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1. Immunogenicity and safety of fractional doses of 17D-213 yellow fever vaccine in HIV-infected people in Kenya (YEFE): a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority substudy of a phase 4 trial

Author

Kimathi, Derick, Juan-Giner, Aitana, Orindi, Benedict, Grantz, Kyra H, Bob, Ndeye S, Cheruiyot, Stanley, Hamaluba, Mainga, Kamau, Naomi, Fall, Gamou, Dia, Moussa, Mosobo, Moses, Moki, Felix, Kiogora, Kenneth, Chirro, Oscar, Thiong'o, Alexander, Mwendwa, Jane, Guantai, Andrew, Karanja, Henry K, Gitonga, John, Mugo, Daisy, Ramko, Kelly, Faye, Ousmane, Sanders, Eduard J, Grais, Rebecca F, Bejon, Philip, and Warimwe, George M

Published
2023
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2. Safety and immunogenicity of a ChAdOx1 vaccine against Rift Valley fever in UK adults: an open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial

Author

Jenkin, Daniel, Wright, Daniel, Folegatti, Pedro M, Platt, Abigail, Poulton, Ian, Lawrie, Alison, Tran, Nguyen, Boyd, Amy, Turner, Cheryl, Gitonga, John N, Karanja, Henry K, Mugo, Daisy, Ewer, Katie J, Bowden, Thomas A, Gilbert, Sarah C, Charleston, Bryan, Kaleebu, Pontiano, Hill, Adrian V S, and Warimwe, George M

Published
2023
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3. Serum immunoglobulin G and mucosal immunoglobulin A antibodies from prepandemic samples collected in Kilifi, Kenya, neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

Author

Nyagwange, James, Kutima, Bernadette, Mwai, Kennedy, Karanja, Henry K., Gitonga, John N., Mugo, Daisy, Sein, Yiakon, Wright, Daniel, Omuoyo, Donwilliams O., Nyiro, Joyce U., Tuju, James, Nokes, D. James, Agweyu, Ambrose, Bejon, Philip, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I., Scott, J． Anthony G., Lambe, Teresa, Nduati, Eunice, Agoti, Charles, and Warimwe, George M.

Published
2023
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4. Comparative performance of WANTAI ELISA for total immunoglobulin to receptor binding protein and an ELISA for IgG to spike protein in detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Kenyan populations

Author

Nyagwange, James, Kutima, Bernadette, Mwai, Kennedy, Karanja, Henry K., Gitonga, John N., Mugo, Daisy, Uyoga, Sophie, Tuju, James, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I., Ndungu, Francis, Bejon, Philip, Agweyu, Ambrose, Adetifa, Ifedayo M.O., Scott, J.Anthony G., and Warimwe, George M.

Published
2022
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5. Temporal trends of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kenya

Author

Adetifa, Ifedayo M. O., Uyoga, Sophie, Gitonga, John N., Mugo, Daisy, Otiende, Mark, Nyagwange, James, Karanja, Henry K., Tuju, James, Wanjiku, Perpetual, Aman, Rashid, Mwangangi, Mercy, Amoth, Patrick, Kasera, Kadondi, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, Rombo, Charles, Yegon, Christine, Kithi, Khamisi, Odhiambo, Elizabeth, Rotich, Thomas, Orgut, Irene, Kihara, Sammy, Bottomley, Christian, Kagucia, Eunice W., Gallagher, Katherine E., Etyang, Anthony, Voller, Shirine, Lambe, Teresa, Wright, Daniel, Barasa, Edwine, Tsofa, Benjamin, Bejon, Philip, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I., Agweyu, Ambrose, Scott, J. Anthony G., and Warimwe, George M.

Published
2021
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6. SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence and implications for population immunity: Evidence from two Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in Kenya, February–December 2022

Author

Kagucia, E. Wangeci, primary, Ziraba, Abdhala K., additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Kutima, Bernadette, additional, Kimani, Makobu, additional, Akech, Donald, additional, Ng'oda, Maurine, additional, Sigilai, Antipa, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Gitonga, John, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Toroitich, Monica, additional, Karia, Boniface, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Njeri, Anne, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng'ang'a, Wangari, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, Ochola‐Oyier, Lynette I., additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Nyaguara, Amek, additional, Munywoki, Patrick K., additional, Bigogo, Godfrey, additional, Maitha, Eric, additional, Uyoga, Sophie, additional, Gallagher, Katherine E., additional, Etyang, Anthony O., additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Mwangangi, Joseph, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Adetifa, Ifedayo M. O., additional, Warimwe, George M., additional, Scott, J. Anthony G., additional, and Agweyu, Ambrose, additional

Published
2023
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7. Standardization of Laboratory Methods for the PERCH Study

Author

Driscoll, Amanda J., Karron, Ruth A., Morpeth, Susan C., Bhat, Niranjan, Levine, Orin S., Baggett, Henry C., Brooks, W. Abdullah, Feikin, Daniel R., Hammitt, Laura L., Howie, Stephen R. C., Knoll, Maria Deloria, Kotloff, Karen L., Madhi, Shabir A., Scott, J. Anthony G., Thea, Donald M., Adrian, Peter V., Ahmed, Dilruba, Alam, Muntasir, Anderson, Trevor P., Antonio, Martin, Baillie, Vicky L., Dione, Michel, Endtz, Hubert P., Gitahi, Caroline, Karani, Angela, Kwenda, Geoffrey, Maiga, Abdoul Aziz, McClellan, Jessica, Mitchell, Joanne L., Morailane, Palesa, Mugo, Daisy, Mwaba, John, Mwansa, James, Mwarumba, Salim, Nyongesa, Sammy, Panchalingam, Sandra, Rahman, Mustafizur, Sawatwong, Pongpun, Tamboura, Boubou, Toure, Aliou, Whistler, Toni, O'Brien, Katherine L., and Murdoch, David R.

Published
2017

8. Kinetics of naturally induced binding and neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and potencies among SARS-CoV-2 infected Kenyans with diverse grades of COVID-19 severity: an observational study

Author

Kimotho, John, primary, Sein, Yiakon, additional, Sayed, Shahin, additional, Shah, Reena, additional, Mwai, Kennedy, additional, Saleh, Mansoor, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Mwacharo, Jedidah, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Kutima, Bernadette, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Karanu, Ann, additional, Moranga, Linda, additional, Oluoch, Viviane, additional, Shah, Jasmit, additional, Mutiso, Julius, additional, Mburu, Alfred, additional, Nneka, Zaitun, additional, Betti, Peter, additional, Usyu Mutinda, Wanzila, additional, Issak Abdi, Abdirahman, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Isabella Ochola-Oyier, Lynette, additional, M.Warimwe, George, additional, Nduati, Eunice W., additional, and M. Ndungu, Francis, additional

Published
2023
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9. Temporal trends of dengue seroprevalence among children in coastal Kenya, 1998-2018: a longitudinal cohort study

Author

Karanja, Henry K, primary, Orindi, Benedict, additional, Gitonga, John N, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Mwai, Kennedy, additional, Nyamwaya, Doris K, additional, Omuoyo, Donwilliams O, additional, Kitsao, Barnes S, additional, Musyoki, Jennifer N, additional, Wambua, Julianna, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, and Warimwe, George M, additional

Published
2023
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10. Validation of saline, PBS and a locally produced VTM at varying storage conditions to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus by qRT-PCR

Author

Ngetsa, Caroline, primary, Osoti, Victor, additional, Okanda, Dorcas, additional, Marura, Faith, additional, Shah, Krupali, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Gitonga, John, additional, Mutunga, Martin, additional, Lewa, Clement, additional, Orindi, Benedict, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, and Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional

Published
2023
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11. Sero-surveillance for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 at antenatal care clinics in three Kenyan referral hospitals: Repeated cross-sectional surveys 2020–21

Author

Lucinde, Ruth K., primary, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Gardiner, Elizabeth, additional, Aziza, Rabia, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Tuju, James, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Nzomo, Edward, additional, Kamuri, Evans, additional, Thuranira, Kaugiria, additional, Agunda, Sarah, additional, Nyutu, Gideon, additional, Etyang, Anthony O., additional, Adetifa, Ifedayo M. O., additional, Kagucia, Eunice, additional, Uyoga, Sophie, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Ndwiga, Leonard, additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, Aman, Rashid A., additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Nyaguara, Amek, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Ochola, Lucy B., additional, Namdala, Emukule, additional, Gaunya, Oscar, additional, Okuku, Rosemary, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Ochola-Oyier, L. Isabella, additional, Warimwe, George M., additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, Scott, J. Anthony G., additional, and Gallagher, Katherine E., additional

Published
2022
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12. Kinetics of naturally induced binding and neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and potencies among Kenyan patients with diverse grades of COVID-19 severity

Author

Kimotho, John, primary, Sein, Yiakon, additional, Sayed, Shahin, additional, Shah, Reena, additional, Mwai, Kennedy, additional, Saleh, Mansoor, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Mwacharo, Jedidah, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Kutima, Bernadette, additional, Gitonga, John, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Karanu, Ann, additional, Moranga, Linda, additional, Oluoch, Vivian, additional, Shah, Jasmit, additional, Mutiso, Julius, additional, Mburu, Alfred, additional, Nneka, Zaitun, additional, Betti, Peter, additional, Mutinda, Wanzila Usyu, additional, Abdi, Abdirahman Issak, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional, Warimwe, George M., additional, Nduati, Eunice, additional, and Ndungu, Francis M., additional

Published
2022
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13. Validation of saline, PBS and a locally produced VTM at varying storage conditions to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus by qRT-PCR

Author

Ngetsa, Caroline, primary, Osoti, Victor, additional, Okanda, Dorcas, additional, Marura, Faith, additional, Shah, Krupali, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Gitonga, John, additional, Mutunga, Martin, additional, Lewa, Clement, additional, Orindi, Bennedict, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, and Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional

Published
2022
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14. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in three Kenyan health and demographic surveillance sites, December 2020-May 2021

Author

Etyang, Anthony O., primary, Adetifa, Ifedayo, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Misore, Thomas, additional, Ziraba, Abdhalah K., additional, Ng’oda, Maurine A., additional, Gitau, Evelyn, additional, Gitonga, John, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Kutima, Bernadette, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Toroitich, Monica, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Tuju, James, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Akech, Donald, additional, Sigilai, Antipa, additional, Karia, Boniface, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I., additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Nyaguara, Amek, additional, Uyoga, Sophie, additional, Gallagher, Katherine, additional, Kagucia, Eunice W., additional, Onyango, Dickens, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Mwangangi, Joseph, additional, Maitha, Eric, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Warimwe, George M., additional, Scott, J. Anthony G., additional, and Agweyu, Ambrose, additional

Published
2022
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17. Maintaining laboratory quality assurance and safety in a pandemic: Experiences from the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme laboratory’s COVID-19 response

Author

Gumba, Horace, primary, Opiyo, Michael, additional, Musyoki, Jennifer, additional, Mutunga, Martin, additional, Ngetsa, Caroline, additional, Mwarumba, Salim, additional, Mosobo, Moses, additional, Njuguna, Susan, additional, Kai, Oscar, additional, Lambisia, Arnold W., additional, Kimani, Domtila, additional, Cheruiyot, Robinson, additional, Kiyuka, Patience, additional, Lewa, Clement, additional, Gicheru, Elijah, additional, Tendwa, Metrine, additional, Said Mohammed, Khadija, additional, Osoti, Victor, additional, Makale, Johnstone, additional, Tawa, Brian, additional, Odundo, Calleb, additional, Cheruiyot, Wesley, additional, Nyamu, Wilfred, additional, Gumbi, Wilson, additional, Mwacharo, Jedidah, additional, Nyamako, Lydia, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Amadi, David, additional, Ouma, Nelson, additional, Karia, Boniface, additional, Thoya, Janet, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Gichuki, Bonface M., additional, Riako, Debra, additional, Mutua, Shadrack, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Ominde, Kelly, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Mutiso, Agnes, additional, Mwanzu, Alfred, additional, Sein, Yiakon, additional, Bartilol, Brian, additional, Mwangi, Shaban, additional, Omuoyo, Donwilliams O., additional, Morobe, John M., additional, de Laurent, Zaydah R., additional, Mitsanze, Fredrick, additional, Mwakubia, Alfred, additional, Rono, Martin, additional, Nyaguara, Amek, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, and Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional

Published
2022
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18. An optimization of four SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR assays in a Kenyan laboratory to support the national COVID-19 rapid response teams

Author

Mohammed, Khadija Said, primary, de Laurent, Zaydah R., additional, Omuoyo, Donwilliams O., additional, Lewa, Clement, additional, Gicheru, Elijah, additional, Cheruiyot, Robinson, additional, Bartilol, Brian, additional, Mutua, Shadrack, additional, Musyoki, Jennifer, additional, Gumba, Horace, additional, Mwacharo, Jedidah, additional, Riako, Debra, additional, Mwangi, Shaban J., additional, Gichuki, Bonface M., additional, Nyamako, Lydia, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Njuguna, Susan, additional, Gumbi, Wilson, additional, Tawa, Brian, additional, Tendwa, Metrine, additional, Cheruiyot, Wesley, additional, Sein, Yiakon, additional, Nyambu, John K., additional, Patta, Shem O., additional, Thani, Thani Suleiman, additional, Maitha, Eric K., additional, Kitole, Benson, additional, Mwakinangu, Mohamed S., additional, Muslih, Barke S., additional, Otieno, John Ochieng, additional, Nyiro, Joyce U., additional, Kiyuka, Patience, additional, Ndwiga, Leonard, additional, Wamae, Kevin, additional, Kimani, Domtila, additional, Makale, Johnstone, additional, Morobe, John Mwita, additional, Osoti, Victor, additional, Lambisia, Arnold W., additional, Odundo, Calleb, additional, Mwarumba, Salim, additional, Mutunga, Martin, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, and Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional

Published
2022
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19. Epidemiology of COVID-19 infections on routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology testing in Coastal Kenya [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Author

Nyagwange, James, Ndwiga, Leonard, Muteru, Kelvin, Wamae, Kevin, Tuju, James, testing team, COVID, Kutima, Bernadette, Gitonga, John, Karanja, Henry, Mugo, Daisy, Kasera, Kadondi, Amoth, Patrick, Murunga, Nickson, Babu, Lawrence, Otieno, Edward, Githinji, George, Nokes, D. James, Tsofa, Benjamin, Orindi, Benedict, Barasa, Edwine, Warimwe, George, Agoti, Charles N., Bejon, Philip, and Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella

Subjects
RB, QP, RA, RC
Abstract

Background: There are limited studies in Africa describing the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and serostatus of individuals tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We tested routine samples from the Coastal part of Kenya between 17th March 2020 and 30th June 2021. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 infections identified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and clinical surveillance data at the point of sample collection were used to classify as either symptomatic or asymptomatic. IgG antibodies were measured in sera samples, using a well validated in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Mombasa accounted for 56.2% of all the 99,694 naso-pharyngeal/oro-pharyngeal swabs tested, and males constituted the majority tested (73.4%). A total of 7737 (7.7%) individuals were SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR. The majority (i.e., 92.4%) of the RT-PCR positive individuals were asymptomatic. Testing was dominated by mass screening and travellers, and even at health facility level 91.6% of tests were from individuals without symptoms. Out of the 97,124 tests from asymptomatic individuals 7,149 (7%) were positive and of the 2,568 symptomatic individuals 588 (23%) were positive. In total, 2458 serum samples were submitted with paired naso-pharyngeal/oro-pharyngeal samples and 45% of the RT-PCR positive samples and 20% of the RT-PCR negative samples were paired with positive serum samples. Symptomatic individuals had significantly higher antibody levels than asymptomatic individuals and become RT-PCR negative on repeat testing earlier than asymptomatic individuals. Conclusions: In conclusion, the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections identified by routine testing in Coastal Kenya were asymptomatic. This reflects the testing practice of health services in Kenya, but also implies that asymptomatic infection is very common in the population. Symptomatic infection may be less common, or it may be that individuals do not present for testing when they have symptoms.

Published
2022

20. Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Immunoglobulin G Antibody Seroprevalence Among Truck Drivers and Assistants in Kenya

Author

Kagucia, E Wangeci, Gitonga, John N, Kalu, Catherine, Ochomo, Eric, Ochieng, Benard, Kuya, Nickline, Karani, Angela, Nyagwange, James, Karia, Boniface, Mugo, Daisy, Karanja, Henry K, Tuju, James, Mutiso, Agnes, Maroko, Hosea, Okubi, Lucy, Maitha, Eric, Ajuck, Hossan, Mukabi, David, Moracha, Wycliffe, Bulimu, David, Andanje, Nelson, Aman, Rashid, Mwangangi, Mercy, Amoth, Patrick, Kasera, Kadondi, Ng'ang'a, Wangari, Nyaguara, Amek, Voller, Shirine, Otiende, Mark, Bottomley, Christian, Agoti, Charles N, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I, Adetifa, Ifedayo MO, Etyang, Anthony O, Gallagher, Katherine E, Uyoga, Sophie, Barasa, Edwine, Bejon, Philip, Tsofa, Benjamin, Agweyu, Ambrose, Warimwe, George M, Scott, J Anthony G, and Magarini Sub-County TDA SARS-CoV-2 Serosurveillance Team, The Bu

Subjects
viruses, virus diseases, human activities
Abstract

In October 2020, anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G seroprevalence among truck drivers and their assistants (TDA) in Kenya was 42.3%, higher than among healthcare workers and blood donors. Truck drivers and their assistants transport essential supplies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, placing them at increased risk of being infected and of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 over a wide geographical area.

Published
2021

21. COVID-19 transmission dynamics underlying epidemic waves in Kenya

Author

Brand, Samuel P. C., primary, Ojal, John, additional, Aziza, Rabia, additional, Were, Vincent, additional, Okiro, Emelda A., additional, Kombe, Ivy K, additional, Mburu, Caroline, additional, Ogero, Morris, additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, Warimwe, George M., additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Uyoga, Sophie, additional, Adetifa, Ifedayo M. O., additional, Scott, J. Anthony G., additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Murunga, Nickson, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I., additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, Githinji, George, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Keeling, Matt. J., additional, Nokes, D. James, additional, and Barasa, Edwine, additional

Published
2021
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22. Maintaining laboratory quality assurance and safety in a pandemic: Experiences from the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme laboratory’s COVID-19 response

Author

Gumba, Horace, primary, Opiyo, Michael, additional, Musyoki, Jennifer, additional, Mutunga, Martin, additional, Ngetsa, Caroline, additional, Mwarumba, Salim, additional, Mosobo, Moses, additional, Njuguna, Susan, additional, Kai, Oscar, additional, Lambisia, Arnold W., additional, Kimani, Domtila, additional, Cheruiyot, Robinson, additional, Kiyuka, Patience, additional, Lewa, Clement, additional, Gicheru, Elijah, additional, Tendwa, Metrine, additional, Said Mohammed, Khadija, additional, Osoti, Victor, additional, Makale, Johnstone, additional, Tawa, Brian, additional, Odundo, Calleb, additional, Cheruiyot, Wesley, additional, Nyamu, Wilfred, additional, Gumbi, Wilson, additional, Mwacharo, Jedidah, additional, Nyamako, Lydia, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Amadi, David, additional, Ouma, Nelson, additional, Karia, Boniface, additional, Thoya, Janet, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Gichuki, Bonface M., additional, Riako, Debra, additional, Mutua, Shadrack, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Ominde, Kelly, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Mutiso, Agnes, additional, Mwanzu, Alfred, additional, Sein, Yiakon, additional, Bartilol, Brian, additional, Mwangi, Shaban, additional, Omuoyo, Donwilliams O., additional, Morobe, John M., additional, de Laurent, Zaydah R., additional, Mitsanze, Fredrick, additional, Mwakubia, Alfred, additional, Rono, Martin, additional, Nyaguara, Amek, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, and Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional

Published
2021
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23. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies from a one-year National Serosurveillance of Kenyan Blood Transfusion Donors

Author

Uyoga, Sophie, primary, Adetifa, Ifedayo M.O., additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Karanja, Henry K., additional, Tuju, James, additional, Makale, Johnstone, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Kilonzo, Nduku, additional, Chege, Evelynn, additional, Yegon, Christine, additional, Odhiambo, Elizabeth, additional, Rotich, Thomas, additional, Orgut, Irene, additional, Kihara, Sammy, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Kagucia, Eunice W., additional, Gallagher, Katherine E., additional, Etyang, Anthony, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, Lambe, Teresa, additional, Wright, Daniel, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Mwangangi, Joseph, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I., additional, Warimwe, George M., additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, and Scott, J. Anthony G., additional

Published
2021
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24. Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Healthcare Workers in Kenya

Author

Etyang, Anthony O, primary, Lucinde, Ruth, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Kalu, Catherine, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Gitonga, John, additional, Tuju, James, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Mutua, Shadrack, additional, Maroko, Hosea, additional, Nzomo, Eddy, additional, Maitha, Eric, additional, Kamuri, Evanson, additional, Kaugiria, Thuranira, additional, Weru, Justus, additional, Ochola, Lucy B, additional, Kilimo, Nelson, additional, Charo, Sande, additional, Emukule, Namdala, additional, Moracha, Wycliffe, additional, Mukabi, David, additional, Okuku, Rosemary, additional, Ogutu, Monicah, additional, Angujo, Barrack, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Ndwiga, Leonard, additional, Nyaguara, Amek, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, Agoti, Charles N, additional, Nokes, David James, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Adetifa, Ifedayo M O, additional, Wangeci Kagucia, E, additional, Gallagher, Katherine, additional, Uyoga, Sophie, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Scott, J Anthony G, additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, and Warimwe, George M, additional

Published
2021
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25. Seroprevalence of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among Health Care Workers in Kenya

Author

Etyang, Anthony O., primary, Lucinde, Ruth, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Kalu, Catherine, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Gitonga, John, additional, Tuju, James, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Mutua, Shadrack, additional, Maroko, Hosea, additional, Nzomo, Eddy, additional, Maitha, Eric, additional, Kamuri, Evanson, additional, Kaugiria, Thuranira, additional, Weru, Justus, additional, Ochola, Lucy B., additional, Kilimo, Nelson, additional, Charo, Sande, additional, Emukule, Namdala, additional, Moracha, Wycliffe, additional, Mukabi, David, additional, Okuku, Rosemary, additional, Ogutu, Monicah, additional, Angujo, Barrack, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Ndwiga, Leonard, additional, Nyaguara, Amek, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, Agoti, Charles, additional, Nokes, David James, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Adetifa, Ifedayo, additional, Kagucia, E. Wangeci, additional, Gallagher, Katherine, additional, Uyoga, Sophie, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Scott, J. Anthony G., additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, and Warimwe, George, additional

Published
2021
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26. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among truck drivers and assistants in Kenya

Author

Kagucia, E Wangeci, primary, Gitonga, John N, additional, Kalu, Catherine, additional, Ochomo, Eric, additional, Ochieng, Benard, additional, Kuya, Nickline, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Karia, Boniface, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Karanja, Henry K, additional, Tuju, James, additional, Mutiso, Agnes, additional, Maroko, Hosea, additional, Okubi, Lucy, additional, Maitha, Eric, additional, Ajuck, Hossan, additional, Bogita, Mary, additional, Mudindi, Richmond, additional, Mukabi, David, additional, Moracha, Wycliffe, additional, Bulimu, David, additional, Andanje, Nelson, additional, Shiraku, Evans, additional, Okuku, Rosemary, additional, Ogutu, Monicah, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Mariga, Rodgers, additional, Munabi, Tobias, additional, Ramadhan, Susan M, additional, Mwikali, Janet, additional, Nasike, Rose, additional, Andera, Cornelius, additional, Nechesa, Roselyne, additional, Kiplagat, Benson K, additional, Omengo, Julius, additional, Oteba, Simon, additional, Mwangi, Arthur, additional, Mkanyi, Dorcas, additional, Karisa, George, additional, Migosi, Judith K, additional, Msili, Patrick, additional, Mwambire, Samson, additional, Boniface, Anthony M, additional, Nyaguara, Amek, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Agoti, Charles N, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I, additional, Adetifa, Ifedayo M O, additional, Etyang, Anthony O, additional, Gallagher, Katherine E, additional, Uyoga, Sophie, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, Warimwe, George M, additional, and Scott, J Anthony G, additional

Published
2021
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27. Temporal trends of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in transfusion blood donors during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kenya

Author

Adetifa, Ifedayo M.O., primary, Uyoga, Sophie, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Karanja, Henry K., additional, Tuju, James, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Rombo, Charles, additional, Yegon, Christine, additional, Kithi, Khamisi, additional, Odhiambo, Elizabeth, additional, Rotich, Thomas, additional, Orgut, Irene, additional, Kihara, Sammy, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Kagucia, Eunice W., additional, Gallagher, Katherine E., additional, Etyang, Anthony, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, Lambe, Teresa, additional, Wright, Daniel, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I., additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, Scott, J. Anthony G., additional, and Warimwe, George M., additional

Published
2021
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28. Pooled testing conserves SARS-CoV-2 laboratory resources and improves test turn-around time: experience on the Kenyan Coast

Author

Agoti, Charles N., primary, Mutunga, Martin, additional, Lambisia, Arnold W., additional, Kimani, Domtila, additional, Cheruiyot, Robinson, additional, Kiyuka, Patience, additional, Lewa, Clement, additional, Gicheru, Elijah, additional, Tendwa, Metrine, additional, Said Mohammed, Khadija, additional, Osoti, Victor, additional, Makale, Johnstone, additional, Tawa, Brian, additional, Odundo, Calleb, additional, Cheruiyot, Wesley, additional, Nyamu, Wilfred, additional, Gumbi, Wilson, additional, Mwacharo, Jedidah, additional, Nyamako, Lydia, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Amadi, David, additional, Thoya, Janet, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Musyoki, Jennifer, additional, Gumba, Horace, additional, Mwarumba, Salim, additional, M. Gichuki, Bonface, additional, Njuguna, Susan, additional, Riako, Debra, additional, Mutua, Shadrack, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Sein, Yiakon, additional, Bartilol, Brian, additional, Mwangi, Shaban J., additional, O. Omuoyo, Donwilliams, additional, M. Morobe, John, additional, de Laurent, Zaydah R., additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional, and Tsofa, Benjamin, additional

Published
2021
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29. Seroprevalence of anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Kenyan blood donors

Author

Uyoga, Sophie, primary, Adetifa, Ifedayo M. O., additional, Karanja, Henry K., additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Tuju, James, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Rombo, Charles, additional, Yegon, Christine, additional, Kithi, Khamisi, additional, Odhiambo, Elizabeth, additional, Rotich, Thomas, additional, Orgut, Irene, additional, Kihara, Sammy, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, Mupe, Zonia N., additional, Kagucia, Eunice W., additional, Gallagher, Katherine E., additional, Etyang, Anthony, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Ndwiga, Leonard, additional, Lambe, Teresa, additional, Wright, Daniel, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I., additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, Scott, J. Anthony G., additional, and Warimwe, George M., additional

Published
2021
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30. Pooled testing conserves SARS-CoV-2 laboratory resources and improves test turn-around time: experience on the Kenyan Coast

Author

Agoti, Charles N., primary, Mutunga, Martin, additional, Lambisia, Arnold W., additional, Kimani, Domtila, additional, Cheruiyot, Robinson, additional, Kiyuka, Patience, additional, Lewa, Clement, additional, Gicheru, Elijah, additional, Tendwa, Metrine, additional, Said Mohammed, Khadija, additional, Osoti, Victor, additional, Makale, Johnstone, additional, Tawa, Brian, additional, Odundo, Calleb, additional, Cheruiyot, Wesley, additional, Nyamu, Wilfred, additional, Gumbi, Wilson, additional, Mwacharo, Jedidah, additional, Nyamako, Lydia, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Amadi, David, additional, Thoya, Janet, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Musyoki, Jennifer, additional, Gumba, Horace, additional, Mwarumba, Salim, additional, M. Gichuki, Bonface, additional, Njuguna, Susan, additional, Riako, Debra, additional, Mutua, Shadrack, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Sein, Yiakon, additional, Bartilol, Brian, additional, Mwangi, Shaban J., additional, O. Omuoyo, Donwilliams, additional, M. Morobe, John, additional, de Laurent, Zaydah R., additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional, and Tsofa, Benjamin, additional

Published
2020
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31. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Kenyan blood donors

Author

Uyoga, Sophie, primary, M.O. Adetifa, Ifedayo, additional, Karanja, Henry K., additional, Nyagwange, James, additional, Tuju, James, additional, Wanjiku, Perpetual, additional, Aman, Rashid, additional, Mwangangi, Mercy, additional, Amoth, Patrick, additional, Kasera, Kadondi, additional, Ng’ang’a, Wangari, additional, Rombo, Charles, additional, Yegon, Christine, additional, Kithi, Khamisi, additional, Odhiambo, Elizabeth, additional, Rotich, Thomas, additional, Orgut, Irene, additional, Kihara, Sammy, additional, Otiende, Mark, additional, Bottomley, Christian, additional, N. Mupe, Zonia, additional, W. Kagucia, Eunice, additional, E Gallagher, Katherine, additional, Etyang, Anthony, additional, Voller, Shirine, additional, N. Gitonga, John, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, N. Agoti, Charles, additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Ndwiga, Leonard, additional, Lambe, Teresa, additional, Wright, Daniel, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, I. Ochola-Oyier, Lynette, additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, Scott, J. Anthony G., additional, and Warimwe, George M., additional

Published
2020
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32. An optimisation of four SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR assays in a Kenyan laboratory to support the national COVID-19 rapid response teams

Author

Mohammed, Khadija Said, primary, de Laurent, Zaydah R., additional, Omuoyo, Donwilliams O., additional, Lewa, Clement, additional, Gicheru, Elijah, additional, Cheruiyot, Robinson, additional, Bartilol, Brian, additional, Mutua, Shadrack, additional, Musyoki, Jennifer, additional, Gumba, Horace, additional, Mwacharo, Jedidah, additional, Riako, Debra, additional, Mwangi, Shaban J., additional, Gichuki, Bonface M., additional, Nyamako, Lydia, additional, Karani, Angela, additional, Karanja, Henry, additional, Mugo, Daisy, additional, Gitonga, John N., additional, Njuguna, Susan, additional, Gumbi, Wilson, additional, Tawa, Brian, additional, Tendwa, Metrine, additional, Cheruiyot, Wesley, additional, Sein, Yiakon, additional, Nyambu, John K., additional, Patta, Shem O., additional, Thani, Thani Suleiman, additional, Maitha, Eric K., additional, Kitole, Benson, additional, Mwakinangu, Mohamed S., additional, Muslih, Barke S., additional, Otieno, John Ochieng, additional, Nyiro, Joyce U., additional, Kiyuka, Patience, additional, Ndwiga, Leonard, additional, Wamae, Kevin, additional, Kimani, Domtila, additional, Makale, Johnstone, additional, Morobe, John Mwita, additional, Osoti, Victor, additional, Lambisia, Arnold W., additional, Odundo, Calleb, additional, Mwarumba, Salim, additional, Mutunga, Martin, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, and Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional

Published
2020
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33. Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Healthcare Workers in Kenya.

Author

Etyang, Anthony O, Lucinde, Ruth, Karanja, Henry, Kalu, Catherine, Mugo, Daisy, Nyagwange, James, Gitonga, John, Tuju, James, Wanjiku, Perpetual, Karani, Angela, Mutua, Shadrack, Maroko, Hosea, Nzomo, Eddy, Maitha, Eric, Kamuri, Evanson, Kaugiria, Thuranira, Weru, Justus, Ochola, Lucy B, Kilimo, Nelson, and Charo, Sande

Subjects
RESEARCH, SEROPREVALENCE, PUBLIC health surveillance, SARS-CoV-2, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, CONFIDENCE intervals, MULTIVARIATE analysis, MATHEMATICAL models, ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay, THEORY, VIRAL antibodies, PROBABILITY theory
Abstract

Background Few studies have assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Africa. We report findings from a survey among HCWs in 3 counties in Kenya. Methods We recruited 684 HCWs from Kilifi (rural), Busia (rural), and Nairobi (urban) counties. The serosurvey was conducted between 30 July and 4 December 2020. We tested for immunoglobulin G antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Assay sensitivity and specificity were 92.7 (95% CI, 87.9-96.1) and 99.0% (95% CI, 98.1-99.5), respectively. We adjusted prevalence estimates, using bayesian modeling to account for assay performance. Results The crude overall seroprevalence was 19.7% (135 of 684). After adjustment for assay performance, seroprevalence was 20.8% (95% credible interval, 17.5%–24.4%). Seroprevalence varied significantly (P <.001) by site: 43.8% (95% credible interval, 35.8%–52.2%) in Nairobi, 12.6% (8.8%–17.1%) in Busia and 11.5% (7.2%–17.6%) in Kilifi. In a multivariable model controlling for age, sex, and site, professional cadre was not associated with differences in seroprevalence. Conclusion These initial data demonstrate a high seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs in Kenya. There was significant variation in seroprevalence by region, but not by cadre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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36. The prevalence and risk factors for pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx among children in Kilifi District, Kenya

Author

Abdullahi, Osman, Karani, Angela, Tigoi, Caroline C, Mugo, Daisy, Kungu, Stella, Wanjiru, Eva, Jomo, Jane, Musyimi, Robert, Lipsitch, Marc, and Scott, J Anthony G

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduce nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-serotype pneumococci but increase in the carriage of non-vaccine serotypes. We studied the epidemiology of carriage among children 3-59 months old before vaccine introduction in Kilifi, Kenya. METHODS: In a rolling cross-sectional study from October 2006 to December 2008 we approached 3570 healthy children selected at random from the population register of the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System and 134 HIV-infected children registered at a specialist clinic. A single nasopharyngeal swab was transported in STGG and cultured on gentamicin blood agar. A single colony of pneumococcus was serotyped by Quellung reaction. RESULTS: Families of 2840 children in the population-based sample and 99 in the HIV-infected sample consented to participate; carriage prevalence was 65.8% (95% CI, 64.0-67.5%) and 76% (95% CI, 66-84%) in the two samples, respectively. Carriage prevalence declined progressively with age from 79% at 6-11 months to 51% at 54-59 months (p

Published
2012

38. Performance of the MGIT TBc Identification Test and Meta-Analysis of MPT64 Assays for Identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosisComplex in Liquid Culture

Author

Brent, Andrew J., Mugo, Daisy, Musyimi, Robert, Mutiso, Agnes, Morpeth, Susan, Levin, Michael, and Scott, J. Anthony G.

Abstract

ABSTRACTRapid MPT64-based immunochromatographic tests (MPT64 ICTs) have been developed to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTBC) in culture. We demonstrated the noninferiority of one commercial MTP64 ICT, the MGIT TBc identification (TBcID) test, to GenoType line probe assays for MTBC identification in positive MGIT cultures. Meta-analysis of MPT64 ICT performance for identification of MTBC in liquid culture confirmed similar very high sensitivities and specificities for all three commercial MPT64 assays for which sufficient data were available.

Published
2011
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39. The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Colonization of the Nasopharynx among Children in Kilifi District, Kenya

Author

Karani, Angela, Tigoi, Caroline C., Mugo, Daisy, Kungu, Stella, Wanjiru, Eva, Jomo, Jane, Musyimi, Robert, Abdullahi, Osman, Lipsitch, Marc, and Scott, J. Anthony G.

Subjects
HIV, biology, population biology, epidemiology, medicine, infectious diseases, bacterial diseases, viral diseases
Abstract

Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduce nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-serotype pneumococci but increase in the carriage of non-vaccine serotypes. We studied the epidemiology of carriage among children 3–59 months old before vaccine introduction in Kilifi, Kenya. Methods: In a rolling cross-sectional study from October 2006 to December 2008 we approached 3570 healthy children selected at random from the population register of the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System and 134 HIV-infected children registered at a specialist clinic. A single nasopharyngeal swab was transported in STGG and cultured on gentamicin blood agar. A single colony of pneumococcus was serotyped by Quellung reaction. Results: Families of 2840 children in the population-based sample and 99 in the HIV-infected sample consented to participate; carriage prevalence was 65.8% (95% CI, 64.0–67.5%) and 76% (95% CI, 66–84%) in the two samples, respectively. Carriage prevalence declined progressively with age from 79% at 6–11 months to 51% at 54–59 months (p<0.0005). Carriage was positively associated with coryza (Odds ratio 2.63, 95%CI 2.12–3.25) and cough (1.55, 95%CI 1.26–1.91) and negatively associated with recent antibiotic use (0.53 95%CI 0.34–0.81). 53 different serotypes were identified and 42% of isolates were of serotypes contained in the 10-valent PCV. Common serotypes declined in prevalence with age while less common serotypes did not. Conclusion: Carriage prevalence in children was high, serotypes were diverse, and the majority of strains were of serotypes not represented in the 10-valent PCV. Vaccine introduction in Kenya will provide a natural test of virulence for the many circulating non-vaccine serotypes.

Published
2012
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40. Fractional Doses of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine - A Noninferiority Trial.

Author

Gallagher KE, Lucinde R, Bottomley C, Kaniu M, Suaad B, Mutahi M, Mwalekwa L, Ragab S, Twi-Yeboah L, Berkley JA, Hamaluba M, Karani A, Shangala J, Otiende M, Gardiner E, Mugo D, Smith PG, Tabu C, Were F, Goldblatt D, and Scott JAG

Abstract

Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are an expensive component of the routine immunization schedule. Fractional-dose regimens may be one option to increase the sustainability of the vaccine program., Methods: We assessed whether the immunogenicity of fractional doses of the 10-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 [GSK] and PCV13 [Pfizer], respectively) would be noninferior to that of the full doses and analyzed the prevalence of vaccine-serotype carriage. We randomly assigned healthy infants in Kenya to one of seven equal-sized trial groups. Participants in groups A through F were assigned to receive either a fractional or full dose of PCV10 or PCV13, administered as two primary doses plus one booster dose. In group A, participants received a full dose of PCV13; group B, a 40% dose of PCV13; group C, a 20% dose of PCV13; group D, a full dose of PCV10; group E, a 40% dose of PCV10; and group F, a 20% dose of PCV10. Participants in the seventh group (group G) received a full dose of PCV10 as three primary doses without a booster. Immunogenicity was assessed 4 weeks after the primary series of doses and 4 weeks after the booster dose. Noninferiority could be declared 4 weeks after the primary series if the difference in the percentage of participants with a threshold response was not more than 10% and 4 weeks after administration of the booster if the ratio of the geometric mean concentration (GMC) of IgG was more than 0.5. A vaccine dose was prespecified as noninferior if it met the noninferiority criterion for at least 8 of the 10 vaccine types in the PCV10 groups or at least 10 of the 13 vaccine types in the PCV13 groups. Carriage was assessed when participants were 9 months and 18 months of age., Results: In the per-protocol analysis, 40% of a full dose of PCV13 met the noninferiority criterion for 12 of 13 serotypes after the primary series and for 13 of 13 serotypes after the booster. The immunogenicity of the 20% dose of PCV13 and of the 40% and 20% doses of PCV10 was not noninferior to that of the full doses. Vaccine serotype-type carriage prevalence was similar across the PCV13 groups at 9 months and 18 months of age., Conclusions: In a three-dose schedule (two primary doses and a booster), 40% doses of PCV13 were noninferior to full doses for all included serotypes. Lower doses of PCV13 and PCV10 did not meet the criteria for noninferiority. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03489018; Pan African Clinical Trial Registry number, PACTR202104717648755.)., (Copyright © 2024 Massachusetts Medical Society.)

Published
2024
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41. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in adults in Kenya: a phase 1/2 single-blind, randomised controlled trial.

Author

Hamaluba M, Sang S, Orindi B, Njau I, Karanja H, Kamau N, Gitonga JN, Mugo D, Wright D, Nyagwange J, Kutima B, Omuoyo D, Mwatasa M, Ngetsa C, Agoti C, Cheruiyot S, Nyaguara A, Munene M, Mturi N, Oloo E, Ochola-Oyier L, Mumba N, Mauncho C, Namayi R, Davies A, Tsofa B, Nduati EW, Aliyan N, Kasera K, Etyang A, Boyd A, Hill A, Gilbert S, Douglas A, Pollard A, Bejon P, Lambe T, and Warimwe G

Abstract

Background: There are limited data on the immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in African populations. Here we report the immunogenicity and safety of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine from a phase 1/2 single-blind, randomised, controlled trial among adults in Kenya conducted as part of the early studies assessing vaccine performance in different geographical settings to inform Emergency Use Authorisation., Methods: We recruited and randomly assigned (1:1) 400 healthy adults aged ≥18 years in Kenya to receive ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or control rabies vaccine, each as a two-dose schedule with a 3-month interval. The co-primary outcomes were safety, and immunogenicity assessed using total IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 28 days after the second vaccination., Results: Between 28 th October 2020 and 19 th August 2021, 400 participants were enrolled and assigned to receive ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n=200) or rabies vaccine (n=200). Local and systemic adverse events were self-limiting and mild or moderate in nature. Three serious adverse events were reported but these were deemed unrelated to vaccination. The geometric mean anti-spike IgG titres 28 days after second dose vaccination were higher in the ChAdOx1 group (2773 ELISA units [EU], 95% CI 2447, 3142) than in the rabies vaccine group (61 EU, 95% CI 45, 81) and persisted over the 12 months follow-up. We did not identify any symptomatic infections or hospital admissions with respiratory illness and so vaccine efficacy against clinically apparent infection could not be measured. Vaccine efficacy against asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was 38.4% (95% CI -26.8%, 70.1%; p=0.188)., Conclusions: The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy against asymptomatic infection of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 among Kenyan adults was similar to that observed elsewhere in the world, but efficacy against symptomatic infection or severe disease could not be measured in this cohort., Pan-African Clinical Trials Registration: PACTR202005681895696 (11/05/2020)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: SCG and AVSH are cofounders of Vaccitech, a collaborator in the early development of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and are named inventors on a patent covering use of ChAdOx1-vectored vaccines (PCT–GB2012–000467). SCG and TL are named inventors on a patent application covering ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (GB2003670.3), and TL was a consultant to Vaccitech. AD has received research and consultancy income from AstraZeneca and is a named inventor to intellectual property assigned to Oxford University Innovation relating to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine manufacturing process. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright: © 2023 Hamaluba M et al.)

Published
2023
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42. Epidemiology of COVID-19 infections on routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology testing in Coastal Kenya.

Author

Nyagwange J, Ndwiga L, Muteru K, Wamae K, Tuju J, Testing Team C, Kutima B, Gitonga J, Karanja H, Mugo D, Kasera K, Amoth P, Murunga N, Babu L, Otieno E, Githinji G, Nokes DJ, Tsofa B, Orindi B, Barasa E, Warimwe G, Agoti CN, Bejon P, and Ochola-Oyier LI

Abstract

Background: There are limited studies in Africa describing the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and serostatus of individuals tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We tested routine samples from the Coastal part of Kenya between 17 th March 2020 and 30 th June 2021. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 infections identified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and clinical surveillance data at the point of sample collection were used to classify as either symptomatic or asymptomatic. IgG antibodies were measured in sera samples, using a well validated in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Mombasa accounted for 56.2% of all the 99,694 naso-pharyngeal/oro-pharyngeal swabs tested, and males constituted the majority tested (73.4%). A total of 7737 (7.7%) individuals were SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR. The majority (i.e., 92.4%) of the RT-PCR positive individuals were asymptomatic. Testing was dominated by mass screening and travellers, and even at health facility level 91.6% of tests were from individuals without symptoms. Out of the 97,124 tests from asymptomatic individuals 7,149 (7%) were positive and of the 2,568 symptomatic individuals 588 (23%) were positive. In total, 2458 serum samples were submitted with paired naso-pharyngeal/oro-pharyngeal samples and 45% of the RT-PCR positive samples and 20% of the RT-PCR negative samples were paired with positive serum samples. Symptomatic individuals had significantly higher antibody levels than asymptomatic individuals and become RT-PCR negative on repeat testing earlier than asymptomatic individuals. Conclusions: In conclusion, the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections identified by routine testing in Coastal Kenya were asymptomatic. This reflects the testing practice of health services in Kenya, but also implies that asymptomatic infection is very common in the population. Symptomatic infection may be less common, or it may be that individuals do not present for testing when they have symptoms., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Nyagwange J et al.)

Published
2022
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43. Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Immunoglobulin G Antibody Seroprevalence Among Truck Drivers and Assistants in Kenya.

Author

Kagucia EW, Gitonga JN, Kalu C, Ochomo E, Ochieng B, Kuya N, Karani A, Nyagwange J, Karia B, Mugo D, Karanja HK, Tuju J, Mutiso A, Maroko H, Okubi L, Maitha E, Ajuck H, Mukabi D, Moracha W, Bulimu D, Andanje N, Aman R, Mwangangi M, Amoth P, Kasera K, Ng'ang'a W, Nyaguara A, Voller S, Otiende M, Bottomley C, Agoti CN, Ochola-Oyier LI, Adetifa IMO, Etyang AO, Gallagher KE, Uyoga S, Barasa E, Bejon P, Tsofa B, Agweyu A, Warimwe GM, and Scott JAG

Abstract

In October 2020, anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G seroprevalence among truck drivers and their assistants (TDA) in Kenya was 42.3%, higher than among healthcare workers and blood donors. Truck drivers and their assistants transport essential supplies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, placing them at increased risk of being infected and of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 over a wide geographical area., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Published
2021
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44. The prevalence and risk factors for pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx among children in Kilifi District, Kenya.

Author

Abdullahi O, Karani A, Tigoi CC, Mugo D, Kungu S, Wanjiru E, Jomo J, Musyimi R, Lipsitch M, and Scott JA

Subjects
Age Distribution, Anti-Retroviral Agents therapeutic use, Carrier State epidemiology, Carrier State microbiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Colony Count, Microbial, Female, HIV Infections complications, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections microbiology, Health Surveys, Humans, Infant, Kenya, Male, Pneumococcal Infections complications, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Serotyping, Streptococcus pneumoniae classification, Nasopharynx microbiology, Pneumococcal Infections epidemiology, Pneumococcal Infections microbiology, Streptococcus pneumoniae growth & development
Abstract

Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduce nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-serotype pneumococci but increase in the carriage of non-vaccine serotypes. We studied the epidemiology of carriage among children 3-59 months old before vaccine introduction in Kilifi, Kenya., Methods: In a rolling cross-sectional study from October 2006 to December 2008 we approached 3570 healthy children selected at random from the population register of the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System and 134 HIV-infected children registered at a specialist clinic. A single nasopharyngeal swab was transported in STGG and cultured on gentamicin blood agar. A single colony of pneumococcus was serotyped by Quellung reaction., Results: Families of 2840 children in the population-based sample and 99 in the HIV-infected sample consented to participate; carriage prevalence was 65.8% (95% CI, 64.0-67.5%) and 76% (95% CI, 66-84%) in the two samples, respectively. Carriage prevalence declined progressively with age from 79% at 6-11 months to 51% at 54-59 months (p<0.0005). Carriage was positively associated with coryza (Odds ratio 2.63, 95%CI 2.12-3.25) and cough (1.55, 95%CI 1.26-1.91) and negatively associated with recent antibiotic use (0.53 95%CI 0.34-0.81). 53 different serotypes were identified and 42% of isolates were of serotypes contained in the 10-valent PCV. Common serotypes declined in prevalence with age while less common serotypes did not., Conclusion: Carriage prevalence in children was high, serotypes were diverse, and the majority of strains were of serotypes not represented in the 10-valent PCV. Vaccine introduction in Kenya will provide a natural test of virulence for the many circulating non-vaccine serotypes.

Published
2012
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