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Electromyographic prosthesis with higher degrees of freedom is an expanding area of research. In this paper, active prosthesis with four degrees of freedom has been investigated, which can be used to fit a limb with amputation below elbow. The system comprises of multichannel inputs which correspond to the flexion and extension as well as supination and pronation. To find maximum surface neural activity, accurate placement of electrodes has been carried out on 10 subjects aged between 22-30 years. Signals (0-500 hertz) acquired from contracting voluntary muscles with minimum cross talk and common mode noise. Clean filtered EMG signal is then amplified precisely. Finally digitization is being done to drive bionic hand. Practical demonstration on a simple DC motor proved providential using this method for the two motions of an actual human arm. EMG Signals emanating from muscles dedicated to individual fingers have been recorded. Moreover modern classifiers; KNN and NN have been investigated carefully with selected features through different time and noise levels.

BackgroundGram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen, being highly reported for causing various nosocomial infections worldwide. The present study aimed to characterize the presence of carbapenem-resistant genes among multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains, isolated from the tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. MethodsBiochemical tests were performed for the initial identification of bacterial strains and further confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and carbapenem resistance determinants were further screened Metallo-beta-lactamase manufacture through Imipenem/Imipenem-EDTA-CDT. All 46 imipenem-resistant and 44 MBL positive isolates of A. baumannii were further amplified by PCR. ResultsThe OXA-51-like gene was detected in 45 strains (97.82%), while OXA-23-like was detected in 44 (95.65%) strains of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Moreover, New Dehli MBL, blaNDM gene was identified in four (9.09%) MBL positive carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) isolates. All blaNDM isolates were co-expressed by the OXA-23-like gene while OXA-51-like was absent in one blaNDM positive strain of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. ConclusionA high prevalence of OXA-51-like and OXA-23-like genes was seen among the carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, followed by blaNDM-1. The study findings showed the significant presence of carbapenem-resistant genes in MDR Acinetobacter baumannii strains, which may lead to clinical therapeutic failures.