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Abstract Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are widely used to screen for prostate cancer, yet the test has poor sensitivity, specificity and predictive value, which leads to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Alterations in the glycosylation status of PSA, including fucosylation, may offer scope for an improved biomarker. We sought to generate a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting α-1,6-fucosylated PSA (fuc-PSA) and to develop a tissue-based immunological assay for fuc-PSA detection. Immunogens representing fuc-PSA were used for immunisation and resultant mAbs were extensively characterised. The mAbs reacted specifically with fuc-PSA-specific glycopeptide, but not with aglycosylated PSA or glycan without the PSA peptide. Reactivity was confirmed using high-throughput surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. X-ray crystallography investigations showed that the mAbs bound to an α-helical form of the peptide, whereas the native PSA epitope is linear. Protein unfolding was required for detection of fuc-PSA in patient samples. Peptide inhibition of fuc-PSA mAbs was observed with positive screening reagents, and target epitope specificity was observed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. This research introduces a well-characterised, first-in-class antibody targeting fuc-PSA and presents the first crystal structure of an antibody demonstrating glycosylation-specific binding to a peptide.

Freezing rain is a rare and extremely dangerous meteorological phenomenon, consisting of the fall of liquid precipitation, while the air temperature at ground level falls below 0oC, favoring the freezing of raindrops and forming an ice sheet on the surfaces on which they are deposited. In Romania, the areas affected by the freezing rain phenomenon undergo significant changes regarding the structure and composition of the forest vegetation. The main purpose of this work is to figure out how to manage the forest stands affected by the freezing rain identifying optimal solutions for ecological reconstruction and prevention of significant damages. For the research of the affected areas, we placed 7 experimental areas, having the size of 500 m2 each, all the trees that were in this radius were inventoried. In this research work we evaluate the presence of this phenomenon which was reported in the Stejarul Zalău Forest District, in 2014, then in 2017, but with a lower intensity. Out of a total of 1627.6 ha, 500 ha were affected by the freezing rain, most of them being surfaces with beech forest stands with a consistency of 0.9, having a high slenderness index. Following the results obtained, it was observed that the most affected trees were the youngest. These having a reduced diameter, thin branches and a high slenderness coefficient.

Abstract De-oiled sunflower meal (DSF) and its protein isolate were evaluated as emulsifiers to replace egg yolk powder (EYP) in cookies. The chemical emulsifier DATEM (Diacetyl Tartaric Acid Esters of Mono- and Diglycerides) was used as a positive control. An experimental design of mixtures of the simplex-centroid type was carried out, and the ingredients were expressed as pseudo-components for EYP, DSF, and DATEM emulsifier. The DSF and its sunflower protein isolate (SPI) were tested to validate the design in optimized conditions. Whole meal cookies were analyzed in relation to rheological, physical, technological, and sensory characteristics using the control difference test. In the rheology of the dough, the DSF caused a reduction in the value of hardness, while increasing the parameter of elasticity. Instrumental texture results as well as the specific volume of the samples showed no difference. The control difference test regarding the cookies made with EYP, SPI, and DSF showed that consumers did not give different ratings to cookies made with sunflower as an emulsifier. Therefore, according to the parameters, conditions, and analysis performed, the replacement of EYP by DSF and SPI proved to be satisfactory as an emulsifying agent regarding the preparation of cookies for vegan consumers.

The dessert banana is a popular fruit worldwide, but its ripening process is greatly accelerated by high temperatures, which eventually leads to an unpleasant taste and the appearance of spots on the skin of the fruits. To slow down the ripening of bananas, expensive strategies are used, which are usually not practical for conventional farmers in less developed countries. In this study, we try to find a less costly alternative. Therefore, the effects of coatings of lemon peel extract (2.5%, 5%, and 10%), calcium chloride (4%), and glycerol (2%) on the shelf life and postharvest quality of the banana fruit (Cavendish) stored at 19–22 °C and 40–60% relative humidity were investigated. Treatment with a mixture of 2.5% lemon peel extract and 2% glycerol resulted in an extension of the shelf life of the dessert banana by up to 6 days and no detectable fungal infestation. The coating solution is an effective alternative to extend the shelf life and reduce quality losses in bananas.

In the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors, understanding the metastatic microenvironment of proficient mismatch repair/microsatellite stable (pMMR/MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) is of paramount importance to both prognostication and the development of more effective novel therapies. In this study, primary and paired metastasis tissue samples were collected from patients with resectable metastatic CRC treated with adjuvant FOLFOX or peri‐operative chemotherapy in the MIROX phase III prospective study. In total, 74 cancer tissues were stained for CD3, CD8, Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3), programmed cell death protein‐1 (PD‐1, invasive front, stromal, intra‐epithelial compartments), and programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1, tumor, immune cells). The immune profiling of primary CRC had a limited value to predict the immune context of paired metastases for all markers but CD3+. The expression of CD8 and PD‐L1 was higher in metastases after neoadjuvant FOLFOX. In metastases, both CD3 T cells at the invasive front and PD‐L1 expressions on immune cells were predictive of better disease‐free survival. These results show that the effect of FOLFOX on modifying the immune microenvironment in resected CRC metastases and measurement of PD‐L1 expression and tumor‐infiltrating CD8 T cells in pMMR/MSS metastatic tissue samples could improve treatment strategies of metastatic CRC patients.

The Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningitis in humans, has been demonstrated to manipulate or alter host signalling pathways during infection of the central nervous system (CNS). However, these complex signalling networks are not completely understood. We investigate the phosphoproteome of an in vitro model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) based on human epithelial choroid plexus (CP) papilloma (HIBCPP) cells during infection with the N. meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 in presence and absence of the bacterial capsule. Interestingly, our data demonstrates a stronger impact on the phosphoproteome of the cells by the capsule-deficient mutant of MC58. Using enrichment analyses, potential pathways, molecular processes, biological processes, cellular components and kinases were determined to be regulated as a consequence of N. meningitidis infection of the BCSFB. Our data highlight a variety of protein regulations that are altered during infection of CP epithelial cells with N. meningitidis, with the regulation of several pathways and molecular events only being detected after infection with the capsule-deficient mutant. Mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD038560.

A tanulmányban egy nemzetközi kutatás (Myplace) adatait felhasználva, politikai szocializációs szempontból lényegesen eltérő két városban (Ózd és Sopron) élő 15–26 éves fiatalok radikalizmus értelmezését a szociális reprezentáció elmélet alapján vizsgáltuk. Az elméletre épülő egyik empirikus módszernek megfelelően, a 2012-ben lebonyolított kérdőíves adatfelvétel során asszociációs válaszok kvantifikálásával a radikalizmus reprezentációjának strukturális és tartalmi jellemzését követően a fiatalokra jellemző nacionalizmus és a demokratikus alapelvekhez való viszony, valamint a radikalizmus reprezentációjának kapcsolatát elemeztük.

Summary: Choroid plexus, located in brain ventricles, is the site of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that contains endothelial cells and an epithelial monolayer separated by stroma. We established a two-cell-type model of the human choroid plexus consisting of immortalized endothelial cells (iHCPEnC) and epithelial papilloma (HIBCPP) cells grown on opposite sides of filter supports. In this protocol, we describe the preparation of this model, the measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and immunofluorescence imaging-based analysis to determine the barrier function.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Muranyi et al. (2022). : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive neuromuscular disease caused by biallelic pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. Early diagnosis via newborn screening (NBS) and pre-symptomatic treatment are essential to optimize health outcomes for affected individuals. We developed a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay using dried blood spot (DBS) samples for the detection of homozygous absence of exon 7 of the SMN1 gene. Newborns who screened positive were seen urgently for clinical evaluation. Confirmatory testing by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) revealed SMN1 and SMN2 gene copy numbers. Six newborns had abnormal screen results among 47,005 newborns screened during the first year and five were subsequently confirmed to have SMA. Four of the infants received SMN1 gene replacement therapy under 30 days of age. One infant received an SMN2 splicing modulator due to high maternally transferred AAV9 neutralizing antibodies (NAb), followed by gene therapy at 3 months of age when the NAb returned negative in the infant. Early data show that all five infants made excellent developmental progress. Based on one year of data, the incidence of SMA in Alberta was estimated to be 1 per 9401 live births.

Summary: The choroid plexus (CP) is a highly vascularized structure containing endothelial and epithelial cells located in the ventricular system of the central nervous system (CNS). The role of the fenestrated CP endothelium is under-researched and requires the generation of an immortalized CP endothelial cell line with preserved features. Transduction of primary human CP endothelial cells (HCPEnC) with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) resulted in immortalized HCPEnC (iHCPEnC), which grew as monolayer with contact inhibition, formed capillary-like tubes in Matrigel, and showed no colony growth in soft agar. iHCPEnC expressed pan-endothelial markers and presented characteristic plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-containing structures. Cultivation of iHCPEnC and human epithelial CP papilloma (HIBCPP) cells on opposite sides of cell culture filter inserts generated an in vitro model with a consistently enhanced barrier function specifically by iHCPEnC. Overall, iHCPEnC present a tool that will contribute to the understanding of CP organ functions, especially endothelial-epithelial interplay.

INTRODUCTION: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a prodromal stage of dementia. Understanding the mechanistic changes from healthy aging to MCI is critical for comprehending disease progression and enabling preventative intervention. METHODS: Patients with MCI and age‐matched controls (CN) were administered cognitive tasks during functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recording, and changes in plasma levels of extracellular vesicles (EVs) were assessed using small‐particle flow cytometry. RESULTS: Neurovascular coupling (NVC) and functional connectivity (FC) were decreased in MCI compared to CN, prominently in the left‐dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC). We observed an increased ratio of cerebrovascular endothelial EVs (CEEVs) to total endothelial EVs in patients with MCI compared to CN, correlating with structural MRI small vessel ischemic damage in MCI. LDLPFC NVC, CEEV ratio, and LDLPFC FC had the highest feature importance in the random Forest group classification. DISCUSSION: NVC, CEEVs, and FC predict MCI diagnosis, indicating their potential as markers for MCI cerebrovascular pathology. Highlights: Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is impaired in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Functional connectivity (FC) compensation mechanism is lost in MCI.Cerebrovascular endothelial extracellular vesicles (CEEVs) are increased in MCI.CEEV load strongly associates with cerebral small vessel ischemic lesions in MCI.NVC, CEEVs, and FC predict MCI diagnosis over demographic and comorbidity factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea protein isolate (PPI, from Pisum sativum L.) was fermented with six different lactic acid bacteria strains for 24 ​h and 48 ​h. The fermented samples were analyzed regarding their retronasal aroma and taste, their protein solubility, emulsifying and foaming capacity. Changes in the molecular weight distribution were analyzed to monitor potential effects of fermentation on the main allergenic protein fractions of PPI. After 24-h fermentation, PPI's characteristic aroma attributes and bitter taste decreased for all fermented PPI. However, after 48-h fermentation, cheesy aroma, and acid and salty tastes were increased. The PPI fermented with L. plantarum showed the most neutral taste and the panel's highest preference; instead, fermentation with L. fermentum led to a fecal aroma and was the least preferred. The protein solubility and emulsifying capacity decreased after PPI fermentation, while foaming capacity remained constant in comparison to the untreated PPI. The electrophoretic results showed a reduction in the intensity of the allergenic protein fractions; however, these changes might be attributed to the reduced protein solubility rather than to a high proteolytic effect of the strains. Fermentation of PPI for 24 ​h and 48 ​h might not be a suitable method for the production of highly functional pea proteins. Further modification methods have to be investigated in the future.

PurposePrognostic markers that identify patients with stage II colon cancers who are at the risk of recurrence are essential to personalize therapy. We evaluated the potential of GIV/Girdin as a predictor of recurrence risk in such patients.Experimental designExpression of full-length GIV was evaluated by IHC using a newly developed mAb together with a mismatch repair (MMR)-specific antibody panel in three stage II colon cancer patient cohorts, that is, a training (n = 192), test (n = 317), and validation (n = 181) cohort, with clinical follow-up data. Recurrence risk stratification models were established in the training cohort of T3, proficient MMR (pMMR) patients without chemotherapy and subsequently validated.ResultsFor T3 pMMR tumors, GIV expression and the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were the only factors predicting recurrence in both training (GIV: HR, 2.78, P = 0.013; LVI: HR, 2.54, P = 0.025) and combined test and validation (pooled) cohorts (GIV: HR, 1.85, P = 0.019; LVI: HR, 2.52, P = 0.0004). A risk model based on GIV expression and LVI status classified patients into high- or low-risk groups; 3-year recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in the high-risk versus low-risk group across all cohorts [Training: 52.3% vs. 84.8%; HR, 3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.50-9.32; Test: 85.9% vs. 97.9%, HR, 7.83, 95% CI, 1.03-59.54; validation: 59.4% vs. 84.4%, HR, 3.71, 95% CI, 1.24-11.12].ConclusionsGIV expression status predicts recurrence risk in patients with T3 pMMR stage II colon cancer. A risk model combining GIV expression and LVI status information further enhances prediction of recurrence. Further validation studies are warranted before GIV status can be routinely included in patient management algorithms. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3488-98. ©2016 AACR.

Progressive liver fibrosis is characterized by the deposition of collagen by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Activation of HSCs is a multiple receptor-driven process in which profibrotic signals are enhanced and antifibrotic pathways are suppressed. Here we report the discovery of a signalling platform comprising G protein subunit, Gαi and GIV, its guanine exchange factor (GEF), which serves as a central hub within the fibrogenic signalling network initiated by diverse classes of receptors. GIV is expressed in the liver after fibrogenic injury and is required for HSC activation. Once expressed, GIV enhances the profibrotic (PI3K-Akt-FoxO1 and TGFβ-SMAD) and inhibits the antifibrotic (cAMP-PKA-pCREB) pathways to skew the signalling network in favour of fibrosis, all via activation of Gαi. We also provide evidence that GIV may serve as a biomarker for progression of fibrosis after liver injury and a therapeutic target for arresting and/or reversing HSC activation during liver fibrosis.

Combinations of enzymatic hydrolysis using different proteolytic enzymes (papain, Esperase®, trypsin) and lactic fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum were used to alter potential pea allergens, the functional properties and sensory profile of pea protein isolate (PPI). The order in which the treatments were performed had a major impact on the changes in the properties of the pea protein isolate; the highest changes were seen with the combination of fermentation followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. SDS-PAGE, gel filtration, and ELISA results showed changes in the protein molecular weight and a reduced immunogenicity of treated samples. Treated samples showed significantly increased protein solubility at pH 4.5 (31.19–66.55%) and at pH 7.0 (47.37–74.95%), compared to the untreated PPI (6.98% and 40.26%, respectively). The foaming capacity was significantly increased (1190–2575%) compared to the untreated PPI (840%). The treated PPI showed reduced pea characteristic off-flavors, where only the treatment with Esperase® significantly increased the bitterness. The results from this study suggest that the combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and lactic fermentation is a promising method to be used in the food industry to produce pea protein ingredients with higher functionality and a highly neutral taste. A reduced detection signal of polyclonal rabbit anti-pea-antibodies against the processed protein preparations in ELISA furthermore might indicate a decreased immunological reaction after consumption.

The application of essential oils as antimicrobials is a current subject of research and a promising approach in terms of natural food preservation. Due to the diversity of EO producing plant genera and the inconsistent use of susceptibility testing methods, information on the antibacterial potency of many EO varieties is fragmentary. This study was performed to assess the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 179 EO samples from 86 plant varieties, using a single method approach, excluding emulsifying agents. MICs were acquired in a broth microdilution assay, using a dispersion based approach to incorporate EOs in a concentration range of 6400 to 50 μg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as model bacteria. At concentrations below 400 μg/ml S. aureus was inhibited by 30, E. coli by 12 EO varieties. Azadirachta indica (50 μg/ml vs. S. aureus) and Litsea cubeba (50 μg/ml vs. S. aureus, 200 μg/ml vs. E. coli) essential oils were identified as promising new antimicrobial EO candidates with significant antimicrobial activity against the two foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

The generation of the high species diversity of insects in Japan was profoundly influenced by the formation of the Japanese Archipelago. We explored the species diversification and biogeographical history of the Nemouridae Billberg, 1820 family in the Japanese Archipelago using mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA markers. We collected 49 species among four genera: Indonemoura Baumann, 1975; Protonemura Kempny, 1898; Amphinemura, Ris 1902 and Nemoura Latreille, 1796 in Japan, China, South Korea and North America. We estimated their divergence times-based on three molecular clock node calibrations-using Bayesian phylogeography approaches. Our results suggested that Japanese Archipelago formation events resulted in diversification events in the middle of the Cretaceous (

Pea protein concentrates and isolates are important raw materials for the production of plant-based food products. To select suitable peas (Pisum sativum L.) for protein extraction for further use as food ingredients, twelve different cultivars were subjected to isoelectric precipitation and spray drying. Both the dehulled pea flours and protein isolates were characterized regarding their chemical composition and the isolates were analyzed for their functional properties, sensory profiles, and molecular weight distributions. Orchestra, Florida, Dolores, and RLPY cultivars showed the highest protein yields. The electrophoretic profiles were similar, indicating the presence of all main pea allergens in all isolates. The colors of the isolates were significantly different regarding lightness (L*) and red-green (a*) components. The largest particle size was shown by the isolate from Florida cultivar, whereas the lowest was from the RLPY isolate. At pH 7, protein solubility ranged from 40% to 62% and the emulsifying capacity ranged from 600 to 835 mL g−1. The principal component analysis revealed similarities among certain pea cultivars regarding their physicochemical and functional properties. The sensory profile of the individual isolates was rather similar, with an exception of the pea-like and bitter attributes, which were significantly different among the isolates.

In recent years, dietary products with quinoa and buckwheat have attracted attention mostly due to the high nutritive value of their protein fraction. However, their dietary effect on intestinal microbiota activity and related systemic responses are still poorly understood. Therefore, a 2 week study of twenty-eight growing male Wistar rats was conducted to investigate the effects of quinoa (QU) and buckwheat (BK) protein-rich flours on the growth parameters, intestinal microbial activity, plasma lipid profile, and inflammatory markers. The biological value of protein and body weight gain were considerably increased in the QU and BK groups compared with those in the soy protein isolate group. Moreover, both flours increased the microbial activity of α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, and α-galactosidase and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the caecum. The studied flours favourably reduced the plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. In rats fed a diet with QU, elevated levels of plasma interleukin 6 and alanine transaminase were observed. The effect of QU on inflammatory markers may be related to the increased expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the liver and to the decreased level of plasma albumin. In conclusion, quinoa and buckwheat protein-rich flours are valuable sources of proteins that favourably affect growth parameters, gut metabolism, and blood lipid profile in rats; however, only the buckwheat flour has no effect on inflammatory processes.

Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit dem in Ungarn geborenen Philologen, Didaktiker, Lexikologen und Übersetzer Paulo Rónai, der 1941 nach Brasilien emigrierte. Rónais Werdegang und seine fast lebenslange Beziehung zu Brasilien werden als Übersetzungsgesamtleistung betrachtet, bei der professionelle und biographische Aspekte nicht getrennt voneinander gedacht werden können: Übersetzen und Über-setzen in einen anderen Sprach- und Kulturraum verschränken und bedingen sich.

Verzehrfertige Salate, Obstprodukte und Sprossen boomen. Allerdings bergen sie ein nicht unerhebliches Risiko einer Belastung mit Krankheitserregern. Warum lassen sich Einträge von pathogenen Bakterien trotz hoher Hygienestandards in den verarbeitenden Betrieben nicht vollständig vermeiden? An welchen Stellen der Warenketten erfolgen Kontaminationen und wie können sich die Erreger vermehren? Das vom BMBF im Rahmen des Programms „Forschung für die zivile Sicherheit“ geförderte Verbundprojekt SAFEFRESH hat erforscht, wie sich das mikrobielle Risiko bei Fresh-Cut-Erzeugnissen reduzieren lässt. Dazu wurden ein Monitoring- und verschiedene Entkeimungsverfahren entwickelt sowie realistische Szenarios zu möglichen Kontaminationsfällen und deren Folgekaskaden hergeleitet. Der Gewinn an zusätzlicher Sicherheit ist jedoch begrenzt.

In the present article we intend to point out the relationship between prejudice and national concepts in different national contexts among students. We tried to justify that the explanation based on the view of prejudices by Fuchs and Case - according to whom prejudice is not an attitude but a way of life – is valid in different national contexts. For this reason the procedure was applied in our survey in order to validate the conception in three (Hungarian, Finnish, Russian) different cultural-political contexts, and also to use it as a reference model in determining the explanation of prejudice. The second aim was to reveal the structural relationships between the national attitudes of the model and attitudes towards minority groups.

Sichere Lebensmittel von hoher Qualität stellen besonders bei leicht verderblichen Frischeprodukten eine Herausforderung für die Gestaltung der Nacherntekette dar. Da die Beprobung von Lebensmittelchargen in der Praxis meist anhand ausgewählter Indikatororganismen erfolgt, bleiben unerwartete, potenziell gefährliche Mikroorganismen häufig unentdeckt. Die Detektion dieser Bakterien ist jedoch von Interesse, um potenzielle Gefahren für den Verbraucher zu vermeiden. Am Beispiel von Mungobohnensprossen wurde die mikrobielle Diversität mittels Plattenzählverfahren und MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation – time of flight mass spectrometry) ermittelt. Bei einer Gesamtkeimzahl zwischen 8 und 9 log KbE/g Sprossen konnten unter anderem Bakterien der Bacillus cereus Gruppe, Yersinia sp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pantoea spp. und Pseudomonas spp. identifiziert werden.

The steps from HIV-1 cytoplasmic entry until integration of the reverse transcribed genome are currently enigmatic. They occur in ill-defined reverse-transcription- and pre-integration-complexes (RTC, PIC) with various host and viral proteins implicated. In this study, we report quantitative detection of functional RTC/PIC by labeling nascent DNA combined with detection of viral integrase. We show that the viral CA (capsid) protein remains associated with cytoplasmic RTC/PIC but is lost on nuclear PIC in a HeLa-derived cell line. In contrast, nuclear PIC were almost always CA-positive in primary human macrophages, indicating nuclear import of capsids or capsid-like structures. We further show that the CA-targeted inhibitor PF74 exhibits a bimodal mechanism, blocking RTC/PIC association with the host factor CPSF6 and nuclear entry at low, and abrogating reverse transcription at high concentrations. The newly developed system is ideally suited for studying retroviral post-entry events and the roles of host factors including DNA sensors and signaling molecules.