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Aim: Dental anomalies are usually detected incidentally on panoramic radiographs taken during routine dental examinations. Incidentally seen anomalies could be seen more clearly in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) due to the limitations of two-dimensional radiographs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the localization of dental anomalies in the jaws and gender distribution in patients living in the Western Black Sea region by evaluating the CBCT images previously taken for different reasons retrospectively. Methods: Radiographic data of 207 patients out of 1230 patients who applied to Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department and who were requested to have CBCT imaging due to any reasons were included in the research. The distribution of anomalies in CBCT images were scanned retrospectively classified as maxillary - mandibular, unilateral - bilateral, and female-male according to gender. Results: In our study, 105 of 207 patients with dental anomalies were female and 102 were male. An overall of 239 anomalies were detected in 207 patients. The most prevalent dental anomaly in both sexes was determined to be impacted teeth (%46). Considering the localization distribution of the anomalies, the most prevalent anomaly in both the maxilla and mandible was the impacted tooth. Considering the location of the anomalies in the jaws, and anomalies were mostly observed unilaterally (%80). Conclusion: Impacted teeth anomalies were the most prevalent type of dental anomalies in the Turkish subpopulation. CBCT is a very useful method for the detection of dental anomalies, especially root and canal anomalies.

Background:Two-dimensional radiographic techniques are difficult to diagnose in the diagnosis of furcation perforations because of the projection geometry and the anatomical structures’superposition problems. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is more accurate diagnostic modality than conventional imaging methods due to the lack of superposition and lack of magnification.Methods:In this study, 114 lower molar teeth were selected. Biodentin, BioAggregate, BioCeramix, MTA and Endosequence were placed to repair the perforation zone. Periapical radiographs were obtained with Sorodex Digora Optime with phosphorous plaques, other radiographic images were obtained using Planmeca Dixi 3 CCD, while KIBT images were obtained using Morita Veraviewepocs 3D R100. An endodontist and two dentomaxillofacial radiology specialists examined the CBCT images and periapical radiographs.Results:MTA and Biodentine were found to have low image quality, Bioaggregate and Endosequence high image quality. Morita Veraviewepocs 3D R100 showed the highest sharpness, but no difference was observed between Sorodex Digora Optime and Planmeca Dixi 3 devices.Conclusions:Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging is a superior method in the diagnosis of endodontic furcation perforations compared to two-dimensional methods.Keywords:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, endodontics, furcation defects

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to compare the diagnostic value of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digital intraoral periapical imaging methods in the diagnosis of periodontal defects, and the comparison of observers practicing dentistry in the field of periodontology and 3 other observers specialized in various branches was evaluated. Methods: 7 dry mandible and 5 dry maxilla were used in this study. A total of 111 artificial and natural defects (dehiscence, furca, fenestration, vertical defects) on the anterior, premolar and molar region were imaged with digital imaging techniques using different exposure parameters and scanned with CBCT. Results: According to the results of this study, CBCT is a more reliable method in the evaluation of all periodontal defects compared to CCD and PSP. 60 and 70 kVp with 0.01 irradiation time in CCD and 70 kVp 0.25 irradiation time in PSP is not suitable for detecting defects owing to high contrast. In the evaluation of periodontal defects, there was no single observer who had good results, different imaging methods and varying results were obtained in different defects. Conclusion: This study showed that the CBCT method has some diagnostic value for detecting all natural and simulated periodontal defects but it should only be used in cases where clinical evaluation and conventional radiographic imaging do not provide the information necessary for an adequate diagnosis and proper periodontal treatment planning.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible correlation between maxillary and mandibular positioning via cephalometric analysis with pterygomaxillary fissure (PMF) morphology using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).In this study, CBCT images from 825 individuals (448 female, 377 male; age range was 18-91 years with this cohort) were analyzed; PMF length and width were measured. Three-dimensional cephalometric analysis was also performed using cephalometric analysis software. The landmarks and measurements in relation to maxillary and mandibular positions were identified and performed for the cephalometric analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of the parameters, while the Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparisons. Pearson's test was also used to assess the correlations between the parameters.The results showed that males had significantly larger PMF length (p 0.001) and width (p 0.001) compared to females. The mean PMF length was 17.7 mm (standard deviation [SD] 3.2 mm) for right and 17.7 mm (SD 3.3 mm) for left but were not significantly different (p 0.05). In terms of the cephalometric measurements, a significant correlation was found between upper central incisor (U1toAperp2D) and posterior facial height (PostFaceHtSGo2D) and PMF length, while correlations were found between PMF width and several cephalometric parameters such as lower lip (LwLiptoEPln2D and LwLiptoHLine2D) and occlusal plane (OPtoFHAng2D) (p 0.05).A significant relationship was observed between PMF morphology and the position of the maxilla or mandible. PMF lengths and widths were larger in males than females. Posteroanterior maxillary and mandibular lengths and posterior facial height are associated with PMF length and width.

Objective The spatial position of a canine can affect the level of proximal root resorption and the success of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the mesiodistal and vertical position of impacted maxillary canines and to assess their relationship with the lateral incisor by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and method One hundred and sixty-nine CBCT scans of patients presenting with maxillary impacted canines were included in the study. The buccopalatal, mesiodistal (classified as sectors I, II, III, IV from distal to mesial) and vertical (cervical, middle, apical) position of the maxillary impacted canines were determined. The positional effect on the morphology (width, length, and depth) and resorption was assessed on the roots of the maxillary lateral incisors. Obtained data were statistically analysed by using Student t-test, the Mann Whitney U and Chi-Square tests. Results Of the maxillary impacted canines, the 34.72% that had associated resorption on the adjacent lateral incisors were buccally positioned, and 65.28% were palatally positioned. While 45.58% of sector I impacted maxillary canines were buccally positioned, 68.31% of sector IV impacted maxillary canines were palatally positioned. Furthermore, there was a statistical significance between the mesiodistal position and palatal or buccal maxillary canine impaction (p < 0.05). In addition, the vertical position of the impacted maxillary canines was also related to their mesiodistal and buccopalatal positions (p < 0.05). Conclusion While all maxillary impacted canines had the potential to cause lateral incisor resorption, there was no close relationship related to the canine’s buccopalatal, mesiodistal and vertical position. Nevertheless, if an impacted maxillary canine migrated towards the midline, the buccopalatal and vertical position of the tooth changed from buccal to palatal and cervical to apical, respectively.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT) kullanılarak artiküler eminens (AE) eğim ve yüksekliğini analiz etmeyi ve bu bulguları eminens şekilleri ve dejeneratif kondiler değişiklikler ile ilişkilendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Toplam 566 temporomandibular eklemin (TME) KIBT görüntüleri değerlendirildi. Tüm bireylerin yaş ve cinsiyet verileri kaydedildi. Kondilin eklem yüzeyindeki dejeneratif değişiklikler incelendi. Artiküler eminens eğim ve yükseklik ölçümleri TME'nin santral parasagital kesitleri üzerinde yapıldı. AE'nin şekli kutu, sigmoid, düz ve deforme olarak sınıflandırıldı.Bulgular: Kondildeki dejeneratif değişikliklerin prevalansı erkeklerde daha yüksekti, ancak anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı (p ˃ 0.05). AE eğim ve yüksekliğinin cinsiyet ve yaş gruplarıyla ilişkisi vardır. AE eğim ve yükseklik değerleri erkeklerde daha fazlaydı (p < 0.05). +50 yaş grubunda eminens eğim ve yüksekliğinin ortalama değerlerinin azalmış olduğu tespit edildi (p < 0.05). Sigmoid ve kutu şekilli artiküler eminens morfolojileri daha yaygındı. Deforme eminens şekli, kondilin artiküler yüzeyindeki iki veya daha fazla sayıda dejeneratif değişiklik bulunması ile ilişkiliydi.Sonuç: Kondildeki dejeneratif değişiklikler; mekanik yükleme ve değişen eklem dinamikleri nedeniyle eminens eğim ve yüksekliğini etkileyebilir. Cinsiyet ve yaşın AE morfolojisi üzerinde önemli bir etkisi vardır. Artiküler eminens şekli, iki veya daha fazla dejeneratif değişikliğin kombinasyonlarından etkilenmektedir., Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the articular eminence inclination and height and correlate these findings with the eminence shapes and degenerative condylar changes using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods: The assessments were established on CBCT images of 566 temporomandibular joints (TMJ) that were included from the computer database. Age and gender were recorded for all individuals. Degenerative changes were examined in the articular surface of the condyle. The articular eminence (AE) inclination and height measurements were performed on central parasagittal slices of the TMJ. The shape of the AE was classified as box, sigmoid, flattened, and deformed.Results: The prevalence of degenerative changes in the condyle was higher in males, but no significant difference was found (p ˃ 0.05). The AE inclination and height have a relation with gender and age groups. The AE inclination and height results were greater in males (p < 0.05). The reduced mean values of eminence inclination and height in the +50-year-old group were detected (p < 0.05). Sigmoid and box-shaped articular eminence morphologies were more common. The eminence with deformed-shaped was related to two or more degenerative alterations in the condylar head.Conclusion: The degenerative condylar changes can affect eminence inclination and height by mechanical loading and changed articular dynamics. Gender and age have a significant effect on the AE morphology. The articular eminence shape is influenced by combinations of two or more degenerative changes.

Amaç: Başve boyun bölgesinde konik ışınlı tomografi uygulamaları esnasında hareket vegürültü artefaktı oluşumu oldukça yaygındır. Altta yatan nedenler arasındacihazın uzun çekim süresi, hastaların genel sağlığı nedeniyle kontrolsüzhareketler ve çocuklar gibi hastaların aşırı hareketliliği vardır. Buçalışmada, Photoshop programını kullanarak artefaktları kaldırmak için çeşitlifiltre yöntemleri ve yazılım özellikleri incelenecektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler:Gürültü ve hareket artefaktı bulunan beş farklı imaj seçildi. Bu seçimsonrasında Photoshop filtreleri ile belirli yollar izledi. Programda işlenen vedüzeltilen görüntüler uzman diş hekimleri tarafından değerlendirildi. Görüntüdeğerlendirmelerinde filtrelemeden önce ve sonra, uzmanlar tarafından 1 ila 5puan arasında olmak üzere değerlendirmeler yapıldı. Her imaj 1 çok yetersiz, 2yetersiz, 3 normal, 4 yeterli, 5 çok iyi olarak skorlandı.Bulgular: : 1 ile 5 arasında değerlendirilen 50 adet gürültü artefaktlı imajındeğerlendirilmesi sonucunda, ortalama puan 4.12, hareketli artefaktı bulunanimajlar için ise 1.62'dir. Wilcoxon testinin sonuçlarına göre, hareketartefaktı ve gürültü artefaktı ile kesitlerin postoperatif düzeltme oranıarasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulundu.Sonuçlar: Konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi uygulamalarında birçok nedendenötürü oluşabilecek hareket artefaktı ve gürültü artefaktı ile sıkçakarşılaşılmaktadır. Bu gibi durumlarda, Photoshop programında ortaya çıkanartefaktlar tersine çevrilebilir ve görüntüler tanısal açıdandeğerlendirilebilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: konik ışınlıbilgisayarlı tomografi, artefakt, gürültü, photoshop, Background: Patient movement and noise artifacts are quite common during the CBCT exposure in the head and neck region. Among the underlying causes are the long duration of the device, uncontrolled movements due to the general health of the patients, and excessive mobility of the patients such as children. In this study, various filter methods and software features will be examined to remove artifacts by using Photoshop program.Methods: Five different images with noise and motion artifact were selected. These sections were followed by specific paths with Photoshop filters. Images collected and corrected in the program were evaluated by specialist dentists. Before and after the filtering in the image evaluations, 1 to 5 criterions were evaluated by the experts. Each section was scored as 1 very inadequate, 2 inadequate, 3 normal, 4 adequate, 5 very good.Results: As a result of the evaluation of 50 pieces of noise artifacts evaluated between 1 and 5, the average score was 4.12 points and the results were 1.62 for motion artifacts. According to the results of the Wilcoxon test, a statistically significant difference was found between the rate of postoperative correction of the sections with motion artifact and noise artifact.Conclusion: Motion artifact and noise artifact which may occur due to many reasons are frequently encountered in CBCT examinations. In such cases, with the Photoshop program, the resulting artifacts can be reversed and can be evaluated from diagnostic point of view.KEYWORDSCBCT, Artifact, Noise, Photoshop

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam CT (CBCT) units with different voxel sizes with the digital intraoral scanning technique in terms of the detection of periodontal defects. Methods and materials: The study material comprised of 12 dry skulls with maxilla and mandible. Artificial defects were created on teeth separately using burs randomly on dry skulls. In total 46 dehiscences, 10 fenestrations, 17 furcations, 12 wall defects and 13 without periodontal defect were used in the study. Each tooth with and without defects was imaged at various vertical angles using each of the following modalities: a Veraviewepocs 3D R100 CBCT device and a 3D Shape TRIOSㄾ Color P13 Shade Intraoral Scanner. Results: The κ values for interobserver agreement between observers ranged between 0.29 and 0.86 for the CBCT 10 × 8 cm field of view (FOV) with 0,160 mm3 voxel size; 0.35 and 1 for the CBCT 8 × 8 cm FOV with 0,125 mm3 voxel size; and 0.30 and 1 of intraoral scans. The κ values for detecting defects on anterior teeth were the least, following premolar and molar teeth both CBCT and intraoral scanning. Conclusions: Smaller voxel sizes and smaller CBCT FOV has the highest sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy for detecting various periodontal defects among the scanner modalities examined. Advances in knowledge: Adequate evaluation of the condition of the alveolar bone and periodontal tissues is important for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of periodontal disease. Limited examination methods, such as palpation, inspection, and periodontal probe examination, may provide insufficient information for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

Supernumerary teeth may affect the tooth eruption negatively if they occur on the eruption way, and the treatment choice is usually the extraction to prevent the impaction of adjacent permanent teeth. CBCT enables clear and three dimensional images, and it may be helpful to determine the exact location and to measure the dimensions of the supernumerary tooth to avoid any complication during the extraction process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of CBCT on measuring the tooth length and crown width of impacted supernumerary teeth. Twenty-five impacted supernumerary teeth were evaluated using CBCT, and each sample's tooth length and crown width were measured prior to the extraction. After all the extractions were completed, the actual measurements were performed on the same samples. The differences between CBCT and actual measurements were evaluated statistically. Measurements on CBCT images were significantly larger than the actual measurements on tooth length and crown width. For tooth length and crown width, p value was found as 0.045, and

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to assess the presence and course of the incisive canal (IC) in the mental interforaminal region according to dental status, age, and sex using cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT). Methods: The right and left sides were retrospectively studied in 356 patients (n = 712). Axial, sagittal, crosssectional,and panoramic images were evaluated, and threedimensional images were reconstructed and evaluated as necessary. The morphology, course, and length of mandibular ICs and the inner and outer diameters of the canals were measured. The reliability and reproducibility of measurements were examined using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the coefficient of variation. Results: The IC was found on 91 % of images, and its mean length anterior to the mental foramen was approximately 12.4 mm. The mean distance of the IC from the lower mandibular border was 10.5 mm, and its course was closer to the buccal border at the starting point; it deviated lingually through the anterior mandible. Statistically significant differences in the course and localization of the IC were found in edentulous and older patients (p

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare vertical and horizontal mandibular alveolar bone resorption by measuring bone morphological variation in Kennedy Class II removable partial denture (RPD) wearers and non-wearers using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In total, 124 sites in the CBCT scans of 62 (29 RPD non-wearers, 33 RPD wearers) Kennedy Class II patients were analyzed retrospectively. Three-dimensional representations of the mandible with superimposed cross-sectional slices were developed with the CBCT scans to evaluate the mandibular alveolar height and width by measuring distances between the mandibular canal, mylohyoid ridge, alveolar crest, and lower border of the mandible in four regions (eight sites) of Kennedy Class II non-wearers and wearers of RPDs. Results: Mandibular alveolar bone height and width were significantly lower in edentulous sites when compared with dentate sites in both Kennedy Class II non-wearers and wearers of RPDs (p < 0.05). Additionally, mean vertical and horizontal mandibular bone resorption was significantly higher in RPD wearers than in non-wearers (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Vertical and horizontal alveolar bone resorption was found to be higher in the RPD wearing patients when comparing the dentate and edentulous sites.

Cranial fibrous dysplasias (FDs) are rare and comprise less than 1% of all primary bone lesions. They may produce cosmetic deformities, peripheral compressive cranial neuropathies, and compressive central neurologic manifestations. We describe an unusual presentation of a fronto-orbital sphenoethmoidal FD in a 32-year-old woman with conventional radiographic, CBCT, and MRI findings. In the head and neck examination, an asymmetry was noticed on the left side, without evidence of adenopathy, paresthesia, or motor nerve deficiency. Panoramic radiographs showed a radiopaque expanded bone in the region of the posterior maxillary sinus and orbita. Computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrated an expanding lesion of the cranial bones, involving the ethmoid and periorbital bone, producing a ground-glass appearance. After the radiologic examination, the patient was referred for surgery with a diagnosis of cranial FD and underwent a cranioplasty. The CT and MRI features were typical for FD, but physicians and dental professionals should be aware of this diagnosis, even if no symptom is apparent and the patient came in only for a routine dental examination. Maxillofacial radiologists should also consider that the signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images and the degree of contrast enhancement on T1-weighted images depend on the amount and degree of bony trabeculae, cellularity, collagen, and cystic and hemorrhagic changes. © Japanese Society for Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and Springer 2009.

Supernumerary teeth may affect the tooth eruption negatively if they occur on the eruption way, and the treatment choice is usually the extraction to prevent the impaction of adjacent permanent teeth. CBCT enables clear and three dimensional images, and it may be helpful to determine the exact location and to measure the dimensions of the supernumerary tooth to avoid any complication during the extraction process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of CBCT on measuring the tooth length and crown width of impacted supernumerary teeth. Twenty-five impacted supernumerary teeth were evaluated using CBCT, and each sample's tooth length and crown width were measured prior to the extraction. After all the extractions were completed, the actual measurements were performed on the same samples. The differences between CBCT and actual measurements were evaluated statistically. Measurements on CBCT images were significantly larger than the actual measurements on tooth length and crown width. For tooth length and crown width, p value was found as 0.045, and0.001, respectively. The results of the present study should be considered as important by clinicians during the treatment planning to decrease any complication risk under certain conditions such as being so close to an important anatomical structure or the root of an adjacent tooth. SCANNING 38:579-584, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Vascular tumors are the most common benign tumors of the head and neck in infancy and childhood. Vascular anomalies of the head and neck were divided into 2 categories including hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Oral and maxillofacial hemangiomas and vascular malformations are congenital lesions with various clinical characteristics, manifestations, indications, and possibilities for treatment. This paper reports a case of large arteriovenous malformations including a description of the features demonstrated by panoramic radiography, cone beam computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The differential diagnosis and treatment modalities (including embolization with N-butylcyanoacrylate in this case) are also discussed following the case presentation, along with the available literature review.