Search

Rifampicin nanoparticles (RF NPs) was sunthesized by lyophilization method and characterized by using scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) and atomic force spectroscopy (AFM). It is found that the dimension of the RF NPs was 85.74 nm. An electrochemical measurement approach has been used to examine the effects of various temperature degrees for a range of 30–70 °C on the redox current peaks of RF NPs in the KCl solution as an electrolyte. The results of the electrochemical analysis of RF NPs in KCl solution were obtained by the cyclic voltammetric method to find two oxidation peaks (I,II) at +900 and +225 mV, also two reduction peaks appeared at –680 and –300 mV. They were studied at different temperatures to identify the values of the activation energies (Ea*) of these peaks by Arrhenius equation as well as their thermodynamic values using the Eyring equation to determine the values of Gibbs activation energy (ΔG*), activation enthalpy (ΔH*), and activation entropy (ΔS*). RF NPs were analyzed through the effect of different temperatures on both the oxidation and reduction peaks, which showed that the high temperature leads to a catalytic state as an electrochemicalcatalyst.

This study investigates the effect of aluminum nanoparticles (AL NPs) on vaccines (e.g., poliomyelitis and bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccines). Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the extent of its effect on the blood composition using an in vivo study on blood samples obtained from rabbits injected with poliomyelitic virus and BCG vaccines across a period of four weeks. The oxidation current peaks of the vaccines in the rabbit blood samples were enhanced with increasing doses of AL NPs. AL NPs acted as oxidative reagents to the rabbit blood components.

In computerized tomography (CT-Scan), iodine solution was used as a contrast medium to improve imaging. But the iodine solution has different side effects for patients. In the present work, one of the gold compounds AuCl4 was used as an alternative contrast agent. The study used rabbits in an in vivo method to examine both the organs of the heart and the kidneys. Hounsfield unit (HU) values from computed tomography of rabbit and kidney angiography findings were found and compared with HU values for iodine contrast medium. Iodine solution is the only contrast medium currently used in the present study, gold tetrachloride (AuCl4) solution has been chosen as an alternative contrast medium in computed tomography scanning (CT-scan). It was found that using AuCl4 solution as an alternative contrast medium in rabbits enhanced the CT-scan imaging in the resolution and increasing the of heart and kidney organs in comparison with the iodine compound without any side effects. Rabbit’s heart and kidney were selected to study the effect of using 1.4 M iodine solution and 0.1 M AuCl4 as an alternative contrast medium in CT-scan. The HU value for the heart has 53 HU when used high concentration of Iodine complex, while the HU value at low concentration of alternative contrast medium of 0.1 M of gold compound has 50.5. The same results were found in the kidney organ. From these results, the resolution of the CT image is good and cleared when an alternative contrast medium (AuCl4) used. We can conclude that the alternate contrast medium for AuCl4 solution has high HU values for both heart and kidney compared to iodine solution.

The redox behavior of cinnamon nanoarticles (CNPs) was studied using cyclic volammetry in blood medium on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The redox current peaks of CNPS reactions with blood component were also studied at different concentrations; scan rates, and pH. The stability and reliability of working electrode in blood media were investigation as well. Moreover, the diffusion coefficient values of redox peaks in blood medium was determined from Randles Sevick equation. It was found the CNPs in blood medium have new electrochemical behavior which can use ascorbic acid with CNPs as a treatment in different medicine cases.

Stevia rebaudiana is a plant herb which has good properties for using as an alternative of the glucose sugar. Electrochemical study was used to calculate the limited safety dose by a cyclic voltammetric technique using nano-sensor as modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with carbon nanotubes (CNT) as MWCNT/GCE. The oxidation current peak of stevia compound was appeared in the concentration of 0.4 mM (28 mg/mL), and the reduction current peak appeared at –500 mV, and so it can be concluded that stevia compound is an anti-oxidative sweetener compound at a limited concentration for safety using. Also, the electrochemical properties of the stevia compound were studied in acidic and alkaline pH to accord the oxidative behavior in acidic medium and act as anti-oxidative in alkaline solution.

Iodine solution is the only contrast medium currently used in the computed tomography scan (CT scan) examination. In the present study manganese chloride (MnCl2) solution has been chosen as alternative contrast medium in computed tomography scanning (CT scan). It was found that using MnCl2 solution as an alternative contrast medium in rabbits which enhanced the CT scan imaging in the resolution and increasing the Hounsfield unit (HU) values of heart and kidney organs in comparison with the iodine compound at the same doses. It was chosen the heart and kidney of rabbits to study the effect of using the iodine and MnCl2 solution as alternative contrast medium in CT scan imaging, the following results: the native has 45 HU for heart and 50.1 for kidney organ. While the results of using iodine solution at dose of 3 ml has 83 HU for heart and 164 HU for kidney organ. In the MnCl2 solution which used as alternative of contrast medium has 83 HU for heart and 70.3 HU for kidney at 2.5 ml of 0.5 molar of solution. From these results the resolution of CT scan image has well and clears when using the alternative contrast medium (MnCl2). We can concluded that the alternative contrast medium of MnCl2 solution has good HU values of both heart and kidney comparison with iodine solution.

Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) solution has been chosen as alternative contrast medium in computed tomography scanning (CT-scan). The solution of MgSO4 was a good electrochemical property especially in the blood medium. It was found that MgSO4 in blood medium served as an antioxidant reagent because cyclic voltammogram had only one reduction current peak at 0.9 V, while iodine compounds were used as a common contrast medium in CT-scan; they had two oxidation current peaks in the blood medium at 0.73 V and 0.23 V. In addition, the iodine compounds caused many problems when used as a contrast medium, but they were the only contrast media used for this purpose. It was found that using MgSO4 solution as an alternative contrast medium in rabbits enhanced CT-scan in the resolution and increasing Hounsfield unit (HF) values of kidney and heart organ, as compared with that using iodine compound at the same dose.

Magnesium chloride compound nanoparticles (MgCl2 NPs) were chosen as alternative contrast medium in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The solution of MgCl2 NPs was a good electrochemical property especially in the blood medium. It was found that MgCl2 NPs in blood medium served as an antioxidant reagent because cyclic voltammogram had only one reduction current peak at 0.9 V. Gadolinium compounds were used as a common contrast medium in MRI technique; they had two oxidation current peaks in the blood medium at 0.73 V and 0.23 V. In addition, the gadolinium compounds caused many problems when used as a contrast medium, but they were the only contrast media used for this purpose. It was found that using MgCl2 NPs solution as an alternative contrast medium in rabbits enhanced MR imaging of kidney organ, as compared with that using gadolinium at the same dose.

Ketamine (KN) and xylazine (XZ) are one of the famous anesthesias using for the animal. The electrochemical properties of the KN and XZ compounds in the rabbit blood samples were studied by cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique using glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The study was included different concentrations, pH, scan rates, interferences between them (KN and XZ) and reliability (stability). The oxidation-reduction current peaks was studied of the KN and XZ alone and both (mixed) in the blood medium to determine the effect of these compounds on the blood components. It was found the oxidation- reduction current peaks for mixed of KN and XZ in blood medium at 0.1 and -0.8 V respectively, and the oxidation peak was enhanced in acidic pH (3), while the reduction peaks was enhanced in alkaline pH (8). Also, the mixing of KN and XZ in blood medium was acted to decrease the oxidation peak and enhance the reduction peak, so it can be said that mixing is best to work in the animal state.

Cardamom oil is one of the active herbs used as a treatment in different diseases by the function of the blood serum components. Among the methods used for identification of function group which acted in the human body, the method of electrochemical analysis using cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the effectiveness of cardamom by the oxidation-reduction reaction in the blood medium. Results showed that the cardamom compound presented peaks of oxidation-reduction in the blood serum medium of 0.8 and -0.65 V, respectively. The oxidation peak disappeared in alkaline pH; hence, the cardamom acted as anti-oxidative compound in alkaline medium and with ascorbic acid. But the oxidation peak was enhanced in acidic pH. Other electrochemical parameters of cardamom in blood serum medium were determined, including studies on different scan rates, reliability and stability.

In a new study to identify one of the anti-inflammatory, such as azithromycin and its effects on the composition of blood using one of the methods of electrochemical analysis and converted to nanoparticles using cyclic voltammetry. It was found that azithromycin nanoparticles (AZNPs) has oxidation – reduction current peaks in blood medium at 1 and 0.75 V respectively, these peaks were affected by different pH, the anodic peak was disappeared in alkaline blood medium, while the redox peaks enhanced in acidic blood medium. So, AZNPs acts as anti-oxidant antibiotic in alkaline medium.

Rifampicin (RIF) compound was analyzed by electrochemical study using cyclic voltammetric method to characterize the electrochemical properties in blood medium. Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT) as a high sensitive sensor for using in the electro-analysis of RIF in blood medium. It was found that oxidation and reduction current peaks of RIF in blood medium were at the potential of 0.5 and -0.5 V, respectively. Different concentrations, pH, scan rates, reliability and stability of RIF in blood medium were studied. The diffusion coefficient of oxidation and reduction was determined using the Randles-Seveik equation. The result showed the average value of oxidation and reduction were 2.66 × 10-5 and 8.72 × 10-5 cm2s-1, respectively.

Sky honey (SH), a kind of sweet was studied to identify its uses in human lives and its applications in different areas. Electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize SH in aqueous solution. Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with carbon nanotube (CNT), i.e. CNT/GCE by mechanical attachment method via cyclic voltammetric technique to study the oxidation-reduction current peaks of SH at different electrolytes, concentrations, scan rates, pH and temperatures. Moreover, the study included the reliability and stability of CNT on the GCE surface.

Saffron in aqueous solution was studied via electrochemical analysis with KCl as a supporting electrolyte using cyclic voltammetric technique to determine the redox current peaks at different concentration, pH and scan rate (SR). It was found that an oxidation current peak appeared at potential +268 mV and two reduction current peaks at −282 and −850 mV. The oxidation current peak of saffron disappeared in alkaline medium at pH = 12. An enhancement was observed in acidic medium at pH = 6. Based on Randel equations and by using different scan rates, the diffusion coefficient (Df) for oxidation-reduction current peaks of saffron in KCl solution was determined with nearly equal values as of 1.87×10−5 and 1.12×10−5 cm2/s, respectively. The results indicate a low detection limit of the different concentrations of saffron in KCl solution as determined from the calibration graph, and a high reliability revealed by the relative standard deviation (RSD). Stability of the GCE for oxidation-reduction current peaks was recorded as ± 7.12% and ± 1.04%, respectively.

A new modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with grafted polymer (GP)/SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) were prepared using mechanical attachment method to produce a new sensor in cyclic voltammetric technique. The new working electrode GP/SiO2 NPs/GCE was characterized by a standard solution of 1 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] with 1 M K2HPO4 as an electrolyte to study the redox current peaks of FeⅡ/FeⅢ ions at different concentrations such as scan rate, pH, determination of diffusion coefficient (Df), reliability and stability of the modified GCE. It was found that the new modified electrode enhanced the redox current peaks of FeⅡ/FeⅢ from 12 μA to 20 μA and -5 μA to -15 μA for oxidation and reduction peaks in GCE, repectevely. So, the current ratio (Ipa/Ipc) for the new modified electrode was 1, and the potential peak separation (ΔEpa-c) was 100 mV, which indicated good electrochemical properties as an irreversible electrode and heterogeneous reaction. Good reliability and stability of modified GCE was obseved with low detection limit. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of the nano-deposit was also studied.

A new modified working electrode of glassy carbon electrode with nanoparticles of SiO2 (SiO2 nanoparticles/GCE) was prepared by mechanical attachment method. The modified electrode (SiO2 nanoparticles/GCE) was characterised by electrochemical analysis using cyclic voltammetric technique to evaluate this electrode as nano-sensor. A standard solution of 1 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] with 1 M KCl as an electrolyte was used to study the redox current peaks of FeⅡ/FeⅢ ions on the modified electrode at different concentrations, scan rates, pH, determination of diffusion coefficient (Df), reliability and stability of the modified electrode. It was found the new nano-sensor (SiO2 nanoparticles/GCE) had enhancement for the oxidation and reduction current peak of FeⅡ/FeⅢ ions of about 1.29 and 1.58 μA, respectively. The current ration value of the new modified electrode was Ipa /Ipc = 1.7 with the peak separation of ∆Epa-c = 140 mV, which demonstrated that the new modified electrode acted in electrolyte as irreversible and heterogeneous reaction, had low detection limit, and enhanced the redox current peaks in acidic pH with good reliability and stability of nanoparticles on the surface of GCE.

For the first time, one of the antibiotic nanoparticles such as a classical form of ampicillin trihydrate compound was studied. The electrochemical behavior of ampicillin nanoparticles was investigated in blood medium using cyclic voltammetric technique by glassy carbon electrode. The results showed that the oxidation-reduction current peaks of ampicillin nanoparticles in blood medium were different from that of microparticles. The nanoparticles acted as anti-oxidative antibiotic by making the oxidation current peak at 1 V disappear, while the oxidation peak of microparticles still appeared in blood medium; hence, ampicillin at microform acted as oxidative reagent in blood medium. A good reliability and stability of glassy carbon electrode in blood medium was found with low values of RSD for oxidation-reduction current peaks at ±0.52% and ±0.038% respectively. Scanning electron microscopy for the characterization of ampicillin trihydrate nanoparticles was studied.

Lead is considered a key element in causing autism disease in children due to the pollution of this dangerous element to human. The aim of this research is to obtain a chemical compound with the effect of inhibiting the oxidation of lead ions on the brain that causes the autism disease. Cyclic voltammetric technique was used to study the effect of interferences between lead ions with selected elements such as Mn(II), Mg(II), Zn(II), Ca(II), PO4-3 and Co(II) in blood medium. Multi wall carbon nano tube (MWCNT) which was modified with glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used as a working electrode sensor in cyclic voltammetric method. The results showed that the oxidation and reduction current peaks of Pb(II) ions in the blood medium appeared at -0.2 and -0.8 V respectively. It was found that Co(II) ions had a significant effect on the Pb(II) ions in blood medium as anti-oxidative reagent by reducing the anodic current peak of Pb(II) with five folds and enhancing the cathodic current peak. But other ions such as Mn(II), Mg(II), Zn(II), Ca(II) and PO4-3 reduced both redox current peaks of Pb(II) in blood medium. It means that Co(II) ions acted as a good anti-oxidative reagent in blood medium which reduced the effect of lead ions on brain cells by the blood stream. Hence, cobalt compounds could be used as drugs for treatment of the autism disease in children.

Cyclic voltammetric technique using glassy carbon electrode of cobalt chloride Co(Ⅱ) was studied in blood medium for the effect of ascorbic acid as an electrocatalyst reagent on the oxidation reduction current peaks of Co(Ⅱ). It was found that the two oxidation reduction current peaks for Co(Ⅱ) in 0.1M KCl as electrolyte were at 900 and 250 mV respectively. In the study of Co(Ⅱ) in blood medium the result was different, in that the reduction current peak disappeared and the oxidation current peak shifted to a higher potential at 1.4 V. The other study for the effects of different concentrations of ascorbic acid on the anodic current peak of Co(Ⅱ) in blood medium showed an enhancement of the oxidation current peak about three times and the ascorbic acid acted as an electrocatalyst in blood components which caused damage to blood cells.

Gadolinium compounds have been used as a common contrast media in MRI technique; however, they have oxidation-reduction current peaks in blood medium. To propose a solution for this problem, the alternative of contrast media in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was studied by electrochemical method using cyclic voltammetric technique. Magnesium compound was chosen such as MgCl2 which has a good electrochemical properties especially in blood medium. It was found that Mg (Ⅱ) ions in blood medium acted as an antioxidative reagent. The results of this study focused on the effect of magnesium chloride ions in normal saline, KCl solution and blood medium in presence with ascorbic acid (AA) and folic acid (FA) and understanding the redox current peaks of Mg (Ⅱ) ions in these conditions. We obtained good results by using MgCl2 solution as an alternative contrast medium in MRI technique instead of using of gadolinium compounds.

Electrochemical of redox current peaks of lead sulphate PbSO4 was studied in blood medium in present of different reagents such as ascorbic acid (AA), glucose, urea, and uric acid using cyclic voltammetric technique at glassy carbon electrode (GCE). It was found that Pb(Ⅱ) ions in aqueous electrolyte (0.1 M KCl) have oxidation current peak at -540 mV and reduction current peak at -600 mV. But, it was different electrochemical properties of the redox current peaks of Pb(Ⅱ) ions in blood medium, the reduction current peak was disappearing and the oxidation current peak was enhanced. Also, in the different reagents (glucose, AA, urea and uric acid) causes an enhancement of the oxidation current peak and reducing of the reduction current peak or disappearing. It means that the reagents (glucose, AA, urea and uric acid) were oxidative effective in the blood component for the lead ions in the damage the blood cells.

A crylonitrile was grafted on polystyrene and modified with nano materials such as CNT, C60 and activated carbon using gamma-irradiation technique. This process was carried out at various gamma doses 0.2-1.5 Mrad (0.002-0.015 MGry) and used different percentage (w/w %) of monomer (Acrylonitrile) and catalyst ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS). The new grafted polymer modified with nanometrials has good physical and chemical properties of hardness, insolubility, and stability. Also the sensitivity under conditions of cyclic voltammetry is significantly dependent on pH, electrolyte and scan rate. The grafted polymer modified with nano materials was used in different applications in electrochemistry such as in cyclic voltammetric technique by fabrication of working electrodes from these materials as a substitute of glassy carbon electrode, platinum electrode, gold electrode…etc. and self modified these electrodes with nanomaterials.