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Based on the available materials and literature, Islām got to America as far back as 1530 when the early African Muslim slaves were taken to the land of America. Elijah Muhammad was one of the Muslim who works and struggled hard on how Islam would be spread and progress in America. Later on, the Muslim Emigrants from various parts of the World also entered America around 19th Century. Hence, it's increasing the population and strengthening the growth of the religion of Islām in the area. The West particularly America known for her secularism, capitalism and extreme individualism with a political ideology not based on the recognition of the creator talk less of monotheism. From all indication, Islām continues to grow from strength to strength despite all odds in its way. Its therefore in the light of the above, the methodology adopted for this paper was historic and descriptive method in order to describe the nature of Islām in America and its practices among the black America and the emigrants during the early days of Islām. The paper concluded that Elijah Muhammad was a great revivalist, preacher and scholars in the spread of Islam in America. Islām equally penetrated in one way and the other into the nook and cranny of America through the peaceful preaching among the Muslim slaves and the people of America.

Translation of messages from one language to another has been a daunting task to translators. There has been observed problems in communicating messages through translation especially from English to Hausa on the broadcast media in Sokoto, Nigeria where the electronic media (radio and television) mostly use the two languages to transmit messages to diverse audiences. Such audiences rely heavily on the translated news messages to respond to certain issues contained in the messages. The aim of this paper is to study some English-Hausa news translations on the Rima Radio Sokoto medium. The objectives are to: determine whether or not there is communication miscarriage in news translation in the radio medium, examine the nature of the translation in the medium, and determine how translation errors if any, can be addressed. Qualitative research method was employed via identification, description and interpretation of ten (10) extracts of news translation from English into Hausa, which form the data for the study. Among the findings of the study were that: there were numerous errors in the translation as identified in the data analysed and that, the errors identified were those of misrepresentation of forms, poor vocabulary and use of direct translation method where it was inappropriate. From the findings, it was recommended that the errors of communication miscarriage can be addressed through training and retraining of translators. It can therefore, be concluded that application of various theoretical concepts to the study of translation appears relevant in assessing translation as well as in carrying out better translation of messages to avoid communication miscarriage.

A large scale of nitrogen and oxygen production has been through a cryogenic air separation process. This process takes place in a distillation column at excessive energy consumption. The heat-integrated air separation column (HIASC) can save energy when utilizing minimum pressure while ensuring adequate heat distribution along the portion of the column. However, accurate prediction of thermodynamic and fluid properties requirement is critical for process optimization and potential energy saving. The nonequilibrium stage model is employed to gain insight into the thermodynamic properties. While examining the influence of these properties, essential process operating variables are optimized to save energy. The research result shows that more than 17% of energy is preservable in the HIASC.

The experiment was conducted in the animal production field, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, for the period from 14/6/2022 to 14/8/2022 inside a semi-exposed building with three treatments. Each treatment included three replicates, and each replicate included (6) fish in a closed bio-aquatic system, by weight 13.75±1.09, a filtration tank representing the mechanical and biological filter in an intensive aquatic system with a capacity of 100 liters each, two aquatic plants were grown Water thyme (Hydrilla Verticillata), Torpedo grass (Panicum Repens), except for the control treatment, which was similar to all treatments except for the presence of aquatic plants. The water was treated in a mechanical filter unit through sponge layer, then directing the water to the biological treatment by means of crushed gravel, in addition to the aquatic plants to filter the dissolved organic pollutants. The results showed a significant effect of aquatic plants at (p ≤0.05) on pH, Cloredait (Cl) nitrate (NO3,) nitrite (NO2), and ammonia. Water properties reflect to the biological system of organisms. There was a significant improvement in gain weight (G.W), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion efficiency (FCR) for treatments T2 and T3 compared with control treatment. While, the result of the correlation or interactions between water characteristics with growth parameters for Common carp fish showed significant effects at (P ≤0.05) and (P ≤0.01) level.

Exploiting waste materials to make cost-effective adsorbents and waste management methods are gaining more attention. In the current study, rubber wastes derived from dipping tank coagulum (DTC) in the glove manufacturing industry were converted into a novel polymeric-adsorbent via a simple sulfonation reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid and was used for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions commonly found in contaminated waters. FT-IR, EDX, FESEM, and BET techniques were used to characterize the rubber waste before and after modification. The highest MB removal efficiency of 99.03% was achieved in the condition of initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and temperature were 15 mg/L, 30 mg, pH 7, 300 min, and 25 °C, respectively. The adsorption of MB was analyzed using experimental data fitted in a monolayer isotherms model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 119 mg/g. The kinetic model was revealed to agree with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, SRW retained 90.45% of the removal percentage after four cycles of the repeated adsorption-desorption process. Conclusively, these findings suggest that rubber waste could be a suitable low-cost adsorbent to remove organic dyes from polluted water.

Feeding trials were conducted to determine the effects of selected fruit wastes on hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and Malaysian mahseer (Tor tambroides). Seven experimental diets were formulated and produced using fruit wastes from pineapple skin (PS), pineapple crown (PC), jackfruit skin (JS), jackfruit pulp (JP), grated coconut (GC), mixed fruit wastes (JP + GC), and the control (CN). Triplicate groups of juvenile red tilapia (4.22 ± 0.05 g) and mahseer (2.31 ± 0.05 g) were fed twice daily to satiation for 60 days per trial. All fish fed with fruit-waste diets showed significantly (p

This study evaluated the influence of drum speed, moisture content, and feed rate on the performance indices of groundnut sheller using Ex-Dakar groundnut variety. Response surface methodology was used to study the influence of input variables and optimize the processing conditions. The developed second-order polynomial model adequately described the performance responses, including output capacity, shelling and cleaning efficiencies, and kernel damage. The input variables indicated significant influences on performance responses. The optimized processing variables for the responses were drum speed of 210 rpm, moisture content of 8%, and feed rate of 350 kg∙h−1. The optimum responses obtained were output capacity of 302.52 kg∙h−1, shelling efficiency of 97.61%, cleaning efficiency of 53.16%, and kernel damage of 4.04%. These performance responses were validated experimentally and were close to the observed results.

Pervious Concrete (PC) have continued gaining acceptability significantly over years due to its sustainability and environmentally friendly. There are many benefits of using PC, some of which includes management of storm water runoff, groundwater supplier recharging and reduction of heat island effects etc. Numerous studies have been carried out through employing different approaches in order to improve the overall performance of PC. Due to the advancement in high performance PC using supplementary cementitious materials, extensive application of this material was made possible. In this study, calcium carbide waste (CCW) and rice husk ash (RHA) were used as supplementary cementitious materials and up to 20% replacement was made for both RHA and CCW in the PC mixes. Response surface methodology was used to derive the mathematical relationship between strengths and the variables RHA and CCW. The workability, flexural strength, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were investigated and at 0%RHA and 10%CCW the strength of concrete increases significantly when compared with the control mix.

Background: Kidney transplant-related medical tourism is still prevalent in developing countries for patients with end stage renal disease. Objectives: We set out to review our single centre experience with kidney transplant-related medical tourism. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the demographic and clinical characteristics of our endstage renal disease patients who opted for kidney transplant over an 11 year period. Endpoint was kidney transplantation. Data was analysed with SPSS Statistical software Version 20. Results: A total of 27 patients were referred for kidney transplant evaluation, out of which 12(44.4%) were transplanted. All the 15 patients who were not transplanted died within one year of returning to our centre. The finding of co-morbidity during pre-transplant evaluation and lack of a suitable donor were the major reasons for our patients returning without a transplant. Of those who were transplanted, 5(41.7%) patients died from various complications. Conclusion: Kidney transplant-related medical tourism is still prevalent in Nigeria. Comorbidity and lack of suitable donor remain important impediments to kidney transplantation even when finance is available. Local Kidney transplant needs to be encouraged in Nigeria.

Learning Management System (LMS) is a software platform that includes several integrated tools for delivering and managing online and virtual learning. Over time, the LMS has remained in the educational sector, providing learning opportunities to learners over dispersed locations. Hence, this paper presents a review of existing features, technologies built into LMS and its adaptation. It also highlights the effect of LMS on students' ability to learn and their performance and factors that may influence the adoption of the LMS platforms. The paper concludes with recommendations on methodology for establishing a student-centred approach, collaborative learning. Abstrait Le système de Gestion de l'Apprentissage (LMS) est une plate-forme logicielle qui comprend plusieurs outils intégrés pour la prestation et la gestion de l'apprentissage en ligne et virtuel. Au fil du temps, le LMS est resté dans le secteur de l'éducation, offrant des opportunités d'apprentissage aux apprenants dans des lieux dispersés. Par conséquent, cet article présente une revue des fonctionnalités existantes, des technologies intégrées au LMS et de son adaptation. Il met également en évidence l'effet du LMS sur la capacité d'apprentissage des étudiants et leurs performances, ainsi que les facteurs pouvant influencer l'adoption des plateformes LMS. Le document se termine par des recommandations sur la méthodologie pour établir une approche centrée sur l'étudiant, l'apprentissage collaboratif.

Background. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is used for the rehabilitation of motor function after stroke. Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of lower limb CIMT that uses number of repetition of tasks with the one that uses number of hours of practice. Method. The study was a randomized clinical trial approved by the Ethics Committee of Kano State Ministry of Health. Fifty-eight people with stroke participated in the study. Groups 1 and 2 performed daily 600 repetitions and 3 hours of task practice, respectively, 5 times weekly for 4 weeks. Motor impairment (primary outcome), balance, functional mobility, knee extensor spasticity, walking speed and endurance, and exertion before and after commencement of activities were assessed at baseline and postintervention. The data was analyzed using Friedmann and Mann-Whitney U tests. Result. The results showed that there was only significant difference (p

Importance: Some of the symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and breathing difficulty. However, the mechanism of the disease, including some of the symptoms such as the neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms, is still poorly understood.Objective: The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence on the neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms of the disease. This may help with early diagnosis, prevention of disease spread, and treatment planning.Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (first 100 hits) were searched until April 17, 2020. The key search terms used were “coronavirus” and “signs and symptoms.” Only studies written in English were included.Study Selection: The selection was performed by two independent reviewers using EndNote and Rayyan software. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus or by a third reviewer.Data Extraction and Synthesis: PRISMA guidelines were followed for abstracting data and assessing the quality of the studies. These were carried out by two and three independent reviewers, respectively. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus or by a third reviewer. The data were analyzed using qualitative synthesis and pooled using a random-effect model. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): The outcomes in the study include country, study design, participant details (sex, age, sample size), and neurological and musculoskeletal features.Result: Sixty studies (n = 11, 069) were included in the review, and 51 studies were used in the meta-analysis. The median or mean age ranged from 24 to 95 years. The prevalence of neurological and musculoskeletal manifestations was 35% for smell impairment (95% CI 0–94%; I2 99.63%), 33% for taste impairment (95% CI 0–91%; I2 99.58%), 19% for myalgia (95% CI 16–23; I2 95%), 12% for headache (95% CI 9–15; I2 93.12%), 10% for back pain (95% CI 1–23%; I2 80.20%), 10% for dizziness (95% CI 3–19%; I2 86.74%), 3% for acute cerebrovascular disease (95% CI 1–5%; I2 0%), and 2% for impaired consciousness (95% CI 1–2%; I2 0%).Conclusion and Relevance: Patients with COVID-19 present with neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms. Therefore, clinicians need to be vigilant in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary carbohydrate utilization level for a tropical carp, hybrid lemon fin barb. Five test diets containing increasing amounts of tapioca starch (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 % diet) were used. Triplicate groups of juvenile hybrid barb (1.15 ± 0.05 g) were fed twice daily to satiation. Although the survival was unaffected by the carbohydrate level, the specific growth rate, weight gain and protein efficiency ratio significantly increased (P

Background. Central poststroke pain (CPSP) caused by sensory dysfunction of central origin is a disabling condition that significantly affects the quality of life of stroke patients. Aim. The aim of this study is to determine the clinical profiles and pattern of CPSP among stroke patients in Kano, Nigeria. Methods. The study was a cross-sectional design involving stroke survivors who were ≥18 years old and with no significant cognitive impairment approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Participants were assessed using diagnostic criteria form, the douleur neuropathique 4 questions (DN4 questionnaire), and Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs (LANNS). Results. A total of 120 stroke patients participated in the study, in which 6 (5%) were diagnosed with CPSP occurring within the first 3 months in 50% of the participants. The pain characteristics were mainly moderate (83.3%), burning (62.5%), and continuously experienced (66.7%). The frequently affected parts were extremities or occurring as hemisyndrome. Conclusion. Prevalence of CPSP following stroke is low. The clinical features are variable and can occur at a varied time and different intensities and locations. However, it majorly occurs within the first few months post stroke.

To determine the correlation of renal ultrasonic parameters and degree of kidney function among chronic kidney disease patients seen at the Nephrology unit of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) Ilorin, we studied 322 patients. The results were analyzed with specific reference to socio-demography and correlating renal length and volume with estimated glomerular filtration rate. The male to female ratio was 2:1, with an age range from 20 to 80 years and mean age of 45.06 (±13.0) years. The serum creatinine levels ranged from 201 to 1205 μmol/L, with a mean of 388 ± 168 μmol/L, while the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ranged from 3.77 to 44.32 mL/min, with a mean of 18.2 ± 7.19 mL/min. The right and left renal lengths ranged from 6.9 to 13.0 cm, with a mean of 9.11 ± 1.06, and 6.5-13.4 cm, with a mean of 9.23 ± 1.07 cm, respectively. The mean volumes of the right and left kidneys were 98.6 ± 41.9 cm 3 and 105 ± 46.2 cm 3 , respectively. The Pearson correlation of the right and left kidneys length to eGFR were -0.197 and -0.137 respectively, while that of the right and left kidney volume to eGFR were -0.122 and -0.043, respectively. Our study showed that there is a positive correlation between ultrasonic renal measurements and degree of kidney function.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia and it is fast becoming a scourge in sub-Saharan Africa. The nutritional properties of developed fibre-enriched cake and its protective potential against diabetic induced neurotoxicity in rats were investigated. Fibre-enriched cake was developed from selected fruits and analysed for its nutritional and sensory attributes. Rats were induced with diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan and treated with the formulated cake. After 14 days treatment, the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Their brain tissues were accessed for reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, protein content and lipid peroxidation as well as lipid profiles which cover for total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL. Induction of diabetes led to significant reduction (p < 0.05) of GSH, catalase, SOD activities and protein content. Feeding on the formulated cake led to their significant increase. Decreased lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides, and increased concentration of HDL were also observed on feeding with the cake. These results indicate an antioxidant protective potential of the fibre-enriched cake against diabetic-induced brain toxicity. Thus, it can serve as an adjunct to dietary therapy for diabetes.

Objective: To investigate the effects of fractionation of acacia honey on its antioxidant potential in contrast with the pure honey from whole blood, brain and liver in vitro. Methods: Honey was partitioned into three fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous). Their immuno-modulatory effect on whole blood was assayed using Luminol-amplified chemiluminescence technique. Their antioxidant activities on rat brain and hepatic tissues which covers for catalase, SOD activities and lipid peroxidation. Results: Fractions of the honey enhanced the production of radicals with no significant (P>0.05) antioxidant activity on whole blood where as pure honey does. Pure honey significantly (P0.05) effects on lipid peroxidation. Conclusions: Fractionation of acacia honey negatively affects its antioxidant potential thereby making it a radical generating agent in contrast with the unfractionated.

The effects of fibre-enriched biscuit on biomarkers associated with hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats were investigated. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate. Treatment lasted for 14 days after which the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Blood serum was analyzed to determine hepatic function enzymes. The liver was also analyzed to determine hepatic lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes. Induction of diabetes led to elevated levels of ALP, AST, and ALT. These were, however, significantly (p

A drug is any substance capable of altering the functioning of a person's body and mind. In this paper, a deterministic nonlinear model was adapted to investigate the behavior of drug abuse and addiction that incorporates intervention in the form of awareness and rehabilitation. In the mathematical analysis part, the positivity and boundedness of the solution and the existence of drug equilibria have been ascertained, which shows that the model consists of two equilibria: a drug-free equilibrium and a drug endemic equilibrium point. The drug-free equilibrium was found to be both globally and locally asymptotically stable if the effective reproduction number is less than or equal to one ( R c ≤ 1). Furthermore, we were able to show the existence of a unique drug endemic equilibrium whenever R c > 1. Global asymptotic stability of a drug endemic equilibrium point has been ascertained using a nonlinear Lyapunov function of Go–Volterra type, which reveals that the drug endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable if an effective reproduction number is greater than unity and if there is an absence of a reversion rate of mended individuals (i.e., ω = 0). In addition, an optimal control problem was formulated to investigate the optimal strategy for curtailing the spread of the behavior using control variables. The control variables are massive awareness and rehabilitation intervention of both public and secret addicted individuals. The optimal control simulation shows that massive awareness control is the best to control drug addiction in a society. In sensitivity analysis section, the proportion of those who are exposed publicly shows to be a must sensitive parameter that can reduce the reproduction number, and the effective contact rate shows to be a must sensitive parameter to increase the reproduction number. Numerical simulations reveal that the awareness rate of exposed publicly and the rehabilitation rate of addicted publicly are very important parameters to control drug addiction in a society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]