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Proses penularan Covid 19 disebabkan oleh pengeluaran droplet yang mengandung virus Severe acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ke udara oleh pasien terinfeksi pada saat batuk atau bersin. Droplet di udara selanjutnya dapat terhirup oleh manusia lain di dekatnya yang tidak terinfeksi Covid 19 melalui hidung ataupun mulut. Namun sayangnya kurangnya dukungan keluarga dan Kurangnya tingkat pengetahuan serta pemahaman masyarakat terkait manfaat dan resiko dari vaksinasi, menajadi salah satu penyebab ketidakpercayaan masyarakat terhadap vaksin Covid 19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga dalam kepatuhan vaksin sinovac 1 dan 2 pada masa pendemi Covid 19 di Desa Sapek Kecamatan Setia Bakti Kabupaten Aceh Jaya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif korelasi dengan desain cross sectional study. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada tanggal 23 maret s/d 3 april 2022. Populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh masyarakat desa Sapek dimulai dari usia 12-60 tahun yang bisa di vaksin, teknik pengambilan sampel proporsional sampling yang berjumlah 83 orang. Pengumpulan data mengggunakan data primer. Analisis menggunakan chi square test, teknik analisa univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan pengetahuan (p=0,006) dan dukungan keluarga (p=0,033) dengan kepatuhan vaksin sinovac 1 dan 2 pada masa pendemi Covid 19. Dapat ditarik kesimpulan terdapat hubungan pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga dengan kepatuhan vaksin sinovac 1 dan 2 pada masa pendemi Covid 19. Diharapkan kepada keluarga untuk dapat menambah informasi mengenai vaksin Covid-19 dengan bertanya kepada petugas kesehatan dan tidak termakan informasi hoax, sehingga dapat memahami bahwa reaksi paska vaksin bukanlah hal yang berbahaya.

Description of Geocenamus persici n. sp. (Fig. 1���4) Measurement. See Table 1. Female. Body ventrally arcuate or C-shape after heat relaxation. Lateral field with six incisures, outer bands sometimes irregularly areolated. Under SEM, Body annuli are clearly defined and divided into blocks. Labial region dome-shaped, slightly offset with the body contour and bearing five annuli. The en face view showed a nearly hexagonal labial disc surrounded by the dorsal, ventral sectors, and amphidial apertures. Cephalic framework weak, not refractive. Stylet well-developed and robust with rounded knobs. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located close to stylet base ca 1.9���2.0 ��m. Deirids lacking. Median bulb ovate with bean-shaped valve plates. Isthmus slender encircled with nerve ring. Pharyngeal basal bulb saccate, abutting intestine. Excretory pore located in the anterior region of basal pharyngeal bulb. Hemizonid 2���3 annuli long and 0���3 annuli anterior to excretory pore. Reproductive system didelphic with the ovaries outstretched having single row of oocytes. Vulva lips simple, not protuberant; epiptygma minute, double, sunken in vulval cavity under light microscope, clearly visible under SEM observation; vaginal wall thickened at anterior end. Spermatheca bilobed, spherical, offset, filled with rounded sperm cells. Tail long, cylindrical, gradually tapers to rounded, striated terminus. Anus slit like, indistinct, phasmids located in anterior one-third region of tail, ca 12% to 38% posterior to anus. Male. Common and are similar to females except for the sexual dimorphism. Gonad located on the right side of the intestine and outstretched. Body length and width observed to be shorter than the females. Reproductive system composed of anteriorly outstretched single testis. Spicule curved, 24���30 ��m long. Gubernaculum saucer shaped. Bursa encircle the entire tail. Phasmid located 20 to 40% posterior to cloaca. Type host and locality. The type specimens were extracted from the rhizosphere of the peach tree (Prunus persica L.), Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, on April 25 th, 2021. The geographical position of the sampling site is 11955'51" E; 3048'46" N. Etymology. The species was found in association with the peach tree (Prunus persica), hence the specific epithet is derived from the scientific name of the host. Type-material. Holotype female, 15 females, and 15 male paratypes (slide number ZJU-33-01-ZJU-33-08) were deposited in the nematode collection of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Five female and five male paratypes (slide number HZ-01-HZ-04) were deposited at the USDA nematode collection, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. The new species binomial has been registered in the ZooBank database (zoobank.org) under the identifier: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 653A67A4-92E5-4CA8-BCC0-9AC5D4DFC6C3. Diagnosis and relationships. Geocenamus persici n. sp. can be characterized by females having annulated cuticle with 30���36 longitudinal striae. The lip region dome-shaped and slightly offset from the rest of the body contour. The stylet is slender, 19���22 ��m long with rounded knobs; the excretory pore is located at the anterior region of the basal pharyngeal bulb; the vulva is a transverse slit, epiptygma present; the tail is finely annulated and cylindrical having a rounded terminus; male is similar in appearance to that of female; spicule curved 24���31 ��m long, gubernaculum is saucer-shaped; bursa encircles the entire tail. Based on the similar morphology of longitudinal striae and stylet length, Geocenamus persici n. sp. is compared with G. brevicaudatus, G. chengi, G. conicaudatus Ghaderi & Karegar, 2016, G. quadrifer (Andr��ssy, 1954) Brzeski, 1991, G. rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Brzeski, 1991, and G. tartuensis (Krall, 1959) Brzeski, 1991. From G. brevicaudatus, it can be differentiated by the shape of lip region (dome-shaped vs hemispherical), fewer lip annuli (5 vs 5���6), shorter stylet of female (20 (19���21) vs 22���25 ��m), longer female tail (65 (54���78) vs 25���43 ��m), more tail annuli (30���45 vs 14���20), higher c��� value (3.6 (3.1���4.7) vs 1.3���2.1), and the position of phasmids (anterior vs middle of tail). From G. chengi, it can be differentiated by fewer lip annuli (5 vs 5���6), shorter stylet of female (20 (19���21) vs 20���23 ��m), the shape of female tail (cylindrical with broadly rounded terminus vs conical, ending as bluntly pointed terminus), and shorter tail length (65 (54���78) vs 76���92 ��m), shorter hyaline terminal region of the female tail (4���5.5 vs 16���21 ��m), lower c��� value (3.6 (3.1���4.7) vs 4.6 (4.2���5.5)) and longer spicule (24���32 vs 22���25 ��m). From G. conicaudatus, it can be differentiated by the shape of lip region (dome-shaped vs hemispherical), fewer lip annuli (5 vs 5���6), longer stylet of female (20 (19���21) vs 16.5���19.8 ��m), the shape of female tail (cylindrical with broadly rounded terminus vs conical), longer female tail (65 (54���78) vs 39���65 ��m), more tail annuli (30���45 vs 20���30), higher c��� value (3.6 (3.1���4.7) vs 2.6���3.3) and tail annulated (vs non-annulated). From G. quadrifer, it can be differentiated by the shape of lip region (dome-shaped vs variable), deirids absent (vs present), shorter pharynx length (130 (115���151) vs 126���183 ��m), longer female tail (65 (54���78) vs 32���49 ��m), more tail annuli (30���45 vs 17���27), higher c��� value (3.6 (3.1���4.7) vs 1.6���2.7), tail annulated (vs non-annulated), and the position of phasmids (anterior vs middle of tail). From G. rugosus, it can be differentiated by longer female body (940 (807���1103) vs 640���930 ��m), the shape of lip region (dome-shaped vs variable), fewer lip annuli (5 vs 5���8), shorter stylet of the female (20 (19���21) vs 20���25 ��m), shorter pharynx length (130 (115���151) vs 151���178 ��m), longer female tail (65 (54���78) vs 43���60 ��m), more tail annuli (30���45 vs 19���37), higher c��� value (3.1���4.7 vs 2.2���4.0), and tail annulated (vs non-annulated). From G. tartuensis, it can be differentiated by the labial framework (non-refractive vs refractive), fewer lip annuli (5 vs 5���6), female stylet (20 (19���21) vs 18���24 ��m), shorter pharynx length (130 (115���151) vs 138���182 ��m), more tail annuli (35���45 vs 22���33), higher c��� value (3.0���4.7 vs 2.1���3.5), tail annulated (vs non-annulated), and abundant males (vs male rare). Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationship. Geocenamus persici n. sp. was molecularly characterized using partial 18S rRNA, D2-D3 region of 28S rRNA, and ITS sequences. The newly obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank with the accessions numbers OL481778 ��� OL481779 for 18S, OL48174��� OL481777 for 28S, and OL481780 ��� OL481785 for ITS. All the 18S and 28S sequences of the Geocenamus persici n. sp. are identical respectively, whereas the ITS sequences showed slight intraspecific variation, i.e. 99 % similarity (0���1 bp difference). The 18S tree (Fig. 5) was constructed from 46 Merliniinae taxa with Tylenchorhynchus zeae Sethi & Swarup, 1968 (KJ461619) and Tylenchorhynchus microphasmis Loof, 1960 (AY593903) as outgroup species. Geocenamus persici n. sp. clustered with G. chengi (MN983268 ��� MN983270) and G. quadrifer (AY993977, AY284599), whereas the other members of subfamily Merliniinae arranged in separate clades with relatively independent interspecific relationships. The alignment of D2-D3 region of 28S rDNA sequences contained 51 sequences including the sequences from outgroup taxa Coslenchus costatus (de Man) Siddiqi, 1978, Tylenchorhynchus ventrosignatus Tobar-Jimnez, 1969 (MT089940) and Tylenchorhynchus mediterraneus Handoo, Palomares-Rius, Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Liebanas, Subbotin & Castillo, 2014 (KU517198) (Fig. 6). In this tree, the new species grouped with G. chengi (MN983258 ��� MN983260) and G. vietnamensis Nguyen, Linh-Le, Nguyen, Liebanas, Duong-Nguyen & Trinh, 2019 (MH191361) forming a well-supported molecular clade. In the ITS tree (Fig. 7), this new species clade occupies basal position and exhibits a sister relationship with G. chengi (MN983263 ��� MN983264, MN983267) and G. vietnamensis (MH191362). In all the trees, Geocenamus persici n. sp. appeared as a unique species and showed a sister relationship with G. chengi but with significant morphological differences. The sequence identities of the new species with G. chengi are 98% (34 nucleotides, 16 indels differences) for 18S, 98% (12 nucleotides, 2 indels differences) for 28S, and 95% for ITS (32 nucleotides, 5 indels differences)., Published as part of Zhang, Chenying, Munawar, Maria, Castillo, Pablo, Han, Shaojie & Zheng, Jingwu, 2022, Morphological and molecular characterization of Geocenamus persici n. sp. (Nematoda: Merliniinae) from China, pp. 585-599 in Zootaxa 5100 (4) on pages 587-594, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5100.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6225118, {"references":["Ghaderi, R. & Karegar, A. (2016) One new and three known species of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4079 (2), 151 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4079.2.1","Andrassy, I. (1954) Drei neue Arten aus der Superfamilies Tylenchoidea. Nematologische Notizen 3. Annales Biologicae Universitatum Hungariae, 2, 9 - 15.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Taxonomy of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nemata: Belonolaimida). Nematologica, 37, 125 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529291 X 00169","Siddiqi, M. R. (1963) Four new species in the subfamily Tylenchinae (Nematoda) from north India. Zeitscrift fur Parasitenkunde, 23, 397 - 404. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00331239","Krall, E. L. (1959) New and rare nematodes (Nematoda, Tylenchida) with description of hermaphroditism in the genus Aphelenchoides. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Estonia, SSR, 8, 190 - 197.","Sethi, C. L. & Swarup, G. (1968) Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Northwestern India. I. The genus Tylenchorhynchus. Nematologica, 14, 77 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00660","Loof, P. A. A. (1960) Miscellaneous notes on the genus Tylenchorhynchus (Tylenchinae: Nematoda). Nematologica, 4, 294 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529259 X 00507","Siddiqi, M. R. (1978) The unusual position of the phasmids in Coslenchus costatus (de man, 1921) gen. n. comb. n. and other Tylenchidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 24, 449 - 455. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529278 X 00597","Nguyen, H. T., Linh-Le, T. M., Nguyen, T. H., Liebanas, G., Duong-Nguyen, T. A. & Trinh, Q. P. (2019) Description of Geocenamus vietnamensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Merliniidae) from Vietnam. Journal of Nematology, 51, (e 2019 - 25), 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / jofnem- 2019 - 025"]}

Summary Cryphodera japonicum n. sp., detected at Ningbo port, China, from the rhizosphere of imported Japanese Podocarpus macrophyllus, is described. The new species is characterised by females with a globose body, protruding vulval lips, slightly concave anus-vulva profile, a stylet length of 37.2 (31.1-41.3) μm and a vulva-anus distance of 38.1 (34.7-44.1) μm. Males possess two lip annuli, a stylet length of 27 (22.5-30.6) μm long, three lines in lateral fields and a spicule 21.5 (19.1-23.0) μm long. Second-stage juveniles have bodies 543 (506-588) μm long, three lip annuli, a stylet 31.7 (29.2-34.5) μm long, three lines in the lateral fields, a conoid tail with a narrow rounded terminus, and a relatively long hyaline region occupying half of the tail length. Phylogenetic analyses based on the D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S, ITS, partial 18S rRNA, and COI gene revealed the unique position of this species with other heteroderid nematodes, supporting its status as a new species of Cryphodera. The new species showed a close relationship with C. brinkmani.

Summary Laimaphelenchus spiflatus n. sp. isolated from declining Chinese pine, Pinus tabuliformis, is described and illustrated. The new species can be characterised by its relatively long body size of 1150 ± 108 (976-1437) μm for females and 1092 ± 78.6 (905-1235) μm for males, lateral field with four lines, females with a long vulval flap, and tail conoid, slightly ventrally curved and ending in a stalk having 8-12 projections when observed with SEM. Males are common, with 27.3 (23.4-28.8) μm long spicules having blunt (not well-developed) condylus and rostrum and truncate simple distal tip, and four caudal papillae. By having a vulval flap, four lateral lines and tail end with a stalk (without four tubercles), the new species comes close to L. preissii, L. simlaensis, and L. unituberculus, but can be differentiated from them by morphological characters and morphometric data. In phylogenetic analyses using near full length 18S and D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, Laimaphelenchus spiflatus n. sp. appeared as an independent lineage separated from the other Laimaphelenchus spp. that are currently sequenced for their aforementioned genomic regions.

Summary During quarantine inspections, a new species of Hoplotylus was detected from the rhizosphere of the Japanese maple, Acer palmatum, imported into China from Japan. Hoplotylus japonicus n. sp. is characterised by a stout 431-602 μm long body, well-developed 20.0-24.5 μm long stylet with tulip-shaped knobs having rounded sides in lateral view and a rounded anterior margin, excretory pore located slightly posterior to the hemizonid, usually empty, spermatheca, conical tail with a spike-like projection, which is distally smooth on the dorsal side, and males not found. It was morphologically compared with four currently known species of the genus, viz., H. femina, H. montanus, H. silvaticus, and H. sjacobi. In molecular phylogenetic analyses using 18S, 28S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA sequences, the new species formed a clade with the only currently sequenced species of the genus, H. femina, in all phylogenies. This is the second species of the genus characterised by molecular data and the second species recovered from Japan.

Summary Laimaphelenchus pannocaudus, isolated in Ningbo port from Picea gluaca, is redescribed based upon characteristic morphological details elucidated by light and scanning electron microscopy photographs. The recovered population is characterised by 907 (771-1024) μm long females with 11.2 (8.9-12.2) μm long stylet, four incisures in the lateral field, excretory pore located at the same level as, or slightly anterior to the nerve ring, vulva lacking a flap and located at 68.7 (63.9-73.4)% of the body, elongate post-vulval uterine sac 78.5 (55.6-101.1) μm long, and tail 40.6 (33.4-45.6) μm long. Males are common and characterised by 16.5 (15.7-17.8) μm long spicules (chord) with their condylus slightly recurved, squared to rounded in shape with a blunt rounded tip and rostrum triangular with a bluntly pointed tip, and six visible caudal papillae. The female tail is ventrally curved, conoid and bears a stalk-like terminus with 4-8 pedunculate projections. Phylogenetic analyses using partial 18S and 28S rDNA D2-D3 data revealed that L. pannocaudus formed a sister relationship with L. suberensis in both phylogenies.

The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodeara glycines, is a serious pathogen of soybean, and reported to be the host of a wide range of Fabaceae. In the present study, the host specificity and reproductivity of two populations of H. glycines collected from soybean and tobacco were identified and characterized. The comparative identity between β-1,4-endoglucanase, pectate lyase and chorismate mutase of H. glycines parasitizing on soybean and tobacco were 99, 97 and 98%, respectively. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of pectate lyase 2 gene was significantly higher in second-stage juveniles of H. glycines Henan population parasitizing on tobacco than that of H. glycines Shanxi population parasitizing on soybean. In addition, the pectic acid content of cell wall was significantly higher (45%) in the roots of tobacco than the roots of soybean. Our results indicate that the changes in transcript parasitism genes may be a result of long-term evolution illustrating how a plant-parasitic nematode adapts to the host environment for optimal infestation and survival.

Summary Discocriconemella sinensis n. sp. isolated in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, from the rhizosphere of Camellia sinenis is described. The new species was characterised morphologically and molecularly. Important morphological details were elucidated by SEM photographs. The new species is characterised by an uninterrupted rounded cephalic disc, en face showing a rectangular labial plate with slit-like oral apertures, labial plate surrounded by slightly elevated projections resembling rudimentary lobes, R = 66 (64-69), Rex = 21 (17-24), stylet 74 (67-81) μm long, excretory pore located at the base of the pharyngeal bulb, vulva open, tail short and conoid with a lobed terminus. The species belongs to the group 1 lip pattern. Morphologically, it is most similar to D. discolabia, D. mauritiensis, D. mineira and D. perseae. This is the first new Discocriconemella species described from China. Phylogenetic analyses based on analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, partial 18S rRNA, and COI gene revealed that the new species formed a separate clade from other criconematid species, thereby supporting its status as a new species of the genus. The new species showed close relationships with Criconemoides informis.

Ektaphelenchus koreanus n. sp. is isolated from Pinus packaging wood from Korea in Ningbo customs. The new species can be characterized by having four incisures in the lateral field, the excretory pore located posterior to nerve ring, female devoid of vulval flap, and having long post-vulval intestinal sac (55–106 μm), tail with a finely rounded terminus. Six caudal papillae in male and spicule short (12.7–13.7 μm), having broad squared to rounded condylus, triangular rounded rostrum, cucullus absent. Morphologically the species is most similar with E. berbericus, E. joyceae, E. oleae, E. ibericus, and E. taiwanensis but it can be differentiated by plenty of morphometrical and morphological characters. In addition, a morphometry table of Ektaphelenchus is also presented.

Summary Bursaphelenchus rockyi n. sp., isolated in Peking, China, from peat moss imported from Russia, is described. It is characterised by a lateral field with four lines, excretory pore located at the base of the nerve ring or slightly posterior, spicule 15.9 (15.1-17.3) μm long along the chord and with high condylus and a rounded tip, rostrum triangular or conical with bluntly pointed tip, lamina curvature becoming more pronounced at 60% of total length, six caudal papillae with P3 and P4 adjacent to each other, bursa small, starting posterior to P4, vulval lips hemispherical and protruding, and tail conical with finely rounded or mucronated terminus. The new species belongs to the fungivorus-group and is most similar to B. arthuri, B. arthuroides, B. fungivorus and B. seani, but can be distinguished from related species by morphological and sequencing results.