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Older people fall at least once a year, resulting in many devastating complications that affect the older person and the carers. Many carers are concerned that the older person will fall. Three hundred ninety carers of an older person participate in this study. The study found that the carers have a high level of fall concern. The level of concern was significantly associated with the demographic variables of the older person and the level of depression, stress, anxiety, and strain. Hence, there is a dire need for a fall prevention programme and educational program for the carers. Keywords: fall; carers; fall concerns; elderly. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3481

Leprosy has been eliminated as a public pathological state in most of development countries like Indonesia, however the social stigma to the sickness continues to be terribly high. This study was performed to research the role of social stigma as a determinant for infectious disease elimination in an exceedingly infectious disease endemic region of Indonesia. Focus cluster discussions, in-depth interviews and structured questionnaires were accustomed investigate infectious disease social stigma among lepers, their contacts and an effect cluster consisting of patients attending a hospital for reasons aside from infectious disease. consent was wanted and gained before beginning the study. Focus cluster discussions and in-depth interviews known 3 kindsof stigma; lack of vanity, social group stigma and complete rejection by society. From the 480 structured questionnaires administered, there have been over- all positive attitudes to lepers among the study population and inside the divisions (P=0.0). The proportion of participants that felt sympa- thetic with distorted lepers was 78.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 74.4-81.8%] from a complete of 480. 300 and 99 (83.1%) respondents indicated that they may share a meal or drink at constant table with a distorted leper (95% CI: 79.7-86.5%). 103 (83.9%) participants indicated that they may have an acknowledgment and embrace a distorted leper (95% CI: 87- 87.3%). a complete of 85.2% (95.0% CI: 81.9-88.4%) participants thoroughbred that they may move with a distorted leper to the market or mosque. A high proportion of 71.5% (95.0% CI: 67.5%-75.5%) participants expressed that they may supply employment to a distorted leper. The results indicate that Sitanala 1 division had very cheap mean score of 3.3 on positive attitudes to infectious disease compared with Sitanala 2 (4.1) and Sitanala 3 (4.8) divisions.The high proportion of positive attitudes among the participants and in numerous divisions may be a positive indicator that the elimination of infectious disease social stigma is progressing within the right direction. Quantification of stigma to assess the elimination struggle may be a new analysis space publicly health.

Latar belakang: Berdasarkan data WHO pada tahun 2011 menunjukkan 1 dari 10 anak di dunia mengalami obesitas (WHO, 2011). Data status gizi pada anak usia 5-12 tahun di DKI Jakarta menunjukkan underweight 14,0% dan overweight 6,8%. Data secara spesifik untuk wilayah Jakarta Selatan adalah underweight 7,4% dan overweight 7,3%. Permasalahan gizi merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang berpengaruh terhadap prestasi akademik siswa. Tujuan dari penelitian: mengetahui pengaruh status gizi terhadap prestasi akademik siswa kelas 1-3 sekolah dasar. Metode: desain yang digunakan adalah cohort restrospective dengan melihat hubungan antara hasil School Wide Assessment (SWA) dengan status gizi anak pada 9 bulan sebelumnya. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas 1-3 sekolah dasar di Sekolah HighScope Indonesia dengan total sampling yaitu berjumlah 480 anak. Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara variabel status gizi terhadap prestasi akademik 6:29 RR (95% CI 3,82-10,35). Dalam analisis regresi cox menunjukkan status gizi yang baik memiliki RR pada 3,17 (95% CI 2,404 hingga 4,204) dan signifikan pada nilai p-value 0,000. Artinya, siswa yang memiliki kelebihan berat badan memiliki risiko kinerja akademik yang buruk. Sedangkan variabel lainnya menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan dengan risiko memiliki kinerja akademik yang buruk. Pada model akhir analisis regresi cox pada variabel status gizi pada prestasi juga menunjukkan nilai RR sebesar 3,09 (95% CI 2,365 hingga 4,053) p-value 0,000. Kesimpulan: Anak-anak dengan kelebihan berat badan berisiko untuk memiliki prestasi akademik yang buruk sebesar 6.3 kali. Kata kunci: Status gizi, prestasi belajar, faktor risiko, cohort retrospective Abstract Background: Based on WHO data in 2011, 1 in 10 children in the world are obese (WHO, 2011). Nutritional status data in children aged 5-12 years in DKI Jakarta shows 14.0% underweight and overweight 6.8%. Data specifically for the South Jakarta region is 7.4% underweight and 7.3% overweight. Nutritional problems are one of the important factors that influence student academic achievement. The purpose of the study: to determine the effect of nutritional status on academic achievement of students in grades 1-3 in elementary school. Methods: the design used was a retrospective cohort by looking at the relationship between the School Wide Assessment (SWA) score and the nutritional status of children in the previous 9 months. The population in this study were students in grades 1-3 at HighScope Indonesia School with a total sampling of 480 children. Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between variables of nutritional status on academic achievement 6:29 RR (95% CI 3.82-10.35). In the cox regression analysis showed good nutritional status had RR at 3.17 (95% CI 2.404 to 4.204) and was significant at p-value 0.000. While other variables indicate that there is no significant relationship with the risk of having poor academic performance. In the final model cox regression analysis on variable nutritional status on achievement also showed RR values of 3.09 (95% CI 2.365 to 4,053) p-value 0,000. Conclusion: Children who are overweight are at risk for having bad academic achievement of 6.3 times. Keywords: Nutritional status, academic achievement, risk factors, retrospective cohort