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H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, poses an ongoing and significant threat to global public health, primarily due to its potential to cause severe respiratory illness and high mortality rates in humans. Despite extensive efforts in vaccination and antiviral therapy, H5N1 continues to exhibit high mutation rates, resulting in recurrent outbreaks and the emergence of drug‐resistant strains. Traditional antiviral therapies, such as neuraminidase inhibitors and M2 ion channel blockers, have demonstrated limited efficacy, necessitating the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. Proteolysis‐targeting chimeras (PROTACs) emerge as a novel and promising approach, leveraging the ubiquitin‐proteasome system to selectively degrade pathogenic proteins. Unlike conventional inhibitors that only block protein function, PROTACs eliminate the target protein, providing a sustained therapeutic effect and potentially reducing the development of resistance. This paper offers a comprehensive examination of the current landscape of H5N1 infections, detailing the pathogenesis and challenges associated with existing treatments. It further explores the mechanism of action, design, and therapeutic potential of PROTACs in inhibiting H5N1. By targeting essential viral proteins, such as hemagglutinin and the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase complex, PROTACs hold the potential to revolutionize the treatment of H5N1 infections, offering a new frontier in antiviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy with a high mortality rate, necessitating innovative treatment strategies. PROTACs (PROteolysis Targeting Chimeras) represent a promising therapeutic approach by targeting and degrading oncogenic proteins via the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway. This study explores the potential of using exosomes as delivery vehicles for PROTACs to enhance treatment efficacy. Exosomes, due to their biocompatibility and inherent targeting capabilities, offer a precise method for delivering PROTACs to CRC cells, potentially overcoming challenges associated with traditional therapies such as drug resistance and off‐target effects. By harnessing the advantages of both exosome‐based delivery and PROTAC technology, this approach aims to improve targeted protein degradation and therapeutic outcomes in CRC treatment. Further research is required to optimize exosome engineering, ensure efficient PROTAC loading, and validate the safety and efficacy of this novel therapeutic strategy through preclinical and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents due to their natural ability to deliver biomolecules and traverse biological barriers. However, their limited targeting specificity and payload capacity necessitate modifications for improved therapeutic efficacy. Click chemistry, known for its high specificity, efficiency, and mild reaction conditions, offers an innovative solution for modifying exosomal surfaces. This technique enables precise attachment of targeting ligands, imaging agents, and therapeutic molecules, enhancing the targeting, delivery, and overall effectiveness of exosome‐based therapies. By addressing cancer heterogeneity, click chemistry‐modified exosomes can target diverse cancer cell populations within tumors, improving treatment specificity and reducing drug resistance. The development of copper‐free click chemistry, such as strain‐promoted azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), minimizes toxicity, ensuring biocompatibility and safety. As research progresses, this approach holds great promise for personalized and effective cancer treatment, paving the way for next‐generation therapeutics and diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) significantly increases the risk of various cancers due to chronic immune suppression and viral oncogenes. Traditional therapies, including antiretroviral therapy (ART), chemotherapy, and radiation, often face limitations such as drug resistance and systemic toxicity. PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a promising approach for targeted protein degradation, offering significant advantages over conventional treatments. However, effective delivery remains a challenge. This paper explores the innovative use of tear exosome‐based delivery systems for PROTACs in treating HIV‐mediated cancers. Tear exosomes, due to their natural origin, biocompatibility, and inherent targeting capabilities, present a novel and effective platform for delivering PROTACs, enhancing therapeutic specificity and reducing adverse effects. Integrating the unique properties of tear exosomes with the therapeutic potential of PROTACs could revolutionize the treatment of HIV‐mediated cancers by overcoming current therapeutic challenges and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the emerging potential of exosome-based therapy combined with Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) technology for the treatment of Human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical cancer. Topics discussed include the advantages of exosomes as natural delivery vehicles; the mechanism by which PROTACs degrade target proteins; and the synergistic approach of using exosomes to enhance the targeted delivery and efficacy of PROTACs.

The global fight against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and related viral infections stands at a pivotal juncture, demanding groundbreaking therapeutic strategies. Facing the challenges of existing antiviral treatments, such as viral resistance and nonspecific actions, this paper unveils a transformative approach. We introduce an innovative synergy between proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and exosome-based delivery mechanisms, heralding an innovative era in combating HIV and similar viral diseases. PROTACs emerge as a trailblazing solution, strategically targeting and decomposing crucial viral proteins, and thus, obstructing viral replication and diminishing pathogenesis. Complementing this, the use of exosome-based delivery systemsnature's own nanoscale couriersensures the precise and effective transportation of these dynamic chimeras directly to infected cells and viral reservoirs. This synergistic strategy is not just a leap forward in HIV therapy; it represents a paradigm shift in antiviral interventions at large. The path to realizing the full potential of these avant-garde technologies lies in sustained research investments, cross-disciplinary collaborations, and rigorous safety and efficacy trials. By channeling these efforts toward HIV, a cornerstone in global health research, we are not just envisioning but actively forging path-breaking advancements in antiviral therapeutics. This represents more than scientific progress; it is a beacon of hope, promising to significantly uplift the lives of those battling these formidable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a pivotal frontier in oncology, playing a central role in the metastatic cascade of cancer—a leading global health challenge. This comprehensive review delves into the complexities of EMT, a process where cancer cells gain exceptional mobility, facilitating their invasion into distant organs and the establishment of secondary malignancies. We thoroughly examine the myriad of factors influencing EMT, encompassing transcription factors, signalling pathways, metabolic alterations, microRNAs, long non‐coding RNAs, epigenetic changes, exosomal interactions and the intricate dynamics of the tumour microenvironment. Particularly, the review emphasises the advanced stages of EMT, crucial for the development of highly aggressive cancer phenotypes. During this phase, cancer cells penetrate the vascular barrier and exploit the bloodstream to propagate life‐threatening metastases through the mesenchymal–epithelial transition. We also explore EMT's significant role in fostering tumour dormancy, senescence, the emergence of cancer stem cells and the formidable challenge of therapeutic resistance. Our review transcends a mere inventory of EMT‐inducing elements; it critically assesses the current state of EMT‐focused clinical trials, revealing both the hurdles and significant breakthroughs. Highlighting the potential of EMT research, we project its transformative impact on the future of cancer therapy. This exploration is aimed at paving the way towards an era of effectively managing this relentless disease, positioning EMT at the forefront of innovative cancer research strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]