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This investigation focuses on the construction of novel dark and singular soliton solutions for the Hirota equation, which models the propagation of ultrashort light pulses in optical fibers. Initially, we employ a wave variable transformation to convert the physical model into ordinary differential equations. Utilizing extended rational sinh–cosh and sine–cosine techniques, we derive an abundant soliton solution for the transformed system. By plugging these explicit solutions back into the wave transformation, we obtain dark and singular soliton solutions for the Hirota equation. The dynamic evolution of dark soliton profiles is then demonstrated, with a focus on varying physically significant parameters such as wave frequency, strength of third-order dispersion, and wave number. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis is examined to elucidate how the dark and singular soliton profiles undergo deformation in the background influenced by these arbitrary parameters. The findings presented in this study offer valuable insights that could potentially guide experimental manipulation of dark solitons in optical fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propagation of dark solitons through a optical fiber governed by the higher order nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with cubic–quintic non-Kerr refractive index is examined. The extended rational sinh–cosh and/or extended rational sin–cos method investigates the existence of various forms of dark solitons such as chirped periodic, breathing and hole-like dark soliton structure in optical fibers.

In the present investigation, we employed the Jacobi elliptic function (JEF) method to invoke the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation with self-steepening (SS), self-phase modulation (SPM), and group velocity dispersion (GVD), which govern the propagation of solitonic pulses in optical fibres. The proposed algorithm proves the existence of the family of solitons in optical fibers. Consequently, chirped and chirp free W-shaped bright, dark soliton solutions are obtained from dn(!), cn(!) and sn(!) functions. The final results are displayed in three-dimensional plots with specific physical values of GVD, SPM and SS for an optical fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]