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The possibility of biofilms on otitis media with effusion was reviewed. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Google, and Google Scholar search engines between 1975 and 2024. Articles dealing with "otitis media with effusion", "children", "treatment", "pathophysiology", "ventilation tube", or "biofilms" were located through a search engine and retrieved through a query. A middle ear effusion, which can be either mucoid or serous and is not purulent, is a hallmark of OME. The eustachian tube disruption, age, and environmental factors have all been linked to OME. Inflammation, infection, effusion, and tissue hyperplasia are common pathways that might lead to OME, suggesting that it is a complex disorder. Whether attached to living or nonliving surfaces, biofilms comprise a collection of microbial cells surrounded by a matrix formed by the cells. This matrix accounts for about 90% of the dry mass of the biofilm. Microbiological biofilms evade both the host immune system and antibiotics. The fact that 70% of OME cultures are sterile has been known for a long time. Numerous data point to the ineffectiveness of antibiotic treatment in OME, suggesting that biofilm is responsible for the disease's chronic nature. The present high rate of further surgery can be reduced by exploring new therapeutic options made possible by comprehending the function of biofilms in the genesis of OME. The most effective way to eliminate biofilms in the middle ear is to provide antibiotics locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES. We investigated whether there were atrophic changes in grey matter (pons, midbrain, and thalamus) in migraine patients. Vertebral artery diameters were also evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The cranial MRI images of 49 adult migraine-diagnosed patients and 49 adult subjects with normal cranial MRI results were included in the study. In both groups, pons, midbrain, and thalamus volumes, as well as vertebral artery diameters were measured. RESULTS. There were no significant differences between pons, midbrain, bilateral thalamus volumes and vertebral artery diameters of the migraine and control groups (p>0.05). In the right-sided migraine group, the right thalamus volume was significantly lower than the contralateral side (p<0.05). In the left-sided migraine group, the left thalamus volume was non-significantly lower than the contra-lateral side (p>0.05). In the right-sided and left-sided migraine groups, left vertebral artery diameters were significantly higher than those on the right side (p<0.05). In older migraine patients, pons and midbrain volumes decreased (p<0.05). In longer migraine duration, pons volume decreased (p<0.05). In aura-present migraine patients, right vertebral artery diameters decreased (p<0.05). CONCLUSION. We concluded that migraine is related to grey matter atrophy in terms of thalamus atrophy on the migraine side. Pons atrophy in longer migraine, and pons and midbrain atrophy in older migraine patients were also detected. Therefore, during the follow-up of the migraine patients, grey matter atrophy should be examined by MRI, and treatment to prevent migraine attacks should be planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES. Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) is a condition that involves the non-cancerous growth of the inner part of the frontal bone. We investigated diffuse HFI in cranial CT in terms of bone thickness and density. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The cranial CT images of 154 adult patients with diffuse HFI and 151 adult patients without HFI were included in the study. Bone thickness measurements were performed at vertex, frontal tuberosity and frontal sinus levels in the midline, right and left lateral parts. Density measurements were also performed in the same areas. In the HFI group, measurements were performed at the HFI and non-HFI regions. In the control group, density measurements were also performed. RESULTS. HFI was detected more in females (96.1%). In diffuse HFI patients, bone thickness values increased at the vertex, frontal tuberosity and frontal sinus levels (p<0.05). Bone densities of the HFI parts increased at vertex and frontal tuberosity levels (p<0.05). In the HFI group, there were positive correlations between bone thicknesses (p<0.05). As bone thicknesses increased, bone density values decreased (p<0.05). In older patients, frontal tuberosity and frontal sinus bone densities decreased (p<0.05). CONCLUSION. HFI may be one of the reasons for headaches in females. In the future, it would be better to investigate the relationship between HFI and headaches. The physicians should notice that increased bone thickness may be the sign of the HFI and they should consult with the Radiology Department. When HFI is detected, an endocrinological assessments will also be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES. In this paper, we reviewed cough and herbal therapies. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Research methods included searching online databases such as Google, Google Scholar, ProQuest Central, and PubMed at Kirikkale University. We used terms like "cough", "herbal", "reflex", "Primula veris", "Primula elatior", "Thymus vulgaris", "Althea Officinalis", and "Mentha piperita" to find related articles. RESULTS. Coughing is a reflex that serves a legitimate physiological purpose by expelling fluids and debris from the lungs. Herbal teas and preparations with antioxidant and expectorant properties are made from medicinal herbs like Primula veris and Primula elatior. The phenolic monoterpene thymol, one of the primary components of thyme oil, is found primarily in thyme plants. Both thymol and thyme essential oil have lengthy histories of usage in conventional medicine, particularly for their upper respiratory system-targeted expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiseptic properties. Historically, people have turned to the plant Althaea officinalis for help with treating respiratory issues, like cough. Officinalis extracts alone for dry cough therapy, while A. officinalis was more effective when combined with Zataria multiflora, Zingiber officinale, or Helix hedera. Furthermore, all types of coughs benefited from officinalis. One of the most popular types of herbal tea, known as a tisane, is peppermint, or Mentha piperita. Peppermint essential oil and tea made from the plant's leaves have long histories of usage in alternative medicine. Some studies have found that peppermint may have antiallergenic properties in addition to its antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. CONCLUSION. Cough is a persistent symptom of many acute and chronic illnesses. Primula veris, Thymus vulgaris, Althaea Officinalis, and Mentha piperita are some herbs used to treat cough. Cough patients can supplement their standard medical care with herbal remedies that contain these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES. We investigated the effect of vitamin D3 deficiency on peripheral and central odor centres by using cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, cranial MRI images of 23 adolescents with vitamin D3 deficiency and 18 adolescents with normal vitamin D3 levels (≥ 20 ng/ml) were evaluated. Blood tests for vitamin D3, B12, hemoglobin and calcium levels were also taken from the database of our hospital. Peripheral odor centers, olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth, and also central odor centers, insular gyrus and corpus amygdala area were measured on cranial MRI. RESULTS. The insular gyrus and corpus amygdala area were not different between the study group with vitamin D3 deficiency and the control group (p>0.05). There was no difference between OB volume of the study and control groups (p>0.05). Although the right insular area was lower in girls than males (p<0.05), there was no correlation between OB volume and gender (p>0.05). Higher hemoglobin levels were related to higher OB volume on the right side (p<0.05). CONCLUSION. In the group with vitamin D3 deficiency, olfactory bulb volume of the left side was asymmetrically larger than the one on the right side. Therefore, the measurements of vitamin D3 should be performed in adolescents, and the patients with the vitamin D3 levels of < 20 ng/ml should be supplemented with medical treatment and reinforcing vitamin D synthesis by the exposure of sunlight more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]