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The geo-political importance of the Wakhan corridor and itspotential has been understood by many writers in differentways. It has its magnificence of its geographical location and a means ofcommunication as well as a highway for trade. During the Soviet occupationof Afghanistan, the Wakhan corridor remained a strategic post for its forcesand had a pivotal position in the global conflict of the two superpowers inthe early 1980's. It has strategic roads towards Afghanistan, Tajikistan,Sinkiang of China, and the northern belt of Pakistan. Pakistan as well asChina both has larger geo-political and geostrategic interests in this region;along with the U.S. strategic clash with China, it seems that the WakhanCorridor would serve as a testing ground for major land warfare in thecoming years. This paper attempts to analyze the geopolitical and strategicsignificance of the Wakhan Corridor.

All India Muslim League lost 1936 elections which propelled Jinnah to re-organize the party on modern grounds. But the re-organization was not that much efficacious due to the absence of effective checks and balances overworking of provincial branches. Initial endeavors to keep check overworking and organization of the provincial Leagues were short successes on the part of the Central League. The working of the Central Civil Defence Committee accentuated the need for a separate body for such tasks. Jinnah brought his idea to life in 1944 by establishing the Central Committee of Action. This was the most authoritative body after Jinnah having powers to affiliate and disaffiliate provincial branches. Moreover, this body not only re-organized the provincial branches but also settled their intra-party disputes effectively. The working of branches improves substantially due to the committee's initiatives for grassroots level activities. The 1946 elections testified logic behind the formation and its result-oriented working to improve Provincial Leagues.

This article seeks to analyze the discourse around the creation of new provinces in Pakistan. The demand for carving out new federating units is a popular and long-standing proposal in some areas of the country with a long history of ethnic sub-nationalism fuelled by the real and imagined sense of political alienation and economic deprivation. This demand has been raised from time to time based on the distribution of national resources, and on ethnic grounds, and sometimes on the basis of socio-economic backwardness of the relevant areas. The demand for a 'Saraiki Province', 'Bahawalpur Province', 'Hazara Province are some major cases. This case study will focus on the different factors, including, most importantly, the constitutional setup and role of different political parties of Pakistan in the making of new provinces. The Following three basic questions are the major concerns of the rigorous academic endeavour taken up in the paper. First, what has been the basis of demands for the creation of new provinces in Pakistan? Second, what are the main hurdles in making new provinces in Pakistan and what urged the re-demarcation of state in Pakistan? Third, what has been the stance of various political Parties about the creation of new provinces in Pakistan?

The demographic make-up of South Asia has helped reinforce ethnic politics in each country in the region. South Asia is a diverse and vibrant region ethically, culturally, lingual and religiously. The diversity has its own downside in the region as it has been a constant source of tension and strife as well. Sub-nationalism largely revolves around ethnicity, and all-important policy decisions mainly reflect the ethnolinguistic diversity of any society. Various South Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Nepal, Bangladesh, and have practised many sub-nationalist movements, most of them acquired separate political and social identities, and others are still persisting in certain forms. This article seeks to analyze the discourse around subnationalism, ethnic politics, ethnonationalism, and the creation of new federating units in South Asia.

Bioterrorism fear increases after the deliberate release of biological agents at the end of the twentieth century. Letters containing anthrax powder were posted through the U.S. postal system which produces fear among the population. The anthrax assaults after 9/11 made the nation conscious that the public health system is ill-prepared to administer a large-scale emergency. Bioterrorism issue is associated with the deliberate spreading of dangerous diseases thus how comprehensive bioterrorism prevention measures should be taken. Hence, the emergence of bioterrorism has enforced the US administration to transform its national security policy against nontraditional threats. The article shows how bioterror remains a credible threat and poses substantial challenges to the U.S. public health system. Additionally, analysis reveals how resilient public health infrastructure is dominant not only to shielding and enhancing the publics health security but also crucial for the nations security.

The Central Asia South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project (CASA-1000) is a trans-regional project aiming transition of 1300 megawatts hydroelectric power from Central Asian states; Tajikistan and Kyrgyz Republic, to South Asian countries; Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is not merely an energy project transiting electricity but having potential to enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation among participating states beyond the regional level. After its successful completion, the project will help increasing regionalism to connectivity, surge development to mutual trade and serve energy complementary situation to new openings in multidimensional fields. The paper aims to highlight the likely opportunities and benefits of realization of the project.

This article will examine the idea of new states/provinces in India. How India created 16 new states on ethno-lingual, and other lines and accommodate the ethnic groups. The case study of India is focussing on the different factors; including constitutional setup and role of different political parties of India in making of the new state. The following three basic questions investigate the paper’s perspective. First; what has been the basis of demands for the creation of new states in India? Second; what are the main hurdles in the reorganization of state and what urged the redemarcation of states in India? Third; what has been the stance of political Parties about the creation of new states in Indian state?

The paper analyzes the fluctuations in Pak-Afghan relations throughout history and impacts of the foreign powers' involvement in their relations. Both have cultural, economic and historical linkages being Muslim and neighbouring countries. Pakistan always tried to strengthen its relations with Afghanistan but the foreign powers' involvement diminishes their mutual trust level. Pak-Afghan relations have never been constant since beginning, although, there are multiple bondage opportunities between them. Afghan President Hamid Karazai once called both states as "Twin Brothers" who do not afford enmity. Terrorism, Durand Line, cross border insurgency and refugee crisis are the main issues between them and both should develop a mechanism to resolve these issues. This mechanism must be too strong that any third country could not interfere. Both should resolve their issues through dialogue and not to blame each other. Bilateral trade and people to people contacts should be increased to enhance their trust.

This research paper presents an analytical overview of the ChinaPakistan Economic Cooperation Under the umbrella of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. This research study has employed the qualitative method in which secondary sources of data have taken from the existing literature, published and unpublished research works and primary data was collected by conducting interviews of International Relations experts to analyze the significance of Pakistan-Chinas Economic Cooperation and CPEC.

This research paper presents an analytical overview of ChinaPakistan bilateral trade, Free Trade Agreements and Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan. Geo-economics has become a focal point in inter-state relations. Initially, geo-economics was analyzed by the theorists as an element of Geostrategic politics along with other elements for projecting power. According to realists and Neorealists, military power is the primary element of exercising power in global politics. Paul Kennedy was one of the leading scholars who discussed the relation between national power and economic resources of the country in his work entitled; The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.

India and China are now seeing each other as an opportunity rather than a threat. It has been observed that mutual mistrust remains on security and geostrategic issues making both wary of each other's military and economic growth. However, driven by the changing international trends, India and China recognized the need to cooperate for long term interests of regional and global peace and stability as well as their own economic prosperity. This study aims to revisit the issue of security, defense and war in South Asia region with reference to recent agreement in India "Look East" policy. The paper is based on historical evidences. It highlights the dynamics of India China relationship from hostility to detente. Furthermore, the research aims to construct a scenario about impacts of India-China rapprochement policy on regional security and insecurity. Theoretical framework of this paper is taken from Barry Buzan's Regional Security Complex Theory.

Pashtun tribal system is a very unique phenomenon of the entire Pashtuns. Being a complete code of life for most of them. This code guides them in all walks of life. In terms of its genealogy, it is very close to Islam and is considered as code of life for them. The tribal structure of Pashtuns has changed a lot during the last 36 years in which the dominating role of Maliks and tribal elders have been excessively reduced giving place to that of mullah. Soviet intervention in Afghanistan followed by the U.S. intervention was a turning point in changing the entire tribal structure of Pashtuns. The tribal Areas were converted into areas meant for the acts of barbarism, terrorism and extremism and provided sanctuaries to the insurgents.

Pakistan's military establishment defends its prominent role in the society due to the set of complex threats and a series of conflicts which Pakistan has been facing. At the time of its creation, Pakistan found itself in the midst of instability due to the adverse policies of its rival neighbors. Pakistan has the decisive position in the global power politics. The disconcerting situation develop due to the sense of guardianship. The army believes that the civilian government lacks the vision and political insight which enables state to operate the affairs other than the security issues without soliciting military institutions.

You will arrive at a destination after 10, 20 or 30 years from now, but where? Thats is the critical inquiry/question. And the answer could be of two-fold; a well-defined destination, or an ill-defined (chaotic) destination. Its obvious, that definitely everyone would like to arrive at a well-defined one. The same rule applies to the mega project of CPEC. No doubt, CPEC is a great and mega project with the volume greater than any project launched in Pakistan since 1947. It seems to benefit Pakistan and China from various perspectives, thats why its named as a game-changer but the point of concern is for whose. This question needs to be answered not only comprehensively but also partially especially by Pakistani side of leadership and strategists. This is essential for the future survival of Pakistan as a country and Pakistanis as a nation. The current research analyzes the grey areas of concern from the Pakistani perspective by putting the four factual checks; strategic, economic, cultural and security on the mega project of CPEC. The paper further, in detail presents a solution-oriented strategic point of view with appropriate recommendations to be adopted in order to cultivate the fruits of the project effectively and efficiently.

The Middle East encountering a time of dynamic change, testing the universal methodologies of each nearby states. New challenges, opportunities, and dimensions are emerging for the regional and extra-regional states which are driving their foreign policies and making new alliances regionally. Saudi-Iranian relations are one of the most significant competitions characterizing the vital scene of the MENA (the Middle East & North Africa) region. Both states have frequently carried on as genuine opponents, particularly in the Gulf. Saudi Arabia is a territorial business as usual power, while Iran frequently looks for progressive changes all through the Gulf and the more extensive Middle East with shifting notches of power. However, Saudi Arab has strong relations with US and European powers while Iran views the United State as a most hazardous adversary. This article would examine competition of both states through the content analyses and pragmatist approach, and it will develop analytical thinking about methodologies inside the setting of the contention.

This article will examine the idea of new states/provinces in India. How India created 16 new states on ethno-lingual, and other lines and accommodate the ethnic groups. The case study of India is focussing on the different factors; including constitutional setup and role of different political parties of India in making of the new state. The following three basic questions investigate the paper’s perspective. First; what has been the basis of demands for the creation of new states in India? Second; what are the main hurdles in the reorganization of state and what urged the redemarcation of states in India? Third; what has been the stance of political Parties about the creation of new states in Indian state?

This paper explores the nature of conflict that unfolded between the supporters of traditionalist and modernist education in Tsarist Central Asia. The paper explores the viewpoint of each camp and explores the causes of such approach. The paper finds that the conflict or divergence was driven by the desire to ensure the protection of political and economic interests each camp cherished. While status quo offered traditionalists economic security and political power, the new order and industrialization that came to Central Asia in the wake of Tsarist conquests offered modernists a future in which their political power and economic prosperity was ensured. Both camps diverged in rationalizing education as means to sustaining their world view. However, they also converged in their instrumental approach to education. Arguments that each camp offered to support their vision of education are relevant to the debates between the modern and traditional education in the modern Muslim world, especially Pakistan.

Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan is one of the most neglected regions in the world as far as development is concerned. It has been the hub of all sorts of illegal activities including militancy and export of terrorism. Thus, it became inevitable for the government of Pakistan to act against militants through military operations. Over the years, hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced from the tribal areas of the country due to conflicts. Moreover, military operation Zarb-e-Azb has been launched in North Waziristan Agency in June 2014. Apart from its success, the operation displaced around 0.5 million people. This paper evaluates how the influx of these IDPs in the country is affecting the socio-economic situation. Secondly, attention has be paid to gauge the impact of such a huge number of displaced population on the law and order and security situation in the host areas.

In the freedom struggle in British India, Ulama had played a significant role. Ranging from the socio-cultural guidance of the Muslims to leading them politically, they played their role actively in every sphere of life. Starting their active political role in British India in 1803, Ulama continued their struggle till 1947. Darul Uloom-i-Deoband, apparently a religious seminary, was built for the revitalization of Muslim society in India. The Ulama were the pioneers, who initiated the very idea of freedom from the imperial power. The tenderness, dynamism, and catholicity which was created in this movement, in fact, was due to the unending and countless struggle of the Ulama. It is an undeniable fact that the independence movement and the history of the Indo-Pak subcontinent are so mixed-up with the history of Ulama and religious personalities that it is now difficult to separate one from another

China is an emerging superpower expanding its influence all over the world. But Chinas rise is a peaceful one and will be beneficial for the countries that are being involved in the process of development through the BRI. This project is a comprehensive portrait of the complex interdependence between China and the developing economies. China is getting the opportunities to expand its market and to secure its integrity beyond its borders. Emerging China is offering a chance to the developing economies to recover and further promote their economies. The BRI can be a debt quagmire or a ridge rope for the concerned states, depending upon the perception and use of it. Unfortunately, the growing influence of China is troubling the current hegemonic positions. This papers intention is to analyze the reality of the debt trap diplomacy, whether it actually is a trap or is being negatively propagated to contain Chinas rapidly growing power.

Federalism is created by a state having heterogeneous population with a desire to have provisions for adequate distribution of economic resources within a democratic form of government. The economic interaction is usually guaranteed by the constitutional arrangement of the land. The desire for the creation of a federation may be the economic interaction, interdependence on each other by the Centre and federating units. Proper distribution of powers between the Centre and Federating Units flourish when the residuary powers are vested in the federating units. The 18th Constitutional Amendment made a landmark in the history of Pakistan as it introduced a paradigm shift in the democratic set-up of the country. This shift had long been cherished by most of the mainstream political parties as it gives an opportunity to the ruling parties to complete the tenure of the government.

Homozygous Familial Hypercholestrolaemia is a metabolic disorder which usually presents with early cardiac disease ranging from premature ischaemic heart disease, including myocardial infarction to aortic root stenosis, but rarely it may present with earlier anginal symptoms due to supravalvular aortic stenosis. A 17-year old South Asian boy presented himself with chest pain associated with mild to moderate exercise. He was diagnosed as a case of Homozygous Familial Hypercholestrolaemia. His anginal symptoms were due to an underlying supravalvular aortic stenosis lesion which is a rare presentation of Homozygous Familial Hypercholestrolaemia.