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Background: This study focused on the level of satisfaction of social participation reported by young adults with intellectual disabilities, and the comparison of these levels to those reported by their caregivers. Methods: Fifteen young adults with intellectual disabilities and their parents/caregivers completed the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Satisfaction with Participation in Discretionary Social Activities--Calibrated Items (PROMIS SF--Social Sat DSA) and the Satisfaction with Social Roles and Activities--Short Form (Neuro-QoL SF). Results: Reports from these young adults were compatible to that of the general population. There was general agreement on the Social Sat DSA between the individuals and their caregivers, but there were differences between groups on the Neuro-QoL SF, with the caregivers typically giving higher scores (p = 0.025). Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates the importance of involving both the individuals with intellectual disabilities, and their parents/caregivers when conducting survey research. Further research is encouraged.

Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important precursor to hydroxyl radical (OH) that determines atmospheric oxidative capacity and thus impacts climate and air quality. Wildfire is not only a major direct source of HONO, but it also results in highly polluted conditions that favour heterogeneous formation of HONO from nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and nitrate on both ground and particle surfaces. However, these processes remain poorly constrained. To quantitatively constrain the HONO budget under various fire/smoke conditions, we combine a unique dataset of field concentrations and isotopic ratios (15N/14N and 18O/16O) of NOx and HONO, with an isotopic box model. Here we report the first isotopic evidence of secondary HONO production in near-ground wildfire plumes, and the subsequent quantification of relative importance of each pathway to total HONO production. Most importantly, our results reveal that nitrate photolysis plays a minor role (≤ 5 %) in HONO formation in daytime aged smoke, while photo-enhanced NO2-to-HONO heterogeneous conversion contributes 85-95 % to total HONO production, followed by OH+NO (5-15 %). In nighttime, heterogeneous reduction of NO2 catalysed by redox active species (e.g., iron oxide and/or quinone) is essential (≥ 75 %) for HONO production in addition to surface NO2 hydrolysis. Additionally, the 18O/16O of HONO is used for the first time to constrain the NO-to-NO2 oxidation branching ratio between ozone and peroxy radicals. Our approach provides a new and critical way to mechanistically constrain atmospheric chemistry/air quality models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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