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Attraction water for fishways is typically introduced through a diffuser inside the entrance channel, often through the floor or wall. In the spring of 2019, this laboratory study examined how 151 adult American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) responded to different gross velocities through a wall diffuser inside a full-scale fishway entrance channel. Two velocity conditions were studied, 0.152 m/s and 0.305 m/s, both without turning vanes inside the auxiliary water channel. The fish were tracked using the passive integrated transponder telemetry technique. The results of the experiments showed no difference in American Shad behavior when exhibited to the low and high velocity treatments. Moreover, shad passed the diffuser in roughly 3 out of every 4 attempts, regardless of the treatment. However, the similarity in shad behavior and passage performance is believed to be more of a result of the similarity in flow fields that resulted from the lack of flow guidance devices inside the auxiliary water channel. These findings therefore highlight the importance of properly maintained flow guidance devices, an often-overlooked component of an auxiliary water system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a respiratory complication associated with neonatal prematurity, presents opportunities for pharmacological intervention due to its contributing risk factors. Despite diuretics' controversial usage in BPD treatment and varying institutional practices, this review aims to consolidate evidence from clinical trials regarding diuretic use in BPD. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, searching EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science and CINAHL databases (PROSPERO 2022: CRD42022328292). Covidence facilitated screening and data extraction, followed by analysis and formatting in Microsoft Excel. Results: Among 430 screened records, 13 were included for analysis. Three studies assessed spironolactone and chlorothiazide combinations, two studied spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide, while eight examined furosemide. All studies evaluated drug effects on dynamic pulmonary compliance and pulmonary resistance, serving as comparative measures in our review. Conclusion: Diuretics' effectiveness in treating bronchopulmonary dysplasia remains uncertain. The limited number of identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) hampers high‐level evidence‐based conclusions when applying the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) approach. Conducting large prospective studies of good quality could provide more definitive insights, but the rarity of outcomes and eligible patients poses challenges. Further research, primarily focusing on RCTs assessing diuretics' safety and efficacy in this population, is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the movement, direction, and shape of sand dunes can contribute to reducing their impact on infrastructure and the environment. The Rub' al Khali desert has a distribution of dune types. This study aims to identify and map the different types of dunes within the Rub' al Khali using a texture analysis method based on a digital elevation model (DEM). Statistical texture analysis methods (variance, skewness, and kurtosis) show three different textures of sand dune shapes, according to the geography of the dunes, using data contained in global DEMs. The analysis presented in this study focused on the use of DEMs to investigate the varied dune morphology within the Rub' al Khali. The GMTED2010 and EarthEnv_DEM90 digital elevation models were compared. Spatial variability in dune height, spatial variability in dune texture, and profile graphs were created to examine dune surfaces in cross-section. The results provided six different dune types within the sand sea: giant compound linear dunes, simple linear dunes, simple transverse dunes, compound crescentic dunes (megabarchans), huge star dunes, and many transitional forms that defy classification. The results showed that the compound linear dune and simple linear dune were the dominant dune types, covering 41.61% and 31.7% of the total study area, respectively. The maps of variance, using either 10 × 10 and 30 × 30 focal blocks, produced a fairly sharp distinction in dune texture. It is hoped that future research in aeolian geomorphology will greatly benefit from these results, which could easily be expanded with the use of more sophisticated pattern recognition software, which clearly shows the value of using such an approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]