Search

トルコでは、2012年−2013年に義務教育の修業年限を12年とする改革が行われた。また、フィンランド、フランスやアメリカ等の国々において義務教育期間の見直しによる延長や弾力化が行われている。世界のこのような動きに対して日本でも高校の授業料不徴収等といった義務化を見据えた議論がなされている。「Society5.0」や「持続可能な社会の実現」等、新たな時代が到来する中で高校の義務教育化に対して近年の義務教育の国際的な見直しという動向がある。実際、トルコの近代的な学校教育制度は200年以上の歴史を持っている。以上を踏まえて、本稿は、トルコにおける義務教育を中心に近代的な学校教育制度の成立過程から現在の12年間の義務教育制度改革までの歴史的変遷を辿りながら、それがどのような意味を持っているのか、その現状と今後の課題について考察することを目的とする。

Transient receptor potential channels have responsibilities in many cellular processes such as cytokine production, cell differentiation, and cytotoxicity by affecting intracellular cation levels or intracellular signal pathways. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease caused by environmental and genetic factors. In this study, we aim to investigate TRPV1-TRPV4, TRPM2, TRPM4, TRPM7, TRPC6, and TRPA1 mRNA expression levels, which are associated with the inflammatory process, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. Thirty-five healthy controls and age–gender matched thirty patients with RRMS were involved in the study. TRPC6, TRPA1, TRPM2, TRPM4, TRPM7, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4 PBMCs mRNA expression levels were determined by qPCR. In the present study, the TRPC6, TRPM7, TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4 mRNA expressions of RRMS patients in PBMCs decreased at a significant level compared to the healthy control group ( p = .000, p = .000, p = .044, p = .000, p = .004, respectively). The decreased expression of TRPC6, TRPM7, TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4 in PBMCs may be associated with the pathogenesis of MS. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism of the relation between these TRP channels and MS and other autoimmune diseases.

This paper presents a game-design workshop built around a digital art installation featuring video games displayed over a real-world skyscraper to stimulate students' interest in computer science and a study testing its short-term effects on improving middle school students' computational thinking (CT) skills and attitudes towards computing. Following a STEAM approach, the workshop aimed to engage participants in age-appropriate activities that focus on CT skills through the lens of creating their own game. A web-based game design interface that allows students to code and play games as simulated on a skyscraper was developed to support the workshop's core activities. The web environment also featured step-by-step tutorials and fully functional games to promote the accessibility of the learning materials for a diverse body of students and educators around the globe. The results of the study indicated that the workshop helped students improve their CT skills and differentially influence their attitudes towards computing. In particular, the workshop experience led students from underserved community districts to lower their attitude ratings, whereas the reverse pattern was observed for students from more affluent districts. The workshop reportedly informed students' perception of computing as a profession and their appreciation of the analytical effort required for developing functional games. Qualitative analysis of artifact-based interviews indicated that students could begin to make abstractions and devise algorithms by associating variables through conditional statements while solving problems related to game development. Interview analysis also revealed that students took pride in the effort that they made during the workshop.

Heparin-İnduced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening complication that occurs in a small percentage of exposed patients (e.g. unfractionated heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin [LMWH]) regardless of dose and treatment management.

In spite of advances in surgical techniques, the significance of anastomosis leak continues in colorectal surgery. There is no ideal method in spite of all studies and technical advances in this field. Our aim of this study was to use fibroblast growth factor collagen (FGF-C) and antibiotic collagen (AB-C) to increase the rate of anastomosis healing in experimental animals with peritonitis. This animal experimental study received ethics committee approval. The animals were divided into three groups of seven animals each; the first group was control, the second group was the fibroblast growth factor collagen group, and the third group was the antibiotic collagen group. Under anesthesia, more than 50% of the colonic lumen was opened 4–5 cm distal to the ileocecal junction to create a defect. Twenty-four hours later, primary anastomosis was performed. The second group had the anastomosis line covered with a cover containing FGF-C. The third group had the anastomosis line covered by material containing AB-C. The experiment was concluded on the postoperative 7th day, and the anastomosis burst pressure, tissue hydroxyproline level, and histopathological assessment were performed. Though the burst pressure was higher in the experimental groups, it was not statistically significant. In the second and third groups, vascular proliferation and fibroblastic activity appeared to be better than in the control group. Hydroxyproline values were statistically significant in the experimental groups compared to the control group. FGF-C and AB-C may have potential utility in anastomosis healing, especially in those susceptible to infection due to anastomosis leak.

Introduction: Generalized joint hypermobility is a clinical feature that is associated with excessive joint laxity, which can occur alone or with various inherited disorders. The term of benign joint hypermobility or joint hypermobility is used when the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms in subjects with generalized joint hypermobility in the absence of demonstrable systemic rheumatic diseases. In recent studies, it was shown that there is a strong relationship between structural and functional gastrointestinal disorders and joint hypermobility. We aimed to analyze the prevalence of celiac disease in a group patient with joint hypermobility. Patients and methods: The study included the 2 groups of children (i) Group 1; patients with joint hypermobility that were followed in pediatric rheumatology outpatient clinic (n=131). (ii) Group 2; healthy children without known chronic diseases (n=995). Demographic features, clinical findings, accompanying symptoms and anthropometric measurements of all patients were recorded. All cases were screened for celiac disease by serological marker and histopathological examinations if serological marker was positive. Results: There was no difference between two groups for age, gender, presence of malnutrition and accompanying symptoms (p>0.05). Serology positivity of anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA >20 RU/ml was found in seven patients with joint hypermobility. After histopathological examinations, asymptomatic celiac disease was detected in one (n=1, 0.9%) and potential celiac disease in six patients (n=6, 5.3%). There were six (0.6%) patients with positive serology in the control group. Celiac serology positivity and potential celiac disease were higher in patients with joint hypermobility (6.2%, vs. 0.6%, OR: 10.9, 95% CI: 3.6-33, p < 0.001 and 5.3%, vs. 0.4%, OR: 13.9, 95% CI: 3.6-50, p < 0.001, respectively), but no significant difference was found on the prevalence of asymptomatic celiac disease (0.9%, vs. 0.2%, OR: 4.4, p=0.22). Conclusion: Our study shows the increased prevalence of potential celiac disease in patients with joint hypermobility. Serological screening of celiac disease is recommended for to rule out organic problems in the presence gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with BJH.

The present study assesses the diagnostic significance of low ferritin levels in gastrointestinal diseases by evaluating the endoscopic findings of patients with low ferritin levels without anemia. The study included patients aged 0–18 years who underwent an upper and lower gastrointestinal system endoscopy in the Pediatric Gastroenterology Department of our hospital. The patients were divided into three groups based on hemoglobin, and ferritin levels at the time of initial presentation and endoscopic and histopathological findings were recorded retrospectively. In the present study, 2391 pediatric patients were reviewed, among which 29% (n = 699) had anemia, 23% (n = 549) had low ferritin levels without anemia, and 48% (n = 1143) did not have anemia. The most common symptoms were abdominal pain, dyspepsia, and growth retardation. When the endoscopy findings were compared with those of patients with non-anemic group, Helicobacter pylori gastritis (24%/17.6%) and celiac disease (6%/2.2%) were more common in low ferritin levels without anemia, which indicated a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000/p = 0.04). Helicobacter pylori gastritis and celiac disease were more commonly observed in association with low ferritin levels. Low ferritin levels without anemia can be an early and silent sign of celiac disease.

本研究の課題は、教育における漫画の可能性に着目して、トルコにおける漫画の歴史的な変遷を検討し、今日的な動向からその位置づけと意義を明らかにすることである。トルコでは漫画が100年以上の歴史を持っている。その間、第１次世界大戦、独立戦争そして共和国宣言を経て、新しい国づくりと国民の西欧的な新生活に慣れていく過程で漫画は啓発機能や情報提供機能により国民の教育に重要な役割を果たしてきた。1980年代以降はデジタル化の発展と共に、娯楽として漫画やアニメが普及した。2000年以降は西欧や日本の漫画の読者層が広がりを見せており、また学術的な分野においても学校における漫画での学習の可能性についての研究も2010年以降著しく増えている。漫画は教育者や学習者にとって教授学習の新たなスタイルとして効果的なツールであることが認識されて、学校教育の中に位置づけられると共にその教育効果において大きな意義を持つことが理解されてきた。

Background Liver transplant recipients can develop mucocutaneous lesions and the severity of these lesions can vary from benign to life-threatening conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and clinical features of mucocutaneous complications after liver transplantation (LT) in pediatric patients. Methods Retrospectively, children who underwent LT and were detected with skin and mucosa lesions while being followed up in our Pediatric Gastroenterology outpatient clinic between June 2005 and July 2020 were evaluated. Age, gender, primary diagnosis, graft type, immunosuppression history and post-transplantation mucocutaneous complications were recorded from the patients’ file. Results Mucocutaneous lesions were observed in 16 (9 girls, 7 boys) of 37 patients after LT. Mean transplantation age ± SD was 1.96 ± 2.03 years and a mean follow-up period was 7.31 ± 2.69 years. The lesions due to viral infections were the most common dermatologic findings (n=7, 20.5%), followed by soft tissue infection (n=6), xerosis (n=5), urticaria (n=3), eczema (n=2), fissured tongue (n=3), acne vulgaris (n=3), tinea (n=2), alopecia areata (n=1), oral aphthae (n=1) and leukocytoclastic vasculitis (n=1). No premalignant or malignant lesion was detected in any patient. Conclusion Studies about mucocutaneous complications are limited in children after LT and these lesions are often caused by infections associated with the side effects of immunosuppressive treatment. Accordingly, a carefully dermatological examination should be performed during the follow-up of patients undergoing LT.

Background: Esophageal stricture (ES) is an uncommon clinic entity in pediatrics that may be congenital or acquired in childhood. Acquired noncaustic ES is very rare, and clinical features of affected patients are unknown.Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the clinical findings, and outcomes of patients with acquired noncaustic ES to aid physicians in the early referral of patients to gastroenterologists.Methods: The medical data of patients with acquired noncaustic ES who were followed in our gastroenterology clinic between January 2009 and December 2019 were reviewed.Results: Acquired noncaustic ES was found in 12 of the 4,950 patients (0.24%) who underwent endoscopy during the study period. The main symptoms were dysphagia (58.3%), vomiting (33.3%), and chronic anemia (8.3%). Chronic malnutrition and underweight were found in 66.6% of the patients. The most common etiological factors were radiotherapy, peptic reflux, and achalasia (16.6%, each), while chemotherapy, squamous-cell carcinoma (SC) of the esophagus, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), esophageal web, epidermolysis bullosa, and esophageal diverticulum (8.2%, each) were the other etiological factors. Patients with EoE underwent endoscopic bougie dilation in addition to steroid use and elimination diet. Patients with epidermolysis bullosa and esophageal web underwent bougie dilation. Patients with peptic reflux-related ES were initially put on antireflux therapy, but during follow-up, one patient required esophageal replacement with colonic interposition. Patients with radiotherapy-related ES recovered with medical therapy. The patient with initially underwent surgical gastrostomy and tumoral mass excision. The patient then received chemotherapy and radiotherapy and underwent jejunal interposition. Patients with achalasia underwent surgical esophagomyotomy.Conclusion: The presence of solid dysphagia, malnutrition, and an associated disease may alert physicians to the presence of ES.

AMAÇ: Karaciğerin fibrokistik hastalıkları (KFKH); intrahepatik ve/veya ekstrahepatik biliyer anormallikler sonucunda safra kanallarında genişleme, hepatik fibrozis ve kistik oluşumlarla karakterize olan kalıtsal geçişli nadir görülen bir hastalık grubudur. Hastalar asemptomatik olabileceği gibi kolanjit, portal hipertansiyon, siroz, ele gelen kitle gibi semptomlarla başvurabilirler. Çalışmamızda; kliniğimizde takipli, KFKH olan hastaları; demografik özellikleri, klinik-laboratuvar bulguları ve son durumları ile değerlendirdik.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEMLER: Çalışmamıza; Ocak 2008- Aralık 2019 yılları arasında, Çocuk Gastroenteroloji, Hepatoloji ve Beslenme polikliniğinde KFKH nedeniyle takipli olan hastalar; klinik-laboratuvar bulguları, tedavi yaklaşımları ve son durumları ile geriye dönük olarak incelendi.BULGULAR: Toplam 39 hasta incelendi (%56.4 erkek, ortanca yaş; 5 yıl 3 ay, yaş aralığı: 1 ay-16.8 yıl). Sekiz hastada (%20.5) Caroli hastalığı (CH), 16 hastada konjenital hepatik fibrozis (KHF) (%41), 15 hastada koledok kisti tespit edilmişti. Başvuru şikayeti; en sık sarılık (n=8, %20.5), kronik karın ağrısı (n=6, %15.4) ve splenomegali (n=4, %10.3) idi. Sekiz hasta renal kist tespiti sonrası taramada (%20.5), yedi hasta intrauterin dönemde (%17.9), iki hasta ise insidental olarak tespit edilmişti (%5.1). Otozomal resesif polikistik böbrek hastalığı (ORPBH) olan altı hastada PKHD1 gen mutasyonu saptandı. On sekiz hasta opere edildi (%46.2, karaciğer nakli, sol lol segmental hepatektomi, mezokaval şant, böbrek nakli, kistektomi). 25 hastaya (%64.1) eşlik eden başka hastalıklar mevcuttu; 18’inde (%46.2) ORPBH, ikisinde metal motor retardasyon (%5.1; birinde metokromatik lökodistrofi, diğerinde Arnold Chiari malformasyonu), birer hastada (%2.6) nefrokalsinozis, juvenil nefronofitizis (böbrek nakli), akut pankreatit, pulmoner-metakarpal distal falanks hipoplazisi ve birinde medüler sünger böbrek ve pineal kist mevcuttu. Takip edilen 39 hastanın altısında portal hipertansiyon, beşinde kronik böbrek yetmezliği (%12.8), dördünde kompanse kronik karaciğer hastalığı (%10.3) ve birinde tekrarlayan kolanjit atakları (%2.6) olup CH olan bir hastaya dekompanse siroz nedeniyle karaciğer nakli yapılmıştı. TARTIŞMA: Karaciğerin fibrokistik hastalıkları; morbiditesi ve ileri dönem komplikasyon riski yüksek olan bir hastalık olması nedeniyle erken tanı konup düzenli takip yapılmalıdır., Objective: Fibrocystic liver disease (FLD) is a multisystemic disease that can be seen in a wide age range from intrauterine period to adolescent age. The aim of study is to evaluate the presenting symptoms, clinical-laboratory findings, treatment modality and results of the patients with FLD .Material and Methods: The demographic features, clinical-laboratory findings, treatment modality and results of patients with FLD followed up in our clinic between January 2008 and December 2019 were recorded retrospectively. Results: A total of 39 patients (56.4% male, median age; 53m years, age range: 10 days-16.8 years) were evaluated. Eight patients (20.5%) had Caroli’s disease (CD), 16 patients had congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) (41%), and 15 had choledochal cysts. The most common presenting symptoms were jaundice (n=8, 20.5%), chronic abdominal pain (n=6, 15.4%) and splenomegaly (n=4, 10.3%). Eight patients were detected after renal cyst detection and screening programme (20.5%), seven patients during intrauterine period (17.9%), and two patients incidentally (5.1%). PKHD1 gene mutation was deteceted in six patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Eighteen patients underwent surgical operation (46.2%, liver transplantation, left lobe segmental hepatectomy, mesocaval shunt, kidney transplantation, cystectomy). 25 patients (64.1%) had extrahepatic involvement [ ARPKD (n=18), mental motor retardation (n=2, methochromatic leukodystrophy, Arnold Chiari malformation in each one), nephrocalcinosis (n=1), juvenile nephronophytosis (n=1) acute pancreatitis (n=1), pulmonary hypoplasia + metacarpal distal phalanx hypoplasia (n=1) and medullary sponge kidney+pineal cyst (n=1)]. During the follow up of 39 patients; six patients had portal hypertension, five had chronic renal failure (12.8%), four had compensated chronic liver disease (10.3%) and one had recurrent cholangitis attacks (2.6%). Two patients underwent liver transplantation due to decompensated cirrhosis, and one patient underwent kidney transplantation due to end-stage renal failure. Conclusion: Early diagnosis, regular follow-up and treatment are important in patients with FLD because of the high risk of morbidity and complications.

Objective: Turkish Directorate of Public Health introduced the first pilot screening program for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in four Turkish cities in 2017, and in 2018 extended the program, with a slight change in screening strategy, to fourteen cities. To evaluate the performance of the extended study and update previously reported outcomes. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study. Neonates of >= 32 gestational weeks and >= 1500 gr birth weight from fourteen cities, born between May-December 2018, were included. Screening protocol included one sample, two-tier testing as applied in the previous pilot study. In the first step, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) was measured by fluoroimmunoassay in dried blood spots (DBS) obtained at 3-5 days of life. Cases with positive initial screening underwent second tier testing by steroid profiling in DBS using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure 17-OHP, 21-deoxycortisol (21-S), cortisol (F), 11-deoxycortisol and androstenedione. The babies with a steroid ratio (21-S+ 17-OHP)/F of >= 0.7 (increased from >= 0.5 in the earlier pilot study) were referred to pediatric endocrinology clinics for diagnostic assessment. Results: In the evaluated period, 241,083 newborns were screened. 12,321 (5.11 %) required second-tier testing and 880 (0.36 %) were referred for clinical assessment, twenty of whom were diagnosed with CAH (10 females, 10 males). Sixteen were diagnosed as classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) CAH (12 with salt-wasting and four with simple virilising CAH), and four cases were identified with 11 beta-OHD CAH. No case of salt-wasting CAH was missed by neonatal screening (sensitivity was 100 %). The incidence of classical 21-OHD and 11 beta-OHD in the screened population was 1:15,067 and 1:60,270, respectively. Conclusion: Turkish neonatal CAH screening effectively led to earlier diagnosis of 21-OHD and 11 beta-OHD, using steroid profiling as a second-tier test. This will result in improved care of these patients in the future.

OBJECTIVE Continued progress in our understanding of the food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) will provide the development of diagnostic tests and treatments. We aimed to identify precisely the clinical features and natural course of the disease in a large group of patients. Also, we investigated the predicting risk factors for persistent course since influencing parameters has not yet been established. METHODS Infants who were admitted with rectal bleeding and had a diagnosis of food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis in 5 different allergy or gastroenterology outpatient clinics were enrolled. Clinical features, laboratory tests, and prognosis were evaluated. Risk factors for persistent course were determined by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Among the 257 infants, 50.2% (n = 129) were girls and cow's milk (99.2%) was the most common trigger. Twenty-four percent of the patients had multiple food allergies and had more common antibiotic use (41.9% vs 11.8%), atopic dermatitis (21% vs 10.2%), wheezing (11.3% vs 1.5%), colic (33.8% vs 11.2%), and IgE sensitization (50% vs 13.5%) compared to the single-food allergic group (P

Objective: We aimed to share our observations on the demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of lymphonodular hyperplasia (LNH) in children. Subjects and Methods: The study included children on whom colonoscopy was performed between January 2015 and May 2018 (n = 361). Demographics, treatment modalities, and outcomes of the patients with LNH were recorded. Results: LNH was found in 66 patients (18.3%; mean age 8.6 ± 5.96 years, 59.1% male). We found that the etiologic factors were food hypersensitivity (FH) in 25 (37.8%), nonspecific colitis in 12 (18.2%), irritable bowel syndrome in 10 (15.2%), familial Mediter­ranean fever in 7 (10.6%), primary immunodeficiency in 4 (6.1%), and intestinal dysmotility, oxyuriasis, Crohn’s disease, and giardiasis in 1 (1.5%) patient. Additionally, in the genetic analysis of patients with idiopathic LNH (n = 4), we detected heterozygote MEFV mutations in all. Cow’s milk and egg (25%) were the most common allergens in patients with FH. Symptoms of all patients (n = 25) improved after an elimination diet. Conclusions: LNH is a common finding in pediatric colonoscopies with a variety of etiologies ranging from FH and familial Mediterranean fever to immunodeficiency.

At the beginning of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic, physicians paid close attention to children with chronic diseases to prevent transmission or a severe course of infection. We aimed to measure the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody levels in children with chronic gastrointestinal and liver diseases to analyze the risk factors for infection and its interaction with their primary disease.This cross-sectional study analyzed SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases (n=141) and in healthy children (n=48) between January and February 2021.During the pandemic, 10 patients (7%) and 1 child (2%) had confirmed COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children with chronic gastrointestinal and liver diseases are similar to that in healthy children. Close follow-up is important to understand the long-term effects of past COVID-19 infection in these children.

Saxagliptin is an effective and selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. This study was designed to determine possible protective effects of saxagliptin against damage caused by renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. In this study, 40 rats were divided into 4 groups (

Aim We aimed to analyse the influence of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the frequency and clinical presentation of celiac disease. Methods The study included the patients with celiac disease since January 2008. They were divided into 2 groups (diagnosed in pre‐pandemic [January 2008 and February 2020] [n = 148] and in pandemic period [March 2020 and June 2021] [n = 47]). Clinical and histological findings were compared between groups. Additionally, data about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were obtained in subgroup patients (n = 22) with celiac disease diagnosed during pandemic period. Results The number of patients per year (12.1–37.6) and the percentage of patients who were diagnosed with celiac disease/total endoscopy were increased during the pandemic period (2.2% vs. 10%, p

Miguel Devronsky proposed in 1970’s a theory explaining mechanism of action of ingested pure protein; so-called protein-diet, as follows

This study is aim to determine significant changes and trends in neuroscience literature concerning Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) from 2000 to 2017. This article encourage researchers to help identify perhaps the most influential studies and combine detailed evidence into study-considered higher education. To our knowledge and understanding, almost no study found alterations in neuroscientific literature during the last decade in Turkey. In this study, the main aim is to present a science map of “Neuroscience literature”, is a growing field of research in Turkey. This study explores maps of scientific publications related to research in Neuroscience that accuracy of clustering and classification of scientific fields is enhanced by incorporation of algorithms and main bibliometric analysis. Data were extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) database and matched with PubMed database via PubMed ID. Only articles published in journals classified under the Web of science category (WC) “Neurosciences” over the period of interest were included. MeSH term, abstract fields and references of each included publication were extracted and analyzed via Bibliotools software to identify recurring terms with high relative citation scores. MeSH term maps were produced for publications over the study period to illustrate the extent of co-occurrence, and the impact of terms was evaluated based on their relative citation scores. To further describe the recent research priority or “hot spots,” MeSH terms, Journals, authors with the highest relative citation scores were identified annually. We focused on two successive periods: in 2000–2007 there are 1807 publications in WoS and 1510 publications in the bibliographic coupling (BC). 1291 publications gathered in 16 top clusters and 1103 publications gathered in 47 subtop clusters. In 2008–2017: there are 3668 publications in WoS, 3312 publications in the BC network. 2924 publications gathered in 20 top clusters and 2500 publications gathered in 87 subtop clusters. In the corpus description interface, interactive tools are used to explore the nature of the two studied corpora by listing MeSH terms, references, categories, authors, journals, institutions, countries, etc. by frequency of use. In the BC interface, interactive tools are used to explore the multiple dimensions of the topics (or clusters) unveiled by our analysis. The two periods were studied independently, and although we use matching colors for topics that obviously correspond to one another from one-time period to another. We focused on two successive periods: in 2000–2007 there are 1807 publications in WoS and 1510 publications in the bibliographic coupling (BC). 1291 publications gathered in 16 top clusters and 1103 publications gathered in 47 subtop clusters. In 2008–2017: there are 3668 publications in WoS, 3312 publications in the BC network. 2924 publications gathered in 20 top clusters and 2500 publications gathered in 87 subtop clusters. In the corpus description interface, interactive tools are used to explore the nature of the two studied corpora by listing MeSH terms, references, categories, authors, journals, institutions, countries, etc. by frequency of use. In the BC interface, interactive tools are used to explore the multiple dimensions of the topics (or clusters) unveiled by our analysis. The two periods were studied independently, and although we use matching colors for topics that obviously correspond to one another from one-time period to another. In recent years, because of an increase in the size of the aging population, the trend of neuroscience research has been increased. Neuroscience is currently the fastest growing area in basic scientific research. This paper gives a contemporary summary to scientists and medical professionals interested in research and innovation in this field. Furthermore, Neuroscience research plays a vital role in the development of instruments categories of emerging medical technology. It is clear that this paper helps researchers who study the neuroscience to recognize significant changes and trends in the literature of neurosciences.

Kidney ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is an important health problem resulting in acute renal failure. After IR, the inflammatory and apoptotic process is triggered. The relation of Cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor with inflammatory and apoptotic process has been determined. The CB2 receptor has been shown to be localized in glomeruli and tubules in human and rat kidney. Activation of CB2 receptor with JWH-133 has been shown to reduce apoptosis and inflammation. In this study, it was investigated whether CB2 activation with selective CB2 receptor agonist JWH-133 was protective against renal IR injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 45). Bilateral ischemia was treated to the IR group rat's kidneys for 45 min and then reperfusion was performed for 24 h. Three different doses of JWH-133 (0.2, 1 and 5 mg/kg) were administered to the treatment groups at the onset of ischemia. The JWH-133 application at three different doses decreased the glomerular and tubular damage. Additionally, in the renal tissue, nuclear factor-κB, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, and caspase-3 levels decreased immunohistochemically. Similarly, JWH-133 application decreased the serum tumour necrosis factor alpha, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Cystatin C, interleukin-18, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 levels. We found that JWH-133 and CB2 receptor activation had a curative effect against kidney IR damage. JWH-133 may be a new therapeutic agent in preventing kidney IR damage.

Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and H.Pylori gastritis are common seen in childhood. In the literature, it was found that the incidence of H. pylori infection in patients with GERD was between 30-90%. Coexistence of two diseases is one of the topic and controversial issue in these days. In our study; we aimed to assess the prevalence of GERD in pediatric patients with and without H. pylori gastritis, and investigate whether H. pylori infection is a risk factor for GERD.Methods The patients undergoing endoscopic examination in Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition clinic between January 2009 - January 2019 included in the study. The data of patients were recorded from the hospital files retrospectively. The patients were divided in two groups according to whether H. pylori infection positive and negative. GERD frequency, indication of endoscopy and demographic characteristics were compared.Results Among the 4337 patients (55.5% female, mean age ± SD; 9.5 ± 4.4 years, range; 6 months-19 years), 348 patients (8%) had GERD, and 779 patients (18%) had H. pylori gastritis. There was no significant difference in gender between patients with H. pylori positive and negative (p>0.05). We determined that the age of patients with H. pylori gastritis was older (p=0.000). The prevalence of GERD in the H. pylori negative patients was 8.4% compared to 6.2% in the H. pylori positive patients [OR, 0.71 95% CI (0.52-0.98), p = 0.030].Conclusions Our study showed that H. pylori infection had a protector role for GERD. We could not evaluate the patients reflux symptoms after H. pylori eradication therapy. Therefore, further prospective studies are needed., Amaç Gastroözofageal reflü hastalığı (GÖRH) ve H. pylori gastriti çocukluk çağında sık görülmektedir. Literatürde GÖRH olan hastalarda H. pylori enfeksiyonu insidansının % 30-90 arasında olduğu bildirilmiştir. İki hastalığın bir arada bulunması, günümüzde tartışılan konuların başında gelmektedir. Çalışmamızda; H. pylori gastriti olan ve olmayan çocuk hastalarda GÖRH prevelansını bulmayı ve H. pylori enfeksiyonunun GÖRH için bir risk faktörü olup olmadığını araştırmayı amaçladık.Yöntem Çalışmaya Ocak 2009-Ocak 2019 arasında Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Gastroenteroloji, Hepatoloji ve Beslenme kliniğinde endoskopik inceleme yapılan hastalar dahil edildi. Hastaların verileri hastane dosyalarından geriye dönük olarak kaydedildi. Hastalar H. pylori enfeksiyonunun pozitif ve negatif olup olmamasına göre iki gruba ayrıldı. GÖRH sıklığı, endoskopi endikasyonları ve demografik özellikler karşılaştırıldı.Bulgular 4337 hastanın (%55.5’i kız, ortalama yaş ±SD; 9.5±4.4 yıl, yaş aralığı; 6 ay-19 yıl), 348’inde (%8) GÖRH, 779’unda (%18) H. pylori gastiriti tespit edildi. H. pylori pozitif ve negatif olan hastalar arasında cinsiyet açısından anlamlı fark yoktu (p>0.05). H. pylori gastritinin daha büyük çocuklarda olduğu tespit edildi (p=0.000). H. pylori negatif hastalarda GÖRH prevalansı %8.4 iken H. pylori pozitif hastalarda %6.2 idi [OR,%0.71 95% CI (0.52-0.98), p=0.030].Sonuç Çalışmamız H. pylori enfeksiyonunun GÖRH’de koruyucu bir rolü olduğunu göstermektedir. H. pylori eradikasyon tedavisinden sonra hastaların reflü semptomları değerlendirilememiştir. Bu nedenle ileriye dönük daha geniş spektrumlu çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

本稿は、「学校支援ボランティア」の政策的な意図と変遷及びその意義など現状と課題について明らかにすることを目的とする。日本では学校における学校支援ボランティアへの関心の高揚は、学校に多種多様な課題が要請される中で、学校と親・地域との関係の希薄化の問題などがあり、1980年代以降の臨時教育審議会を契機として、「開かれた学校」づくりとともに学校と地域の関係の再構築の試みの中で始まった。学校支援ボランティアの拡大に大きく貢献した施策は、特別非常勤制度、総合的な学習の時間と学校週5日制である。また、学校教育の限界と教授・学習のスタイルの転換と大人の自己実現と社会貢献機械の要求の高まりなどと相まって、現在、ほとんどの小・中学校で各教科、特別活動、総合的な学習の時間等幅広い領域で学校支援ボランティアが活用されている。

The development of objective methods that enable monitoring of the cognitive status of pilots, UAV operators, and air traffic controllers is critically important in aviation for improving flight safety, optimizing pilot/operator training and developing innovative man-machine interfaces. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) optical brain imaging technology offers significant advantages for this purpose by providing portable, rugged sensors that can be employed in the field to monitor neurophysiological markers during flight operations. This article reviews studies that employ fNIRS technology for cognitive workload assessment, operator interface evaluation, and g-loc/hypoxia prediction in aviation to document the potential of neurophysiological measurement modalities like fNIRS for aviation medicine and ergonomics., Pilotların, insansız hava aracı operatörlerinin, hava trafik kontrolörlerinin eğitim ve uçuş faaliyetleri sırasında bilişsel durumlarının takibini sağlayacak nesnel yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi uçuş emniyetinin sağlanması, eğitim süreçlerinin optimizasyonu ve yenilikçi insan-makine arayüzlerinin tasarımı bakımından kritik önem taşımaktadır. İşlevsel Yakın-Kızılötesi Tayfölçümü (functional near infrared spectroscopy – fNIRS) optik beyin görüntüleme teknolojisi gibi saha kullanımına uygun, portatif ve güvenilir nörofizyolojik ölçüm yöntemleri bu ihtiyaçlara yönelik bazı önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Bu derlemede fNIRS teknolojisinin dayandığı bilimsel temeller ve bu teknolojiyle gerçekleştirilmiş pilot/operatör bilişsel işyükü takibi, kontrol arayüzü değerlendirmesi, g-loc/hipoksi kestirimi gibi öncü havacılık uygulamalarından örnekler sunularak fNIRS yönteminin havacılık tıbbı ve ergonomisi alanları için sunduğu imkanların özetlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and increased inflammatory activity are the main pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for cardiac remodeling secondary to hypertension. Bilirubin has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic functions. This report's objectives are to determine whether Query identifiers of left atrial (LA) remodeling, total atrial conduction time (TACT) and LA reservoir strain (LARS), are associated with serum total bilirubin levels, and to identify the possible predictors of LA remodeling in newly diagnosed hypertensive subjects. One hundred thirty-four subjects were enrolled in this study. TACT was evaluated by tissue Doppler imaging, and LARS was calculated by speckle-tracking echocardiography. Laboratory parameters were recorded. The subjects were classified into two separate groups according to the median value of TACT and LARS. In patients with supramedian TACT, LA volume index (LAVI) and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness were higher, while LARS and LVGLS were lower. In subjects with inframedian LARS, TACT was longer, LAVI and EAT thickness were higher, and LVGLS was lower. Patients with supramedian TACT and inframedian LARS were older and had lower total bilirubin. Total bilirubin, EAT thickness, and age were predictors of TACT and LARS. Serum bilirubin levels may have a protective effect on the LA remodeling process in newly diagnosed hypertensive subjects.

Myosin Vb (MYO5B) is a motor protein that facilitates protein trafficking and recycling in polarized cells by RAB11- and RAB8-dependent mechanisms. Biallelic MYO5B mutations are identified in the majority of patients with microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). MVID is an intractable diarrhea of infantile onset with characteristic histopathologic findings that requires life-long parenteral nutrition or intestinal transplantation. A large number of such patients eventually develop cholestatic liver disease. Bi-allelic MYO5B mutations are also identified in a subset of patients with predominant early-onset cholestatic liver disease. We present here the compilation of 114 patients with disease-causing MYO5B genotypes, including 44 novel patients as well as 35 novel MYO5B mutations, and an analysis of MYO5B mutations with regard to functional consequences. Our data support the concept that (1) a complete lack of MYO5B protein or early MYO5B truncation causes predominant intestinal disease (MYO5B-MVID), (2) the expression of full-length mutant MYO5B proteins with residual function causes predominant cholestatic liver disease (MYO5B-PFIC), and (3) the expression of mutant MYO5B proteins without residual function causes both intestinal and hepatic disease (MYO5B-MIXED). Genotype-phenotype data are deposited in the existing open MYO5B database in order to improve disease diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling., publishedVersion

Introduction Despite their popularity in Neuropsychology, reaction time analysis based on the subtraction and additive factors methods is critiqued for not paying adequate attention to the dynamical nature of cognition. Mouse-tracking methods aim to cater to this need by allowing researchers to explore response dynamics during cognitive tasks by recording mouse trajectories. Methods A mouse-tracking adaptation of the Simon task is developed to explore decision-making dynamics in different stimulus-response compatibility conditions. The study focuses on the effects of stimulus design decisions on mouse trajectories, including relocation of the choice buttons from the top corners to the bottom and the mid-session reversal of stimulus-response mapping on mouse responses. Results Consistent with previous studies, significant stimulus-response compatibility effects were observed, where contrasts over mouse-tracking measures had larger effect sizes than simple reaction time contrasts. Moreover, in the conflict trials, asymmetric response trajectories towards the left and right corners were observed. Moving the response buttons from top to bottom increased the degree of asymmetry between the mouse trajectories towards the bottom-left and bottom-right corners during the conflict condition. Finally, in the reverse Simon task, the switch to a new color-response mapping inflicted the largest effect on the average number of y-flips. Conclusion Mouse tracking provides measures suitable for exploring decision-making dynamics beyond classical reaction time analysis, provided asymmetries due to the starting position and response layout are considered during experiment design.

The ability of people to understand each other and to work together face-to-face is grounded in their sharing of our meaningful natural and cultural world. CSCL groups—such as virtual math teams—have to co-construct their online, shared world with extra effort. A case study of building shared understanding online illustrates several aspects of co-experiencing a digital world. Asking each other questions is one common way of aligning perceptions. Literally looking at the same aspect of something as someone else helps us to see what each other means. The co-constructed shared world has social and temporal as well as objective dimensions. This world grounds communicative, interpersonal, and task-related activities for online groups, making possible group cognition that exceeds the limits of the individual cognition of the group members.

To mitigate dictionary attacks or similar undesirable automated attacks to information systems, developers mostly prefer using CAPTCHA challenges as Human Interactive Proofs (HIPs) to distinguish between human users and scripts. Appropriate use of CAPTCHA requires a setup that balances between robustness and usability during the design of a challenge. The previous research reveals that most usability studies have used accuracy and response time as measurement criteria for quantitative analysis. The present study aims at applying optical neuroimaging techniques for the analysis of CAPTCHA design. The functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy technique was used to explore the hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex elicited by CAPTCHA stimulus of varying types. The findings suggest that regions in the left and right dorsolateral and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex respond to the degrees of line occlusion, rotation, and wave distortions present in a CAPTCHA. The systematic addition of the visual effects introduced nonlinear effects on the behavioral and prefrontal oxygenation measures, indicative of the emergence of Gestalt effects that might have influenced the perception of the overall CAPTCHA figure.

In order to collaborate effectively in group discourse on a topic like mathematical patterns, group participants must organize their activities in ways that share the significance of their utterances, inscriptions, and behaviors. Here, we report the results of an ethnomethodological case study of collaborative math problem-solving activities mediated by a synchronous multimodal online environment. We investigate the moment-by-moment details of the interaction practices through which participants organize their chat utterances and whiteboard actions as a coherent whole. This approach to analysis foregrounds the sequentiality of action and the implicit referencing of meaning making—fundamental features of interaction. In particular, we observe that the sequential construction of shared drawings and the deictic references that link chat messages to features of those drawings and to prior chat content are instrumental in the achievement of intersubjectivity among group members’ understandings. We characterize this precondition of collaboration as the co-construction of an indexical field that functions as a common ground for group cognition. Our analysis reveals methods by which the group co-constructs meaningful inscriptions in the dual-interaction spaces of its CSCL environment. The integration of graphical, narrative, and symbolic semiotic modalities in this manner also facilitates joint problem-solving. It allows group members to invoke and operate with multiple realizations of their mathematical artifacts, a characteristic of deep learning of mathematics.