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Abstract The present study explores the comprehensive composite material selection methodology of a tennis racket involving coupled Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and numerical analysis. Initially all the possible material alternatives from the composite family were shortlisted using CES Selector 2016. A design space was developed incorporating MCDM technique naming VICKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment Evaluation) and TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) to rank the most suitable composite material based on critical mechanical properties to identify the most suitable composite materials for applications requiring optimal combinations of rigidity, strength, and structural performance. Using finite element analysis, the structural integrity of each of the materials was evaluated on static and dynamic stress analysis modules of ANSYS. Out of all material alternatives, T300 carbon fiber epoxy was considered as the most suitable for tennis rackets. Further, a comparison between the selected material was also made with conventional materials and were found in good agreement with selected material.

Abstract Management of molasses-based wastewater generated in yeast and sugar industries is a major environmental concern due to its high chemical oxygen demand and other recalcitrant substances. Several strategies have been used to reduce the inland discharge of wastewater but the results are not satisfactory due to high operating cost. However, reuse of molasses-based wastewater irrigation in agriculture has been a major interest nowadays to reduce the freshwater consumption. Thus, it is crucial to monitor the impacts of molasses-based waste water irrigation on growth, metabolism, yield and nutritional quality of crops for safer consumer’s health. In present study, carrot seeds of a local cultivar (T-29) were germinated on filter paper in Petri dishes under controlled conditions. The germinated seeds were then transplanted into pots and irrigated with three different treatments normal water (T0), diluted molasses-based wastewater (T1), and untreated molasses-based wastewater (T2), in six replicates. Results revealed that carrot irrigated with untreated molasses-based waste water had exhibited significant reductions in growth, yield, physiology, metabolism, and nutritional contents. Additionally, accumulation of Cd and Pb contents in carrot roots irrigated with untreated molasses-based waste water exceed the permissible limits suggested by WHO and their consumption may cause health risks. While, diluted molasses-based waste water irrigation positively enhanced the growth, yield of carrot plants without affecting the nutritional quality. This strategy is cost effective, appeared as most appropriate alternative mean to reduce the freshwater consumption in water deficit regions of the world.

Background and Aim: Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection caused by various Trypanosoma species, poses a significant threat to global livestock, affecting both human health and economic sectors. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, focusing on key ruminant species, including camels, cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 blood samples, comprising 48 samples from each animal species (camel, cattle, buffaloes, goat, and sheep) were collected from three districts in Southern Punjab. The collected samples were subjected to thin smear microscopy, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization was conducted using the TBR primer set, which targeted repeated satellite DNA regions and the cytochrome oxidase II gene of T. evansi. Results: About 22.08% (53/240) of overall samples were positive for trypanosomiasis, with prevalence rates being 23.75% (19/80), 21.25% (17/80), and 21.75% (17/80) for districts Muzaffargarh, Lodhran, and Bahawalpur, respectively. 5.83% (14/240) of samples tested for T. evansi using PCR were positive in the districts of Muzaffargarh 7.50% (6/80), Lodhran 5.00% (4/80), and Bahawalpur 5.00% (4/80). Among the animals tested, camels had the highest positivity rate. The microscopic examination confirmed infection rates of 45.83% (22/48) for camels, 18.75% (9/48) for cattle, 8.33% (4/48) for buffaloes, 18.75% (9/48) for goats, and 18.75% (9/48) for sheep (p < 0.001). PCR results did not reveal substantial differences (p < 0.05) in prevalence: camels 12.50% (6/48), cattle 6.25% (3/48), buffaloes 0% (0/48), goats 8.33% (4/48), sheep 2.08% (1/48); while distinct disparities were detected district-wise: Muzaffargarh 23.75% (19/80), Lodhran 21.25% (17/80), and Bahawalpur 21.25% (17/80). The PCR results for these districts were insignificantly different: 7.50% (6/80), 5% (4/80), and 5% (4/80). The microscopic infection rate in camels from Bahawalpur was 56.30% (9/16). The microscopic analysis in Buffaloes reported a 6.30% (1/16) infection rate, but PCR results indicated no infections (0%) in any district. A significant difference (p < 0.001) in identifying Trypanosoma species was found between positively and negatively tested animals in both microscopic and PCR methods. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the necessity of regularly using PCR-based screening for its superior sensitivity and specificity over traditional microscopy. The varying occurrence of trypanosomiasis among districts reflects the intricate nature of this diseases epidemiology in the region. Reducing economic losses from trypanosomiasis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, requires targeted interventions, such as vector control measures and farmer education.

Protein C deficiency is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the protein C, inactivator of coagulation factors Va and VIIA gene, affecting approximately 1 in 200–500 individuals. It leads to a hypercoagulable state, increasing the risk of blood clots. Symptoms vary with age, ranging from life-threatening purpura fulminans in neonates to venous thromboembolism, particularly deep vein thrombosis, in adults. A recent case involved a 21-year-old South Asian male presenting with persistent fever, weight loss, epistaxis, abdominal tenderness, and acute pain in the right thigh and leg, raising suspicion of deep vein thrombosis. Tests confirmed deep vein thrombosis in multiple leg veins and a pulmonary embolism. The patient was diagnosed with protein C deficiency and received anticoagulant therapy, thrombolysis, and an inferior vena cava filter. Complications of protein C deficiency include deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and ischemic colitis. Diagnosis involves immunoassays and genetic analysis. Treatment includes heparin followed by anticoagulation therapy with warfarin. In severe cases, an inferior vena cava filter may be implanted. The described case required extensive treatment due to multiple deep vein thrombosis and a pulmonary embolism, with lifelong anticoagulant therapy. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in young patients with a history of venous thromboembolism to prevent and manage complications associated with protein C deficiency.

The paper presents a cross-country analysis of seven countries in the MENA region and explores the effects of COVID-19 on educational policymaking. The paper uses a quasi-thematic literature review to highlight the emerging themes related to the quality of education during the pandemic. The paper investigates the educational trends in seven MENA region countries and provides descriptive analysis to understand if there were changes from 2016 to 2020. In order to investigate these trends, the study uses the conceptualization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4) “Quality of education.” The analysis is based on the data from the World Bank Development indicators. The paper’s evidence identifies a difference in the level of government expenditure on education within the MENA region. Pre and during COVID-19 provides crucial insights such as all countries increased their government expenditure on education except Egypt and Bahrain. The paper further addresses the contributing factors to the educational gaps in the region, such as digital exclusion, inequality (income and gender), and the government’s budget constraints during the pandemic. This study presents recommendations to bridge these identified gaps in the post-pandemic era.

It is well documented that heat transfer is enhanced with addition of nanosized particles in fluid. But, in a mechanical system there are variety of factors influences the heat transfer. Some factors are significant while others are not. In this paper, authors will discuss sensitivity of different input parameters such as Le, Nt and Nb on output responses Nux and Shx. To achieve this goal, the problem is modeled using basic conservation laws. The formulated model is a set of PDEs, which are converted to set of non-linear ODEs by using similarity transformation. Then these ODEs are solved numerically by using MATLAB built in package bvp4c and compared the numerical results with existing work and found good results. Sensitivity analysis is performed by employing RSM to determine the relationship between the input parameters such that 0.1≤Le≤1, 0.1≤Nt≤1 and 0.1≤Nb≤1 and the output responses (Nux and Shx). ANOVA tables are generated by using RSM. By using the ANOVA tables the correlations between input parameters and output response are developed. To check the validity of correlated equations, the residuals are plotted graphically and show best correlations between input parameters and output responses. The high values of R2=98.65 and AdjR2=97.43 for Nux and R2=97.83 and AdjR2=95.88 for Shx demonstrates the high validity of ANOVA results to perform sensitivity analysis. Finally, we have conducted a sensitivity analysis of the responses and came to the important results that Nt and Nb is most sensitive to Nusselt number and Sherwood number respectively.

The use of advanced brittle composites in engineering systems has necessitated robotic rotary ultrasonic machining to attain high precision with minimal machining defects such as delamination, burrs, and cracks. Longitudinal–torsional coupled (LTC) vibrations are created by introducing helical slots to a horn’s profile to enhance the quality of ultrasonic machining. In this investigative research, modified ultrasonic horns were designed for a giant magnetostrictive transducer by generating helical slots in catenoidal and cubic polynomial profiles to attain a high amplitude ratio (TA/LA) and low stress concentrations. Novel ultrasonic horns with a giant magnetostrictive transducer were modelled to compute impedances and harmonic excitation responses. A structural dynamic analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of the location, width, depth and angle of helical slots on the Eigenfrequencies, torsional vibration amplitude, longitudinal vibration amplitude, stresses and amplitude ratio in novel LTC ultrasonic horns for different materials using the finite element method (FEM) based on the block Lanczos and full-solution methods. The newly designed horns achieved a higher amplitude ratio and lower stresses in comparison to the Bezier and industrial stepped LTC horns with the same length, end diameters and operating conditions. The novel cubic polynomial LTC ultrasonic horn was found superior to its catenoidal counterpart as a result of an 8.45% higher amplitude ratio. However, the catenoidal LTC ultrasonic horn exhibited 1.87% lower stress levels. The position of the helical slots was found to have the most significant influence on the vibration characteristics of LTC ultrasonic horns followed by the width, depth and angle. This high amplitude ratio will contribute to the improved vibration characteristics that will help realize good surface morphology when machining advanced materials.

Oil refineries play a crucial role in meeting global energy demands, and optimizing the efficiency of critical processes is vital for economic feasibility and environmental sustainability. Simulation is an essential tool for the optimization of valuable products. This work presents the rigorous simulation of a vacuum distillation unit (VDU) based on actual data from the vacuum distillation processes using Aspen HYSYS V10. The Peng–Robinson fluid package is used in this simulation, and an input assay with a standard density of 29 API_60 (879.8 kg/m3) is employed. True boiling point (TBP) assay data are the type that is being used. Methane, ethane, propane, i-Butane, n-Butane, i-Pentane, and n-Pentane are the components listed in the simulation. The research determines that achieving a yield capacity of 685 tons/h requires thirty stages in the atmospheric distillation unit and twelve stages in the vacuum distillation unit while operating at 420 °C temperature and 9 kPa pressure. Adjustments in the flash section temperature (FST) and steam flow rate (SFR) are proposed to enhance operational efficiency. Increasing the FST from 370 °C to 400 °C and adjusting SFR from 10 tons/h to 26 tons/h increases the Light Vacuum Gas Oil (LVGO) yield by 7.2% while elevating the FST from 400 °C to 430 °C and adjusting SFR from 10 tons/h to 26 tons/h enhances the High Vacuum Gas Oil (HVGO) yield by 7.4%. These optimization strategies offer a practical and effective approach for refineries to improve the economic benefits of vacuum distillation units. The implications of this research can act as a computational thinking exercise for higher education students considering the case study where only through changing the operational strategies can the yield be enhanced by 10.81% in the vacuum distillation unit of the oil refinery.

The paper presents a cross-country analysis of 25 low and lower-middle-income countries to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on educational policymaking. The study utilises variables from the Internet Inclusive Index and the Digital Skills Gap Index to explore the relationship between internet access and digital skills gaps in these countries. A descriptive and correlation analysis is conducted to understand trends and associations between the variables from data for the selected countries. The analysis shows a positive correlation between internet domains and digital skills gap scores. The paper also presents insights from low and middle-income countries to understand the challenges and responses to e-learning policy during the Pandemic. The evidence from the analysis suggests that countries with higher scores on internet domains pre-pandemic were in a better position to absorb the external shocks caused by the Pandemic. The paper’s findings highlight the importance of addressing the digital divide and promoting internet inclusivity in these countries to improve their ability to adapt to external shocks and ensure continuity of learning during crises such as the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The main idea of this investigation is to introduce an integrated intelligence approach that investigates the chemically reacting flow of non-Newtonian fluid with a backpropagation neural network (LMS-BPNN). The AI-based LMS-BPNN approach is utilized to obtain the optimal solution of an MHD flow of Eyring–Powell over a porous shrinking wedge with a heat source and nonlinear thermal radiation (Rd). The partial differential equations (PDEs) that define flow problems are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through efficient similarity variables. The reference solution is obtained with the bvp4c function by changing parameters as displayed in Scenarios 1–7. The label data are divided into three portions, i.e., 80% for training, 10% for testing, and 10% for validation. The label data are used to obtain the approximate solution using the activation function in LMS-BPNN within the MATLAB built-in command ‘nftool’. The consistency and uniformity of LMS-BPNN are supported by fitness curves based on the MSE, correlation index (R), regression analysis, and function fit. The best validation performance of LMS-BPNN is obtained at 462, 369, 642, 542, 215, 209, and 286 epochs with MSE values of 8.67 × 10−10, 1.64 × 10−9, 1.03 × 10−9, 302 9.35 × 10−10, 8.56 × 10−10, 1.08 × 10−9, and 6.97 × 10−10, respectively. It is noted that f′(η), θ(η), and ϕ(η) satisfy the boundary conditions asymptotically for Scenarios 1–7 with LMS-BPNN. The dual solutions for flow performance outcomes (Cfx, Nux, and Shx) are investigated with LMS-BPNN. It is concluded that when the magnetohydrodynamics increase (M=0.01, 0.05, 0.1), then the solution bifurcates at different critical values, i.e., λc=−1.06329,−1.097,−1.17694. The stability analysis is conducted using an LMS-BPNN approximation, involving the computation of eigenvalues for the flow problem. The deduction drawn is that the upper (first) branch solution remains stable, while the lower branch solution causes a disturbance in the flow and leads to instability. It is observed that the boundary layer thickness for the lower branch (second) solution is greater than the first solution. A comparison of numerical results and predicted solutions with LMS-BPNN is provided and they are found to be in good agreement.

This study undertakes a comprehensive experimental and numerical analysis of the structural integrity of buried RC sewerage pipes, focusing on the performance of two distinct jointing materials: cement mortar and non-shrinkage grout. Through joint shear tests on full-scale sewer pipes under single point loading conditions, notable effects on the crown and invert of the joint were observed, highlighting the critical vulnerability of these structures to internal and external pressures. Two materials—cement–sand mortar and non-shrinkage grout—were used in RC pipe joints to experimentally evaluate the joint strength of the sewerage pipes. Among the materials tested, cement–sand mortar emerged as the superior choice, demonstrating the ability to sustain higher loads up to 25.60 kN, proving its cost-effectiveness and versatility for use in various locations within RC pipe joints. Conversely, non-shrinkage grout exhibited the lowest ultimate failure load, i.e., 21.50 kN, emphasizing the importance of material selection in enhancing the resilience and durability of urban infrastructure. A 3D finite element (FE) analysis was also employed to assess the effect of various factors on stress distribution and joint deformation. The findings revealed a 10% divergence between the experimental and numerical data regarding the ultimate load capacity of pipe joints, with experimental tests indicating a 25.60 kN ultimate load and numerical simulations showing a 23.27 kN ultimate load. Despite this discrepancy, the close concordance between the two sets of data underscores the utility of numerical simulations in predicting the behavior of pipe joints accurately. This study provides valuable insights into the selection and application of jointing materials in sewerage systems, aiming to improve the structural integrity and longevity of such critical infrastructure.

Motivated by novel developments in smart non-Newtonian thermal duct systems, a theoretical study has been presented in this article for electro-magneto-hydrodynamic (EMHD) buoyancy-driven flow of a fourth-grade viscoelastic fluid in a vertical duct with quadratic convection. The viscosity of the fourth-grade fluid model is assumed to be temperature-dependent, and the Reynolds exponential model is deployed. Viscous heating and Joule dissipation effects are included. The duct comprises a pair of parallel electrically insulated vertical flat plates located a finite distance apart. Via suitable scaling transformations, a nonlinear boundary value problem is derived for the momentum and heat transport. A homotopy perturbation method (HPM) solution is obtained coded in Mathematica symbolic software. There is a considerable enhancement in wall skin friction with an increment in fourth-grade fluid parameter, Brinkman number, electrical field parameter, thermal buoyancy parameter, and quadratic thermal convection parameter. However, skin friction is strongly reduced with a rise in variable viscosity parameter, Hartmann (magnetic) number, and electromagnetic heat generation to conduction ratio. Nusselt number magnitudes are elevated with increase in variable viscosity parameter, thermal buoyancy parameter, and quadratic thermal convection parameter, whereas they are significantly suppressed with increment in fourth-grade fluid parameter, Brinkman number, and Hartmann magnetic number.

Biological cell membranes can efficiently switch Na+/K+ selectivity in response to external stimuli but achieving analogous functions in a single artificial membrane is challenging. Here, the authors report highly crystalline covalent organic framework membranes with well-defined nanochannels and coordinative sites that act as ion-selective switches to manipulate Na+ and K+ transport.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of mortality for males in the United States. Metastases may be present, typically in the axial skeletal region. To date, few patients have presented with metastases to the testicles. We present the case of an adult male with diagnosed prostate cancer who presented and subsequently diagnosed bilateral testicular metastases. Testicular metastases secondary to diagnosed prostate cancer are very rare. Patients present with these metastases may have unfavorable prognosis. This case demonstrates that prostate cancer may metastasize to rare locations such as the testes, requiring further surgical intervention.

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the electroosmotic flow of a hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Cu/Blood) with gyrotactic microorganisms through a bifurcated artery with mild stenosis in both parent and daughter arteries. The flow is subjected to a uniform magnetic field, viscous dissipation, and a heat source. Methods: The governing equations undergo the non-dimensional transformation and coordinate conversion to regularize irregular boundaries, then solve the resulting system using the Crank-Nicolson method. Results: In both sections of the bifurcated artery (parent and daughter artery), the wall shear stress (WSS) profile decreases with increasing stenotic depth. Nusselt profile increases with an increase in the heat source parameter. Conclusions: The present endeavour can be beneficial for designing better biomedical devices and gaining insight into the hemodynamic flow for therapeutic applications in the biomedical sciences.

In this paper, theories of marketing thoughts, historical development, economic development and marketing philosophy have been discussed. Specifically, the role of the female consumer with reference to the buying behaviour in society in the light of the Islamic concept of marketing. The objective of the study is to investigate female buying behaviour in relation to social and religious values, the other objective of the study is to enlighten that the ICM is more effective in comparison to other thoughts of marketing. The objective of the study is to determine and investigate female buying behaviour in relation to social and religious values, it is also and theoretical development of various concepts of marketing developed within the last two hundred years, the other objective of the study is to enlighten that the ICM in more effective in comparison other thoughts of marketing and it is the oldest style and strategically marketing concept. The population in the methodology is used as a general population of the city and the sample is developed on 400 females the method of sampling is used in convenience, random sampling is used just to obtain the results to find out the inclination of the female consumer towards the concept of Islamic marketing.

Malaysian search and rescue (SAR) operations play a critical role in ensuring the safety and security of citizens, visitors and assets. Due to the extensive coastline and air traffic, effective SAR operations are essential in protecting lives and properties. The current study aims to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of maritime and aeronautical SAR operations in the Malaysian SAR region by enhancing the collaboration between authorities and developing a solid organisational basis. Human resources, SAR resources, training and logistic support are emphasised. This study employed a quantitative methodology and recruited 140 personnel from SAR agencies. Empirical data were collected through a questionnaire with a simple random technique. Resultantly, training possessed the strongest association with organisational performance. The findings could provide insights into improving operational performance during SAR crises and facilitate strategic decision-making, which would also be instrumental to other government agencies conducting similar research.

Port State Control (PSC) is a critical inspection mechanism used to regulate and remove substandard foreign ships in national ports, with the aim of ensuring compliance with safety and pollution regulations to prevent threats to the environment. With the heavy and concentrated traffic volumes at ports, executing efficient and effective PSC inspections has become increasingly challenging. This study investigates the risk factors of ship detention and identifies the most critical factor for detention to strengthen maritime safety and environmental protection towards cleaner environment. Using six years dataset with a total inspection of 178,153 from 2010 to 2015, a Bayesian network model was developed to analyze the influencing factors of inspection that lead to detention viz. The flag State, ship type, recognized organization, inspection authority and ship age. The results indicate that the flag State has the greatest influence, followed by ship type, recognized organization, inspection authority and ship age in descending order of importance. These findings guide PSC officers and ship owners in identifying critical areas to enhance maritime safety, promote environmental sustainability and achieve a cleaner environment. A similar approach can be applied to PSC inspection records from other years for further analysis.

This article aims to fill a gap in existing studies by examining methanol's prospects as a cleaner marine vessel fuel and addressing the industry's challenges in reducing pollution from ship oil. The analysis focuses on methanol as a decarbonization fuel option, following its advantages compared to others through data triangulation that uses both bottom-up and top-down approaches to examine the safety concerns and environmental impacts of methanol. The findings support its use as a promising alternative to conventional marine fuels, considering regulations and safety codes related to low-flashpoint fuels and specifying key safety measures. Also, container vessels (6% of the global fleet) consume 23% of all annual bunker volume and require nearly two-thirds of the global bunker demand, along with liquid bulk tankers and dry bulk carriers. These findings, along with the current regulatory landscape and infrastructure requirements for methanol fuel distribution, pose the greatest challenges to its widespread adoption, despite successes by MAN and Wärtsilä engine manufacturers in offering high-pressure diesel combustion technology engines for burning methanol. This study provides insights that can help ASEAN adopt methanol fuel while complying with emission standards and reducing its environmental impacts.

Pakistan is among the top five countries that have been severely impacted by extreme weather events. Its population, a majority of which is poor, is highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. This study aims to examine the correlation between multidimensional poverty and climate change vulnerability in the rural areas of the Nowshera and Charsadda districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Data were collected from 452 households through a pre-tested questionnaire that assessed poverty and climate change vulnerability. The multidimensional poverty index, based on the United Nations Development Programme and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, was used to determine poverty levels, while the livelihood and climate change vulnerability indices were developed to quantify the level of climate change vulnerability. The results of the study revealed that half of the population in the study area falls below the multidimensional poverty threshold. Nowshera had a higher number of multidimensionally poor people, and the intensity of poverty was greater than in Charsadda. Nowshera was found to be more deprived in all three dimensions of poverty, i.e., education, health, and standard of living. However, in terms of climate change vulnerability, Charsadda lagged behind in the dimensions of livelihood strategies, social networks, socio-demographic profiles, and food. On the other hand, Nowshera was found to be more vulnerable in the dimensions of natural assets, financial assets, and health. Overall, the results showed that Nowshera was more vulnerable to floods compared to Charsadda. The study found a strong positive correlation between the multidimensional poverty index and the climate change vulnerability indices, implying a close relationship between the two concepts.

The composite materials Si/AlC, crystal quartz, and ceramic glass are becoming an important part of the present society in many engineering and non-engineering fields. Conventional methods available for machining these materials have many flaws due to which their application on large scale is restricted. A non-conventional process known as ultrasonic machining (USM), can be implemented for machining of these materials effectively. Anyhow machining efficiency of USM greatly depends upon its horn design and therefore in the present study a horn based on a catenoidal profile with aluminum and titanium material for USM was designed and developed by using solid works and ANSYS. Modal and harmonic analysis was done on the horn for computation of various parameters of interest such as resonant frequency, amplitude vibration and equivalent stresses. After the computation of the results, they were analyzed and compared with those available in the literature in terms of stresses and magnification factor for their validation comparison with literature, it was found that an aluminum catenoidal horn shows higher magnification with the least stress magnitude as compared to horns avail-able in the literature and hence can be used in USM as a replacement for existing horns.

The circular economy is emerging as green technology solution for polymer and composite industries. However, the use of circular economy as an industrial practice is still a global challenge. In this article, polypropylene-cotton hybrid composite was developed using different amounts of cotton fibre waste (0, 10, 30, 40 wt%). Scanning electron microscope (SEM), tribometer, Rockwell hardness tester and binocular microscope were used for investigations of composite surface, hardness and coefficient of friction (COF). The mean coefficient of friction values was 0.64, 0.75, 0.88 and 0.94 for pure propylene, 10, 30 and 40% of cotton reinforced composites, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy characterization of hybrid composite revealed the voids, porosity and asperities due to random fibres orientation. The Rockwell hardness value of composites was increased due to rise of fibre fraction. Based on the COF values, hardness and surface characterization, polypropylene-cotton reinforced hybrid composite could be used functionally for thermal and sound applications.

Abstract In recent years, the power system has been evolved into microgrids, which are little pockets of self-contained entities. Different distributed, interconnected generation units, loads, and energy storage units make up a typical microgrid system. The increased energy efficiency of these units on microgrids is gaining popularity day by day. Because of their stochastic behavior, renewable generation causes an imbalance in the power system, which needs microgrid energy management. To solve these issues, a variety of novel approaches have been explored in the literature. For the stand-alone microgrid in this research, efficient energy management and control mechanism is adopted. A photovoltaic system, a wind turbine, and a battery energy storage device make up this stand-alone microgrid. The power stability of the hybrid system is ensured by a sophisticated controller. The main purpose of this study is to regulate the DC/DC bidirectional converter (DBC), which connects the Li-ion battery to the DC bus of the stand-alone microgrid. This paper describes the development of a wind/photovoltaic power generation system to the load, as well as MPPT techniques like perturb and observe (P&O). The system is simulated and the results are presented using MPPT techniques. There is no requirement for a specific power model in the suggested method. Only power and voltage system data are used by DBC. A stand-alone microgrid system was simulated using MATLAB.

Abstract Healthcare has evolved significantly in recent years primarily due to the advancements in and increasing adoption of technology in healthcare processes such as data collection, storage, diagnostics, and treatment. The emergence of the industrial internet of things (IIoT) has further evolved e-Health by facilitating the development of connected healthcare systems which can significantly improve data connectivity, visibility, and interoperability leading to improved quality of service delivered to patients. However, such technological advancements come with their perils—there are growing concerns with regards to the security and privacy of healthcare data especially when collected, shared, and processed using cutting-edge connected sensor devices affecting the adoption of next-generation e-healthcare systems. In particular, during the front-end and back-end data transfer in health information exchange (HIE) there exist a security risk in term of confidentiality, integrity, authentication and access control of the data due to the limited capabilities of IoT devices involved. In this paper, we investigate the use of distributed ledger technologies (DLT) to address such security concerns for emerging healthcare systems. In particular, we use masked authenticated messaging (MAM) over the Tangle to achieve secure data sharing within a healthcare system and provide a proof-of-concept of applying the proposed approach for securing healthcare data in a connected IIoT environment. Further, we have performed the evaluation and analysis of data communication against the metrics of encryption and efficiency in transaction time.

Asthma is a common allergic reaction and a number of drugs are available. This study was conducted to evaluate the prescribing pattern and usage of anti-asthma medications at different medical setups in Hyderabad. The study was conducted from August 2017 to July 2018. A total of 1000 patients from different medical setups diagnosed with asthma were recruited. A pre-designed, detailed questionnaire was used for their data collection. Their prescriptions were collected to evaluate and compare them with the standard guidelines of GINA. The prescribing pattern of anti-asthma was assessed regarding the type of therapy, route of administration, single or multiple treatments, class of drugs, doses, and frequency. Demographically, more asthmatics were found be males (i.e 73.5%), 46.5% were adults, 58.3% from urban areas and 51.68% of the sample had outdoor jobs, while 41.5% of illiterate people were found to be asthmatic. A major type of asthma was persistent at 65.3%. A maximum prescription of 85.5% for asthma management was combined therapy. From long-term use, the monotherapy ICS group was reported in a considerable number (44.13%) (i.e. Beclomethasone in 70% and Budesonide in 7%). Prescriptions of multiple routes of administration were comparatively higher (79.5%). The study concluded that male, young, urban, illiterate and people with outdoor jobs were more likely to get asthma. Preventer drugs were prescribed more in combined therapy, in which Fluticasone + Salmeterol were preferred. The oral inhalational route was selected more. The treatment pattern was consistent with standard guidelines.

Objectives: To measure the perception of medical students regarding different methods of active learning, and its association with the year of study. Method: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan, from May to September 2020, and comprised medical students of either gender from first to final year of studies. Data was collected using an online questionnaire regarding different methods of active learning and e-learning. Perceptions and their association with the year of study were worked out. Data was analysed using SPSS 16. Results: Of the 270 subjects, 155(57.4%) were females and 115(42.5%) were males. Overall, 39(14.4%) students were from the first year of studies, 32(11.9%) second, 47(17.4%) third, 120(44.4%) fourth and 32(11.9%) were from the final year of medical studies. Most students preferred class lectures as the teaching method of choice 240(89%), followed by small group discussions 156(58%). Students showed positive perception of different learning methods except e-learning 78(28.89%). The association between perceptions and the year of study was statistically significant (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Students apparently enjoyed using different interactive methods, but were apprehensive about online learning. Key Words: Active learning, Different methods of active learning, E-learning, Medical education, Online learning, Perception of medical students.

Pesticides are applied all over the world to protect plants from pests. However, their application also causes toxicity to plants, which negatively affects the growth and development of plants.This study compared the physiological, biochemical and anatomical modifications of two oil seed crops viz., Helianthus annuus L. and Brassica juncea under different levels of pesticides. The present research was aimed to assess responses at the biochemical, physiological and anatomical levels to Cypermethrin (CYP) pesticide to discriminate the effects of osmotic stress and micronutrients availability. The two different concentrations of CYP-pesticide (20 mg /kg and 40 mg /kg) were examined. The obtained results showed that as the concentration of cypermethrin increased in soil, the fresh and dry weight of growing plants gradually decreased. The application of 40 mg /kg −1 soil of cypermethrin reduced the fresh weight of root in both H. annuus and B. juncea (up to 33 % and 29.4 % %, respectively) decreased root length (up to 2.3 % and 11 %, respectively). While shoot length was increased in both plant species at both levels of CYP relative to control. Shoot fresh weight decreased at 20 mg /kg CYP-treatment in H. annuus whereas in B. juncea at same level of cypermethrin increased fresh weight of shoot was found relative to un-treated seedlings. Reactive oxygen species viz., H2O2 and MDA contents in roots increased by 40 mg/kg-1 CYP in B. juncea followed by H. annuus (upto 50.27 % and 19.79 %; 36.33 % and 35.21 %, respectively). Furthermore, pesticide increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in H. annuus followed by B. juncea. SOD, POD and CAT enzyme activities significantly decreased in B. juncea under 40 mg/kg-1 CYP by 38.8 %, 44.78 % and 36.83 %, respectively. In 20 mg /kg cypermethrin treatment declined antioxidant enzyme activities were found in H. annuus shoot compared to B. juncea shoot. In case of B. juncea increased APX enzyme activity was observed at 20 mg /kg-1 cypermethrin treatment. While significantly decreased activities of an antioxidant enzymes were found to be at 40 mg /kg CYP-treatment. The main aimed of this study to determine the anatomical responses of H. annuus and B. juncea roots to the cypermethrin exposure. Cypermethrin stress (40 mg /kg-1) change the root diameter (smaller), damaged epidermis layer, irregular form of epidermal cells of both species. The area of vascular bundle is decreasing when increasing the cypermethrin pesticide. Moreover, in stem, epidermis thickness was observed only in B. juncea xylem thickness increased in H. annuus at 20 mg /kg treatment, while in B. juncea non-significant difference was observed at this trait relative to un-treated plants. Phloem thickness raises and pith area in both species at lower concentration of cypermethrin. Leaf collenchymatous cell area was increased at both plant species at 20 mg /kg. Epidermis, spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll thickness increased when increased cypermethrin. Mineral uptake by H. annuus and B. juncea from cypermethrin treated soil was measured and also Pearson correlation was measured between all analyzed traits of plants. PCA clearly differentiated all treatments and growth parameters of both plant species. Thus, findings of present study confirmed that overdose of pesticides exhibited toxic effects on different growth, physiological and biochemical attributes of tested plants and pesticide also alter structural changes in plant tissues.

Thirteen insecticides- Stake 40WV (triazophos), Polo 500SC (diafenthiuron), Actara 25WG (thiamethoxam), Chlorfenapyr 36SC (chlorfenapyr), Maximal 60WG (nitenpyram + pymetrozine), Crown 20SL, Lescenta 80WG (fipronil + imidacloprid), Fyfanon 57EC (malathion), Talstar 10EC (bifenthrin) Momentum 50WG (nitenpyram + chlorfenapyr), Jozer 202SL (imidacloprid + acetamaprid), Tresta 20SC (clothianidin) and Closer 240SC (sulfoxaflor)- were evaluated for efficacy in a controlled mango nursery experiment against an active infestation of Scirtothrips dorsalis at the Mango Research Institute, Multan during 2018 and 2019. The data was recorded before the treatments were applied, then 24, 72, 168 h after treatment. Treatments with percent mortality greater than 70 % were considered to be effective controls. Percent mortality was 74.14 % for chlorfenapyr, 70.58 % for Momentum, and 70.51 % for Crown at post-treatment on an cumulative average of 24, 72 and 168 h of both the study years. Medium percent mortality was; 69.52 % for Jazor; 59.59 % for Maximal; 57.38 % for Actara; and 45.11 for Lescenta. All other treatments had percent mortality estimates of less than 30 %. It is concluded that chlorfenapyr, Momentum and Crown are suggested to be used on mango nursery against S. dorsalis for better management since among the treatments in the trial efficacious control was found at 24, 72 and 168 h post-treatment.

This research explores the potential of hybrid nanofluids to improve the thermal efficiency of a car’s louvered fin flat-tube radiator. Hybrid nanofluids were prepared by combining distilled water with a 0.1% vol. concentration of SiO2 and MWCNT nanoparticles, using different ratios of nanoparticles: 80:20, 50:50, and 20:80. The experimental analysis focused on examining the heat-transfer performance of the radiator. The results clearly demonstrated a significant improvement in the radiator’s thermal performance when using hybrid nanofluids. These nanofluids effectively enhanced the rate and coefficient of heat transfer. Notably, an increase of 15.6% in the Nusselt number was observed with the SiO2–MWCNT 20:80 water containing a 0.1% volumetric concentration of nanoparticles. Overall, the findings highlight the promising application of hybrid nanofluids in boosting the thermal efficacy of car radiators.

The phenomenon of nanofluid flows is intrinsically characterized by several scales and intricate physical processes [...]

At present, there is no suitable instrument available to simulate modeling the thermal performance of various areas of our states due to its complicated meteorological behavior. To accurately predict a heatwave, we studied the research gaps and current ongoing research on the prediction of heatwaves. For the accurate prediction of a heatwave, we considered two soft computing concepts, (a) Rough Set Theory (RST) and (b) Support Vector Machine (SVM). All the ongoing research on the prediction of heatwaves is based on future predictions with an error margin. All the available techniques use a particular pattern of heatwave data, and these methods do not apply to vague data. This paper used an innovative RST and SVM technique, which can be applied to vague and imprecise datasets to produce the best outcomes. RST is helpful in finding the most significant attributes that will be alarming in the future. This analysis identifies the heat wave as the most prominent characteristic among various meteorological data. SVM is responsible for the future prediction of heat waves, which includes various parameters. By further classification of heatwaves, we found that a lack of greenery will increase the heatwave in the future. Although the survey was conducted based on a sampling distribution, we expect this result to represent the population as we collected our sample in a heterogeneous environment. These outcomes are validated using a statistical method.

Gold-based metal nanoparticles serve a key role in diagnosing and treating important illnesses such as cancer and infectious diseases. In consideration of this, the current work develops a mathematical model for viscoelastic nanofluid flow in the peristaltic microchannel. Nanofluid is considered as blood-based fluid suspended with gold nanoparticles. In the investigated geometry, various parametric effects such as Joule heating, magnetohydrodynamics, electroosmosis, and thermal radiation have been imposed. The governing equations of the model are analytically solved by using the lubrication theory where the wavelength of the channel is considered large and viscous force is considered more dominant as compared to the inertia force relating the applications in biological transport phenomena. The graphical findings for relevant parameters of interest are given. In the current analysis, the ranges of the parameters have been considered as: 0 < κ < 6 , 0 < λ 1 < 0 . 6 , 2 < M < 8 , 0 < ζ 1 < 3 , 0 < ζ 2 < 3 , 0 . 1 < ϕ 1 < 0 . 4 , 0 < B r < 3 , 0 < β < 3 , 0 < R n < 0 . 3 and 0 < ϕ < π / 2 . The current results reveal that, A stronger magnetic field leads the enhancement in nanoparticle temperature and shear stress, and it reduces the velocity and trapping bolus. The nanoparticle temperature rises with the increasing parameters such as Brinkman number and Joule heating parameter.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder in which endometrial tissue is located outside the uterine cavity. Urinary tract involvement by endometriosis is uncommon. Renal endometriosis is a rare disorder and is not evident on imaging. It may be misdiagnosed as malignant disease and patients may undergo invasive procedures for it. We report a case of a young lady who presented with symptoms typical for renal mass, and was diagnosed as a tumor on imaging. Patient underwent radical surgery and histology revealed renal endometriosis.

The spontaneous movement of natural motile cilia in the form of metachronal waves is responsible for fluid transport. These cilia, in particular, play important roles in locomotion, feeding, liquid pumping, and cell delivery. On the other hand, artificial cilia can be useful in lab-on-a-chip devices for manipulation processes. In this study, a novel model for the ciliated tapered channel in Sutterby fluid flow under the impact of an induced magnetic field and heat transport is proposed. The Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer law for porous media with a viscous dissipation function is considered. With the help of lubrication theory, the simplified non-linear form of the leading equation with cilia-oriented boundary conditions is achieved. The analytical results of differential equations are based on the topological perturbation approach. The numerical simulation is performed to elaborate on the physical interpretations of emerging parameters through computer software.

Geopolymer concrete is preferred over OPC due to its use of energy waste such as fly ash, making it more sustainable and energy-efficient. However, limited research has been done on its seismic characterization in confined masonry, highlighting a gap in sustainable earthquake-resistant structures. Our study compares the performance of alkali-activated fly-ash-based geopolymer concrete bare frame and confined masonry wall panels with conventional concrete. Experimental results showed that geopolymer concrete bare frame has 3.5% higher initial stiffness and 1.0% higher lateral load-bearing capacity compared to conventional concrete. Geopolymer concrete confined masonry exhibited 45.2% higher initial stiffness and 4.1% higher ultimate seismic capacity than traditional concrete. The experimental results were verified using a numerical simulation technique with ANSYS-APDL, showing good correlation. Comparison with previously tested masonry walls revealed that GPC confined masonry has similar structural behavior to cement concrete masonry. This study demonstrates that geopolymer concrete made from waste energy such as fly ash is a sustainable and low-energy substitute for OPC concrete, particularly in highly seismic-prone areas, for a cleaner environment.

We have extended the literature on how information communication technology (ICT) and renewable energy relates to environmental quality in South-East Asia. Earlier literature has mostly focused on individual country cases, and regional investigations, especially in South-East Asian, are largely absent from the existing body of knowledge. The use of ICT and renewable energy are among the top priorities of each economy in this region. We pursued this study with the intention of identifying trends in the way these countries use ICT and renewable energy, and how these emerging factors contribute to their environmental performance. We analyzed the annual data of six countries from between 2000 and 2018, using Panel Quantile Regression, and Dynamic Fixed Effect estimation techniques to test both the hypothesized short-run and long-run relationship between ICT and renewable energy use and environmental quality. Our empirical results reveal the non-mitigating effect of ICT on CO2 emission, confirming that ICT use in this region does not improve environmental performance, but rather causes more environmental degradation. Renewable energy, on the other hand, results in a significant contribution to environmental quality in this region. Our results are consistent with multiple studies in the existing body of knowledge. The findings are very meaningful and useful for policymakers in these countries to help them to frame strategies for renewable energy and ICT use practices that favor the environment.

This study focused on the modeling and simulation of the Ethylene Oxide (EO) production process in Aspen plus software and energy optimization of the whole process using the Pinch analysis. This work focused on ethylene oxide production by the air-based system and modeled and simulated the whole process in Aspen plus® using the S.R.K. and PSRK thermodynamic models. By process design, modeling and simulation, the behavior of the actual process has been predicted. After process simulation, it has been concluded that control the oxygen concentration by controlling the airflow and controlling the reactor's temperatures causes an impact on our desired product. When the oxygen concentration increases, ethylene is oxidized completely and generated useless products such as carbon dioxide and water to enhance production. Energy optimization of ethylene oxide production is completed through Pinch analysis and saves 18.27million $ per year, which is consumed in heating or cooling streams.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of intramuscular phenylephrine for maintenance of maternal hemodynamics in caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Study Design: Case series. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anesthesia, Combined Military Hospital Sialkot, from Nov 2017 to May 2018. Methodology: Sixty women having C-section under spinal anesthesia were included after informed written consent. These patients received phenylephrine 5mg intramuscularly just after institution of spinal anesthesia. Outcome variable was change in mean heart rate and mean arterial pressure for 30 minutes following spinal anesthesia and frequency of spinal anesthesia induced hypotension. A predesigned proforma was used to record patient’s demographic details along with other study variables. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 20 to 37 years with a mean of 28.3 ± 4.4 years. Immediately after the spinal anesthesia, the mean heart rate and mean of mean arterial pressure were 80.73 ± 5.082 beats per minute and 82.30 ± 4.820 mmHg respectively. There after there were only insignificant changes in the mean heart rate and mean of mean arterial pressure from baseline as shown by paired sample t-test (p-value>0.05). Only one patient developed hypotension after 4 minutes of spinal anesthesia and was successfully managed and her mean arterial pressure remained fairly stable thereafter. Conclusion: Intramuscular phenylephrine (5 mg) given prophylactically was found to be effective in reducing the incidence of hypotension related to spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section which along with fetomaternal safety profile recommends its use in future practice.

This study reports optimization and simulation of biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil through supercritical transesterification reaction without the use of any catalyst. Although the catalyst enhances the reaction rate but due to the presence of water contents in waste cooking oil, the use of catalyst could cause a negative impact on the biodiesel yield. The transesterification reaction without catalyst also offers the advantage of the reduction of pretreatment cost. This study comprises of two steps; first step involves the development and validation of process simulation scheme. The second step involves the optimization using Response Surface Methodology. Face-centered central composite design of experiments is used for experimental matrix development and subsequent statistical analysis of the results. Analysis of variance is employed for optimization purpose. In addition, a sensitivity study of the process parameters including pressure, temperature, and molar ration of oil-to-methanol was conducted. The statistical analysis reveals that temperature is the most influential process parameter as compared to pressure and oil-to-methanol molar ratio. The optimization study results in the maximum biodiesel yield (94.16%) at an optimum temperature of 274.8 °C, 7.02 bar pressure, and an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 12.43.

This article examines the effects of entropy generation, heat transmission, and mass transfer on the flow of Jeffrey fluid under the influence of solar radiation in the presence of copper nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms, with polyvinyl alcohol–water serving as the base fluid. The impact of source terms such as Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and the exponential heat source is analyzed via a nonlinear elongating surface of nonuniform thickness. The development of an efficient numerical model describing the flow and thermal characteristics of a parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) installed on a solar plate is underway as the use of solar plates in various devices continues to increase. Governing PDEs are first converted into ODEs using a suitable similarity transformation. The resulting higher-order coupled ODEs are converted into a system of first-order ODEs and then solved using the RK 4th-order method with shooting technique. The remarkable impacts of pertinent parameters such as Deborah number, magnetic field parameter, electric field parameter, Grashof number, solutal Grashof number, Prandtl number, Eckert number, exponential heat source parameter, Lewis number, chemical reaction parameter, bioconvection Lewis number, and Peclet number associated with the flow properties are discussed graphically. The increase in the radiation parameter and volume fraction of the nanoparticles enhances the temperature profile. The Bejan number and entropy generation rate increase with the rise in diffusion parameter and bioconvection diffusion parameter. The novelty of the present work is analyzing the entropy generation and solar radiation effects in the presence of motile gyrotactic microorganisms and copper nanoparticles with polyvinyl alcohol–water as the base fluid under the influence of the source terms, such as viscous dissipation, Ohmic heating, exponential heat source, and chemical reaction of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) Jeffrey fluid flow. The non-Newtonian nanofluids have proven their great potential for heat transfer processes, which have various applications in cooling microchips, solar energy systems, and thermal energy technologies.

Nanoparticles play an essential role in biomedical applications. A most promising area in nanomedicine is drug targeting which is done with the aid of magnetized nanoparticles. In this study, the hemodynamics of hybrid nanofluid flow with gold and copper nanoparticles suspended in it is investigated. This research primarily focuses on magnetic drug delivery which is propagated through a tapered stenosed artery under three situations, including converging, diverging, and non-tapering arteries. To explore the rheological characteristics of blood, a Sutterby fluid, which is a non-Newtonian fluid, is postulated. The energy equation also incorporates the effects of the magnetic field and joule heating, as well as the viscous dissipation function. Lubrication theory provides a mathematical framework for model formulation. The hypothesized modeling is simplified to a set of nonlinear differential equations that are then solved using a perturbation method up to the second order of approximation. Graphs are used to describe the outcomes of different evolving parameters. The Sutterby fluid parameter opposes the flow negligibly, whereas the Hartmann number and thermal Grashof number strengthen the flow field. Copper nanoparticles (in the absence of gold nanoparticles) are observed to deplete the thermal profile substantially more than gold nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the thermal profile is enhanced by the presence of both nanoparticles (hybrid nanofluids). For greater values of the Sutterby fluid parameter, the wall shear stress has been observed to rise considerably, whereas the inverse is true for the Hartmann number and the thermal Grashof number. The present results have been improved to give significant information for biomedical scientists who are striving to study blood flow in stenosis situations, as well as for those who will find the knowledge valuable in the treatment of different diseases.

Distillation has relatively low thermodynamic efficiency, so it is a prime target for process intensification studies. The current research aims to study exergy losses in various heat-integrated distillation columns. A conventional industrial-scale i-butane/n-butane fractionator has been selected as a case study for the comparison of the performances of various heat-integrated designs. The Aspen Plus® process simulator is used to perform steady-state simulations and exergy analyses of the conventional distillation column (CDC), internally heat-integrated distillation column (iHIDiC), externally heat-integrated double distillation columns (EHIDDiC), and vapor recompression (VRC) systems. The results of these exergy analyses show that a modified VRC system (ηE = 10.69%) is the most efficient design for this separation. The exergy efficiency of the conventional VRC system is the same as that of the CDC (ηE = 9.27%). The EHIDDiC system (ηE = 9.77%) is somewhat better than the CDC, whereas iHIDiC shows poor exergy efficiency (ηE = 8.09%), even lower than the CDC.

The purpose of this study is to examine the comparative relationship of value-added and conventional financial performance indicators with stock returns of listed companies of Pakistan Stock Exchange. Stock Return (SR) is used as an outcome variable, whereas, for measuring explanatory variables, Traditional Financial Performance indicators includes return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Earnings Per Share (EPS) whereas modern performance indicators is measured through economic value added (EVA), economic value added movement (EVAM), economic value added spread (EVAS). The sample consists of 107 companies and having 856 observations of non-financial sector listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) for the time period 2011 to 2018. Findings reveal that stock returns are more influenced by the value that is created by listed companies for their shareholders than the accounting profits. The study aims at providing useful information for the management, investors, researchers, and regulators.

In the fields of mathematical chemistry, a topological index, also known as a connectivity index, is a type of a molecular descriptor that is calculated based on the molecular graph of a chemical compound. Topological indices are an analytical framework of a graph which portray its topology and are mostly equal graphs. Topological indices (TIs) are numeral quantities that are used to foresee the natural correlation among the physicochemical properties of the chemical compounds in their fundamental network. TIs show an essential role in the theoretical abstract and environmental chemistry and pharmacology. In this paper, we compute many latest developed degree-based TIs. An analogy among the computed different versions of the TIs with the help of the numerical values and their graphs is also included .In this article, we compute the first Zagreb index, second Zagreb index, hyper Zagreb index, ABC Index, GA Index, and first Zagreb polynomial and second Zagreb polynomial of chemical graphs polythiophene, nylon 6,6, and the backbone structure of DNA.

This paper investigates the mobility of cilia in a non-uniform tapered channel in the presence of an induced magnetic field and heat transfer. Thermal radiation effects are included in the heat transfer analysis. The Jeffrey model is a simpler linear model that uses time derivatives rather than convected derivatives as the Oldroyd-B model does; it depicts rheology other than Newtonian. The Jeffrey fluid model is used to investigate the rheology of a fluid with cilia motion. The proposed model examines the behavior of physiological fluids passing through non-uniform channels, which is responsible for symmetrical wave propagation and is commonly perceived between the contraction and expansion of concentric muscles. To formulate the mathematical modeling, the lubrication approach is used for momentum, energy, and magnetic field equations. The formulated linear but coupled differential equations have been solved analytically. Graphs for velocity profile, magnetic force function, induced magnetic field, current density, pressure rise, and heat profile are presented to describe the physical mechanisms of significant parameters. It is found that the eccentricity parameter of the cilia equations opposes the velocity and the magnetic force functions. The thermal radiation decreases the temperature profile while it increases for Prandtl and Eckert numbers. A promising impact of the magnetic Reynolds number and electric field on the current density profile is also observed.

A novel computational approach is developed to investigate the mixed convection, boundary layer flow over a nonlinear elastic (stretching or shrinking) surface. The viscous fluid is electrically conducting, incompressible, and propagating through a porous medium. The consequences of viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and heat sink/source of the volumetric rate of heat generation are also included in the energy balance equation. In order to formulate the mathematical modeling, a similarity analysis is performed. The numerical solution of nonlinear differential equations is accomplished through the use of a robust computational approach, which is identified as the Spectral Local Linearization Method (SLLM). The computational findings reported in this study show that, in addition to being simple to establish and numerically implement, the proposed method is very reliable in that it converges rapidly to achieve a specified goal and is more effective in resolving very complex models of nonlinear boundary value problems. In order to ensure the convergence of the proposed SLLM method, the Gauss–Seidel approach is used. The SLLM’s reliability and numerical stability can be optimized even more using Gauss–Seidel approach. The computational results for different emerging parameters are computed to show the behavior of velocity profile, skin friction coefficient, temperature profile, and Nusselt number. To evaluate the accuracy and the convergence of the obtained results, a comparison between the proposed approach and the bvp4c (built-in command in Matlab) method is presented. The Matlab software, which is used to generate machine time for executing the SLLM code, is also displayed in a table.

Nanofluids have great potential due to their improved properties that make them useful for addressing various industrial and engineering problems. In order to use nanofluids on an industrial scale, it is first important to discuss their rheological behavior in relation to heat transfer aspects. In the current study, the flow characteristics of nanofluids are discussed using a mathematical model that is developed by fundamental laws and experimental data. The data are collected in the form of viscosity versus shear rate for different homogeneous ethylene glycol- (EG) based nanofluids, which are synthesized by dispersing 5–20% nanoparticle concentrations of SiO2, MgO, and TiO2 with diameters of (20–30 nm, 60–70 nm), (20 nm, 40 nm), and (30 nm, 50 nm), respectively. The data are fitted into a rheological power-law model and further used to govern equations of a physical problem. The problem is simplified into ordinary differential equations by using a boundary layer and similarity transformations and then solved through the numerical Runge–Kutta (RK) method. The obtained results in the form of velocity and temperature profiles at different nanoparticle concentrations and diameters are displayed graphically for discussion. Furthermore, displacement and momentum thicknesses are computed numerically to explain boundary-layer growth. The results show that the velocity profile is reduced and the temperature profile is raised by increasing the nanoparticle concentration. Conversely, the velocity profile is increased and the temperature profile is decreased by increasing the nanoparticle diameter. The results of the present investigation regarding heat and mass flow behavior will help engineers design equipment and improve the efficacy and economy of the overall process in the industry.