effective at inducing fibroblast migration at 24 h in ALBU. The potential of ALBU in wound healing was evidenced and warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a synbiotic coating of flaxseed mucilage, defatted rice bran carbohydrate, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB12 was fabricated for coating dried mango slices (M‐P‐C). The control samples contained only probiotic bacteria without coating (M‐P). Several quality parameters (moisture, weight loss, shrinkage percentage, pH, firmness, and color) were assessed on specific storage circumstances (25°C, relative humidity (RH) = 22%.). In addition, the survival of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB12 was evaluated on storage and under simulated gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. According to the results, the log number of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB12 reached 8.1 and 6.2 for coated and uncoated samples, respectively, during the 45 days storage at 25°C (>6 log CFU (log colony‐forming units)/g) and at finished stage of in vitro gastrointestinal circumstances, the log number of probiotic bacterial count reached 6.8 and 4 for coated and uncoated samples, respectively. The coating resulted in significantly less weight loss, moisture loss, and shrinkage of the mango slices than uncoated ones (p <.05). The growth of yeasts and molds was undetectable in both samples. The results of acceptance experiments for M‐P and M‐P‐C dried mango samples showedthat there were no significant differences between M‐P and M‐P‐C samples (p >.05), indeed in the case of purchase intention and overall acceptability. After reading the text highlighting, there was no significant difference in all attributes of M‐P‐C samples pre and post of reading text highlighting. It could be concluded that the synbiotic coating of mango slices improved the quality characteristics of the dried mango as well as viability of the probiotic bacteria at storage time and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salep, a traditional Turkish beverage, derives its name from its primary component: salep powder (SP), which is sourced from the tubers of certain orchid species. This study investigated various physicochemical attributes (including dry matter, protein content, pH, titration acidity, water activity, color, serum separation, and zeta potential), as well as rheological and sensory characteristics of salep beverages. These drinks were prepared by substituting SP with chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed mucilage powder (MP) with different ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The substitution of SP with MP did not influence the dry matter and protein contents or the pH and acidity values of the drinks significantly (p >.05). The inclusion of MP in the formulation of salep drinks resulted in a decrease in lightness (L*) and a* color values while increasing the b* color values. However, consumer perception, as indicated by color difference values (∆E*), showed no distinguishable difference between drinks containing MP and control drinks. Furthermore, higher ratios of MP led to increased apparent viscosity values in the drinks and effectively prevented or significantly reduced serum separation observed in control drinks (p <.05). Remarkably, sensory evaluations revealed that substituting up to 30% of SP with MP did not negatively impact the overall sensory properties of the drinks (p >.05), suggesting that MP could be recommended as a feasible alternative. This substitution has the potential to contribute to the conservation of orchid plants, the primary source of salep, while also offering cost‐saving benefits in the production of salep drinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant seeds and fruits, like those of Ocimum basilicum , develop a mucilaginous envelope rich in pectins and cellulosic fibers upon hydration. This envelope promotes adhesion for attachment to soils and other substrates for dispersal and protection of the seed for a safe germination. Initially at hydration, the mucilage envelope demonstrates low adhesion and friction, but shows increasing adhesive and frictional properties during dehydration. However, the mechanisms underlying the cellulose fiber arrangement and the mechanical properties, especially the elasticity modulus of the mucilage envelope at different hydration conditions are not fully known. In this study, which is based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and light microscopy, the structure of the seed coat and arrangement of the cellulose fibers of basil seeds were characterized. Moreover, we performed pull-off force measurements to estimate adhesive properties and JKR-tests to estimate E-modulus of the mucilage at different hydration levels. Microscopy results demonstrate that cellulose fibers are split at their free ends into smaller fibrils, which might enhance the adhesive properties of the mucilage. Adhesive forces in contact increased during dehydration and reached maximum of 33 mN shortly before complete dehydration. The E-modulus of the mucilage changed from 1.4 KPa in water to up to 2.1 MPa in the mucilage at the maximum of its adhesion performance. Obtained results showed hydrogel-like mechanical properties during dehydration and cellulose fiber structures similar to the nanofibrous systems in other organisms with strong adhesive properties. This paper reveals the hierarchical cellulose fiber structure in Ocimum basilicum's mucilaginous seed coat, suggesting increased fiber splitting towards the end, potentially enhancing adhesion contact areas. Mechanical tests explore elasticity modulus and adhesion force during various hydration stages, crucial as these properties evolve with mucilage desiccation. A rare focus on mucilaginous seed coat mechanical properties, particularly cellulose-reinforced fibers, provides insight into the hydrogel-like mucilage of plant seeds. Adhesion forces peak just before complete desiccation and then decline rapidly. As mucilage water content decreases, the E-modulus rises, displaying hydrogel-like properties during early dehydration stages with higher water content. This study might bring the focus to plant seeds as inspiration for biodegradable glues and applications for hydrogel research. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contact with water, chia seeds release mucilage (MC), which is a source of various health-promoting compounds including dietary fibres. MC has been previously used as a thickening agent in cow milk yoghurt, but there are no available data on its application in goat milk. In this study, three goat milk yoghurts (without—MC0, with 1.5%—MC15 and with 3% mucilage—MC30) were produced. The rheology, texture, microbial counts, syneresis, microstructure and sensory acceptance of the yoghurts were investigated. The MC addition resulted in a reduced hysteresis area, but increased yoghurt viscosity at lower shear rates. It also improved all texture parameters at both concentration levels, while syneresis values were reduced only in sample MC30. The MC addition promoted lactobacilli viability in both supplemented yoghurts. The texture perceived by sensory evaluation was rated the highest for the sample MC30, which was also the most accepted by consumers overall. Critical attributes that reduced the acceptability of all yoghurts were flavour and acidity. In conclusion, chia seed mucilage can be used as a functional ingredient in goat milk yoghurt to produce an innovative dairy product and meet consumer expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mucilage from the cladodes of cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) is a hydrocolloid complex of carbohydrates with highly branched structures and high molecular weight, which serves to prevent structural contraction by facilitating the formation of a continuous matrix. The aim of the present work is to compare the chemical, thermal, morphological, and rheological characteristics of different mucilage from cultivars of Opuntia spp. to understand the complexity of mucilage because its composition and properties vary depending on the cultivars and plant species. The parenchyma from the different cultivars was chopped and rested in water, after which the mucilage was recovered by precipitating with ethanol. The chemical composition revealed protein values ranging from 7.5 to 10.4%, with significant differences observed between cultivars. However, there were no significant differences in the lipids, carbohydrates, or humidity values. The X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed the crystalline structures of minerals such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3), with distinct patterns also observed for the cultivars "milpa alta" and "reyna". The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) identified carbohydrates as α-arabinose, β-xylose, β-galactose, and α-galactose, with the cultivar "xoconostle de invierno" showing the highest concentrations. Additionally, in the cultivars "milpa alta" and "COPENA V1", the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed bands related to -OH, -C-O, and -C-C-C functional groups, which are fingerprints of the polysaccharides. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed three weight loss events at 140, 250, and 460 °C related to carbohydrate degradation in the five cultivars evaluated. The different mucilages analyzed showed similar compounds and chemical structures but different concentrations. The mucilage of "cristalina" and "COPENA V1" cultivars showed the highest viscosity and maintained their rheological properties despite changes in temperature and shear rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry is classified, worldwide, as one of the main wastewater‐generating industries. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of parameters on the percentage of turbidity (TB) removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD), using as pretreatment a combined coagulation process using a biocoagulant composed of chitosan and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage (OFI): chitosan‐mucilage (Q‐M from 1 to 9), and an electrocoagulation process with operational variables of biocoagulant dose (0.025, 0.05 y 0.1 g/L), current density (30, 40 y 50 mA/cm2), and time (10, 15 y 20 minutes). A monopolar glass reactor with aluminum electrodes was assembled by applying the response surface approach methodology. Additionally, using the Box–Behnken mathematical model for the removal of TB and COD, the effects and interactions of the factors and experimental design levels (considering control formulations using triplicates) were evaluated. An analysis of variance was performed to evaluate model responses and optimal conditions. The experimental results showed that the formulation of the compound biocoagulant Q‐M‐5 in doses of 0.99 g/L achieves 98.44% turbidity removal and 81.72% chemical oxygen demand removal. The dose of the compound biocoagulant has a significant positive effect as does the current density of 30 mA/cm2 and time of 19.05 min; that is, its efficiency in removing turbidity and chemical oxygen demand increases when using these parameters. It is concluded that the use of the biocoagulant composed of chitosan and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage (Q‐M‐5) as the primary treatment of whey wastewater provides evidence for the literature, showing that it is also a low‐cost, ecological, and easy‐to‐apply natural coagulant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of novel, natural polymers has gained considerably more exposure for their desirable, often specific, functional properties. Multiple researchers have explored these biopolymers to determine their potential to address many food processing, packaging and environmental concerns. Mucilage from the cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) is one such biopolymer that has been identified as possessing a functional potential that can be used in an attempt to enhance food properties and reduce the usage of non-biodegradable, petroleum-based packaging in the food industry. However, variations in the structural composition of mucilage and the different extraction methods that have been reported by researchers have considerably impacted mucilage's functional potential. Although not comparable, these factors have been investigated, with a specific focus on mucilage applications. The natural ability of mucilage to bind water, alter the rheology of a food system and develop biofilms are considered the major applications of mucilage's functional properties. Due to the variations that have been reported in mucilage's chemical composition, specifically concerning the proportions of uronic acids, mucilage's rheological and biofilm properties are influenced differently by changes in pH and a cross-linker. Exploring the factors influencing mucilage's chemical composition, while co-currently discussing mucilage functional applications, will prove valuable when evaluating mucilage's potential to be considered for future commercial applications. This review article, therefore, discusses and highlights the key factors responsible for mucilage's specific functional potential, while exploring important potential food processing and packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2021-2022, a dense mucilage disaster occurred in the Sea of Marmara in Türkiye. Mucilage mostly covered coastal areas, which juvenile fish use for nurseries, growth, and protection. Due to Sand steenbras having been suggested as an environmental bioindicator species for Mediterranean coastal waters, this study attempts to reveal post-mucilage distribution and potential differences on the timing of hatching, daily age, growth, and mortality as revealed by the otolith microstructure. Individuals were sampled using beach seine nets from 12 equally spaced stations along the Sea of Marmara. Its presence and significant abundance in 10 out of 12 stations showed the Sand steenbras to be a common juvenile species for the Sea of Marmara. Hatching occurs between May- January, with peak hatching occurring in October. When considering that the mucilage had completely disappeared from the environment in August, the first set of hatching months can be seen to coincide with the dense mucilage. Thus, Sand steenbras can be considered as able to reproduce under these environmental conditions. The daily age of the Sand steenbras juveniles ranged between 38-235 days, with a mean of 120.3 ± 1.8 days. The daily growth and mortality rates were also calculated respectively as 0.226 mm/day and 4.11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizodeposition fuels carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in soil. However, changes in the dynamics of microbial growth on rhizodeposits with increasing distance from the root is not well studied. This study investigates microbial growth on individual organic components of rhizodeposits and maize root‐derived exudates and mucilage from agricultural soil. By creating a gradient of substrate concentrations, we simulated reduced microbial access to rhizosphere C with increasing distance to the root surface. We identified distinct C‐thresholds for the activation of microbial growth, and these were significantly higher for rhizodeposits than singular, simple sugars. In addition, testing for stoichiometric constraints of microbial growth by supplementing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) showed accelerated and increased microbial growth by activating a larger proportion of the microbial biomass. Early and late season exudates triggered significantly different microbial growth responses. The mineralization of early‐season exudates was induced at a high C‐threshold. In contrast, the mineralization of late‐season exudates showed 'sugar‐like' properties, with a low C‐threshold, high substrate affinity, and a reduced maximum respiration rate of microorganisms growing on the added substrate. Mucilage exhibited the highest C‐threshold for the activation of microbial growth, although with a short lag‐period and with an efficient mucilage degradation comparable to that of sugars. By determining kinetic parameters and turnover times for different root‐derived substrates, our data enable the upscaling of micro‐scale processes to the whole root system, allowing more accurate predictions of how rhizodeposition drives microbial C and nutrient dynamics in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is a crucial nutrient for the growth and activity of rhizosphere microorganisms, particularly during drought conditions. Plant root-secreted mucilage contains N that could potentially nourish rhizosphere microbial communities. However, there remains a significant gap in understanding mucilage N content, its source, and its utilization by microorganisms under drought stress. In this study, we investigated the impact of four maize varieties (DH02 and DH04 from Kenya, and Kentos and Keops from Germany) on the secretion rates of mucilage from aerial roots and explored the origin of mucilage N supporting microbial life in the rhizosphere. We found that DH02 exhibited a 96% higher mucilage secretion rate compared to Kentos, while Keops showed 114% and 89% higher secretion rates compared to Kentos and DH04, respectively. On average, the four maize varieties released 4 μg N per root tip per day, representing 2% of total mucilage secretion. Notably, the natural abundance of 15N isotopes increased (higher δ15N signature) with mucilage N release. This indicates a potential dilution of the isotopic signal from biological fixation of atmospheric N by mucilage-inhabiting bacteria as mucilage secretion rates increase. We proposed a model linking mucilage secretion to a mixture of isotopic signatures and estimated that biological N fixation may contribute to 45 - 75% of mucilage N per root tip. The N content of mucilage from a single maize root tip can support a bacterial population ranging from 107 to 1010 cells per day. In conclusion, mucilage serves as a significant N-rich resource for microbial communities in the rhizosphere during drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave‐assisted extraction of mucilage from juá was investigated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for extraction were a power of 300 W, an extraction time of 240 s, a pH of 8.0, and a water/sample ratio of 1/6, which achieved a 26.43% yield. The monosaccharide composition and antioxidant activity of the mucilage from juá fruits from different regions of Caatinga were investigated. The fruits from Agreste Paraibano showed the highest mucilage extraction yield (18.64%) compared to that of fruits from Mata Paraibana (MP) (12.37%), Borborema (BB) (11.47%), and Sertão Paraibano (8.31%) (p < 0.05). Glucose (32.8%–50.8%) and arabinose (19.3%–32.9%) were the main monosaccharides found in juá mucilage. The mucilage from fruits in the MP presented the highest antioxidant activity in the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays. Our results demonstrated the potential for the future exploration and application of juá mucilage in the food industry. Practical Application: Juá (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) mucilage contains phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, and its extraction by MAE is efficient, as it contributed to a higher yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucilage is a gelatinous and sticky hydrophilic polysaccharide released from epidermal cells of seed coat after the hydration of mature seeds and is composed primarily of unbranched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). In this study, we produced a recombinant endo-RG-I hydrolase from Aspergillus aculeatus (Aa RhgA) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and examined its substrate preference for pyridylaminated (PA) RG-I with the various degrees of polymerization (DP). Recombinant Aa RhgA requires PA-RG-I with a DP of 10 or higher for its hydrolase activity. We heterologously expressed the AarhgA gene under the strong constitutive promoter, cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, in Arabidopsis thaliana. In a series of biochemical analyses of each mucilage fraction released from the water-imbibed seeds of the transgenic plants, we found the enhanced deposition of the transparent mucilage layer that existed in the peripheral regions of the adherent mucilage and was not stained with ruthenium red. This study demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating the mucilage organization by heterologous expression of the endo-RG-I hydrolase. • A production system for recombinant Aa RhgA enzyme in S. pombe was established. • Substrate preference for PA-RG-I with various DP was demonstrated. • AarhgA was heterologously expressed under the CaMV promoter in A. thaliana. • Enhanced deposition of the transparent mucilage layer was revealed in transgenic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of two carrier agents, Nopal and Aloe Vera mucilage on the physicochemical properties and stability of blackberry and raspberry powders obtained by spray drying. A pilot scale spray dryer with a feed flow of 20 L/h and an atomization speed of 28,000 rpm was used. The inlet and outlet air temperatures were from 180 to 80 °C, respectively. Yield, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity index, solubility time, volumetric density, stability diagrams, micrographs, and particle temperature were evaluated. The highest yields for blackberry extract were 75% with a concentration of 2.5% (w/v) Nopal mucilage, while raspberry extract yielded 65% with a concentration of 5% (w/v) Nopal mucilage. The increase in the concentration of the carrier agent presented an increase in the values of humidity, water activity, volumetric density, and solubility when Nopal mucilage was used as a carrier agent in both blackberry and raspberry extracts. Furthermore, when Aloe Vera mucilage was used as a carrier agent, these same values decreased with increasing concentration. The storage conditions of the powders obtained should be stored at temperatures below 20°C and water activities below 0.4. In addition, the stability diagrams show the particle conditions that should not be exceeded during spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Biofertilizers and intercropping are two main components in sustainable production systems. Materials and methods: A two-year (2020-2021) study was conducted in East Azarbaijan, Iran, to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), growth-promoting bacteria (GPB) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) (F) oil yield and compositions in intercropping with Moldavian balm (Dracocephalam mobdavica L.) (MB). The cropping patterns included MB sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping (F) and replacement intercropping ratios consisted of Moldavian balm: fenugreek (MB:F (1:1)), MB:F (2:2) and MB:F (4:2) and additive intercropping of MB:F (100:50). Results: For both years, among the intercropping patters, the highest seed and oil yields were obtained in MB:F (100:50) intercropping pattern treated with CF and AMF+GPB. In all cropping patterns except MB:F (4:2), the highest anthocyanin, total flavonoid, and mucilage contents were observed in plants received AMF +GPB. At all treatments, the linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid were the main components of fenugreek oil. In MB:F (1:1), (2:2), (4:2), and (100:50) intercropping patterns, the linoleic acid content in AMF+GPB treatment, increased by 9.45%, 6.63%, 15.20%, and 7.82%, respectively, compared with sole fenugreek. The highest total land equivalent ratio (LERT) values were obtained in 2021 and MB: F (100:50) intercropping pattern treated with CF (1.70) and AMF+GPB (1.63). Conclusions: In general, it could be concluded that MB:F (100:50) intercropping pattern treated with AMF+GPB improved the oil yield and unsaturated fatty acid contents of fenugreek compared with sole cropping and could be recommended in sustainable production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of biodegradable polymers in the plastics industry has been increasing in recent years. The study of the chemical, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of films based on biodegradable components is of interest to technologists because these properties determine their applicability for food packaging. In this work, films based on natural polymers such as linseed mucilage (LM) and chitosan (CH), as well as poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were obtained through the casting method and using V‐50 as the initiator. The films were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and their water absorption and swelling capacity, and thermal and mechanical properties were determined. Homogenous flexible, translucid, amber‐colored films, with low absorption and solubility in water were obtained. It was demonstrated through Fourier Transform Infrared analysis the chemical interaction between C–H, CO, and C–O chemical groups of LM, CH, and PAA. In addition, films showed high resistance to thermal decomposition between 125 and 425°C. The mechanical tests of tension allowed the composition of LM in the film, the behavior variates between a plastic and/or elastic material and with tensile strength (Rm) values between 10.8 and 16.4 MPa and elastic modulus (E) values between 56.2 and 169.2 GPa, we observed that at higher quantities of LM and thickness, both E and Rm tend to increase, while %EL decreases. This led us to conclude that the material transitioned from ductile and malleable to rigid and brittle. The films obtained with different ratios of LM/CH/PAA may exhibit a semi‐interpenetrating polymeric networking type morphology. Highlights: Thermal and mechanical properties are of interest in food packaging materials.Water absorption can impact the packaged food.Films can be processed on existing machines for conventional plastics.Some conventional plastics could be replaced by these biodegradable films.Biodegradable films are of great interest to the industry of food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution poses a major problem now a day. Several dyes, in the form of industrial waste, pollute water body and may cause adverse effects to human health. In this paper ADME and toxicity of fives Phenothiazinium group of dyes Methylene blue (MB), Azure A (AA), Azure B (AB), Azure C (AC) and Toluidine Blue O (TBO) were predicted using Swiss ADME and Protox II tools. Results showed these dyes may herm for living organism due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and hepatotoxic properties. Removal efficiency of these dyes using okra plant product were determined using spectroscopic, thermodynamic and molecular modeling study. It was revealed that these dyes adsorb on the surface of okra leaf mostly at pH 7.0 and the adsorption isotherms were found to fit in Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model, while Temkin model fails to do this. Mucilage present in different parts of okra plant plays a significant role on removal of these dyes and is able to remove near about 71–92 % of dyes from water body by itself. As this process did not fit in any of above said adsorption isotherm model, it may be suggested that some other mechanism may happen. Further studies explore that these dyes bound to the hydrophobic pocket of mucilage with binding affinity in the order of 105 M−1 and the bindings were exothermic in nature with enthalpy change in the range of − 2.94 to − 4.28 kcal/mole. Molecular docking study validate all the experimental results obtained from spectroscopic and thermodynamic study and enlighten the role of structure of dyes on their binding affinity to mucilage. This paper will help to systematically understand the role of okra plant products on removal efficiency of Phenothiazinium group of dyes with their structural variations.

The Chilean papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) is a climacteric fruit that grows in the north and center of Chile. During its processing, residues formed mainly by mucilage and seeds are produced and mostly discarded, despite being a potential source of bioactive metabolites. This work aimed to apply untargeted metabolic analysis by HPLC-DAD-QToF to study the chemical composition of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from Chilean papaya residues and evaluate their antioxidant and antiglycation capacities. Twenty-three metabolites were tentatively identified in papaya residues, including one carboxylic acid, one glycosylated hydroquinone, four flavan-3-ols, three proanthocyanidins, twelve glycosylated flavonols, one carbohydrate, and one alkaloid reported for the first time. The antioxidant capacity measured as the scavenging of DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals was comparable with that of ascorbic acid. Chilean papaya extracts decreased fluorescent Advanced Glycation End (AGE) products and oxidative modifications in proteins induced by glucose.

Background and purpose: The study explores basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive carrier for naproxen sodium, demonstrating its ability to enhance solubility when administered rectally. The mucilage, derived from Ocimum basilicum seeds, showed bioadhesive properties and thermal stability, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Experimental approach: Microspheres were prepared using a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique, varying polymer ratios to optimize drug delivery. Key results: Particle size analysis revealed a range of 456±0.51 to 712±0.21 µm, with larger microspheres formed at higher mucilage concentrations due to increased viscosity. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 45.01±0.25 % to 79.4±0.93 %, improving with higher basil/alginate ratios. The superior batch, OBM5, showed excellent mucoadhesive qualities in ex-vivo assays, attributed to the increased polymer content, facilitating interaction with rectal mucosa. SEM analysis of OBM5 indicated a spherical, monolithic structure conducive to free flow. Drug release was efficient, with OBM5 achieving 88.7±1.3 % after 7 hours, indicating a control­led release profile. Conclusion: Incorporated into polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 suppositories, suppose­tories were completely disintegrated in buffer solution within 25 minutes. The bioadhesive force of basil seed mucilage on rectal mucosa was significantly enhanced, reaching 6.44±0.58 g, correlating with mucilage concentration. These findings underscore the efficacy of basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive biopolymer for rectal drug delivery systems.