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Chronic lead exposure induces ROS accumulation which causes physiological disorders. Chelation therapy has been widely used to overcome lead poisoning since it exerts only a few side effects. Nano chitosan prevents lead poisoning by inhibiting ROS. This study examined the pharmacokinetics of nano chitosan in chronic lead-induced toxicity animal models and the mechanism of action pathway using the bioinformatic approach, The area under the curve was estimated to be 12110.13 ± 7709.37 µg/mL hours using the pharmacokinetic model, and the Cmax was 82.34 ± 5.64 µg/mL. The Tmax and t½ calculations were 22.68 ± 11.67 and 80.47 ± 60.58 hours respectively. Chitosan nanoparticles regulated VEGFA, FGF2, and LGALS3 which plausibly played a substantial role in chronic lead exposure. However, chitosan is not suitable for oral administration due to its low gastrointestinal solubility. These characteristics make chitosan nanoparticles have the prospect of being developed as a supplement so that they can contribute to overcoming the negative impacts of chronic lead poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, E.C. 3.1.1.3 are a class of enzymes that catalyze several important reactions viz. hydrolysis, aminolysis, alcoholysis, and esterification. Hence, switching to lipase production using low-cost cultivation media through solid-state fermentation (SSF) of agro-industry biomass may prove beneficial in lowering the production cost. In this study, mold isolated from fermented soybean was selected for producing lipase through SSF using coconut pulp as the substrate. Results revealed that a 4-day incubation was optimum for the SSF of coconut pulp to produce the highest lipase activity and protein content, which are 12.0 U ml-1 and 0.75 mg ml-1, respectively. Specific activity of the lipase reached its maximum at 15.9 U mg-1 with incubation at 35°C and pH 7.5. Moreover, it catalyzed the hydrolysis of olive oil with an activation energy of 43.46 kJ mol-1. Results demonstrated that the strategy adopted in this study to produce lipase by SSF of coconut pulp appeared to be a promising approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]