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Purpose: To provide a prospective 2 year follow-up of a previously enrolled adolescent high school sample, regarding body image and eating concerns, and patterns of sports type and physical activity., Methods: Sports type, weekly time devoted to it, and psychopathological self-reports (Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire 6.0, Body Uneasiness Test, and Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory) were evaluated longitudinally in a general population sample enrolled in a previous study, testing prospective variations in an observational setting., Results: At follow-up, girls expressed increased dietary restraint and body uneasiness as compared to baseline, whereas boys expressed increased body uneasiness-and specifically in the avoidance, depersonalisation and compulsive self-monitoring dimensions. Among both sexes, a significant shift towards individual activities or lack of activity was observed after 2 years, with a reduction in team sports involvement. Among girls, time devoted to exercise significantly decreased at follow-up., Conclusions: The present findings indirectly confirm an increased vulnerability to dietary, bodily and appearance-based concerns among adolescents. The role of different patterns of physical activity and exercise time may interact bidirectionally with these problematic areas, considering that previous studies point out increased concerns among inactive subjects, and among those who choose individual activities., Level of Evidence: Level IV-longitudinal observational study., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The original study protocol was approved by the Committee for the Ethics of Research of the University of Florence (Protocol Number 0027558, 13/02/2020), as well as its amendment for follow-up purposes (Protocol Number 0265149, 03/11/2023). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Consent for publication: Participants (and their parents or legal guardians, for individuals under 18) provided written informed consent to participate and allowed data publication in aggregate form. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

No molecular data are currently available for the Sicilian populations of the European pine marten Martes martes , thus preventing any sound inference about its native or non-native status on the island, as well as the local phylogeography of the species. In order to investigate these issues, we sequenced two mtDNA markers in road-killed specimens collected in Sicily. Both markers consistently demonstrated the existence of a well-characterised Sicilian clade of the species, which is endemic to the island and constitutes the sister group of a clade including the Mediterranean and Central-North European major phylogroups of the European pine marten. Such evidence supports the autochthony of Martes martes in Sicily and points to a natural Pleistocene colonisation of the island followed by isolation. The occurrence of a, to date undetected, major phylogroup of the species in Sicily calls for the dedicated monitoring of the Sicilian populations of the species in order to preserve this evolutionarily significant unit.

Rumination is a characteristic feature of several clinical disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, insomnia disorder). Emerging evidence suggests that a reduced flexibility in the balance between proactive and reactive control might be related to trait rumination. This study aimed to investigate the proactive-reactive control balance in the context of trait rumination. In the current study, we investigated behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants were performing an AX- Continuous Performance Task, to evaluate whether a shift towards more reactive control (i.e., conflict monitoring and resolution) at the expense of proactive control (i.e., maintenance and updating of task-relevant information) is associated with increased trait rumination. Our behavioral results as well as our ERP results did not demonstrate that a shift towards more reactive control at the expense of proactive control was associated with increased trait rumination. Future research is needed to investigate the proactive-reactive control balance in the context of trait rumination. This study is the first to explore the recruitment dynamics of cognitive control using behavioral as well as electrophysiological measures in the context of rumination., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Study Objectives: Individuals with insomnia disorder (ID) commonly report complaints of cognitive control functioning. Conversely, both behavioral and neurological evidence supporting subjective cognitive control impairments in insomnia remain remarkably scarce and inconclusive. To investigate this discrepancy, the present study used next to behavioral measures, event-related potentials (ERPs) to assess proactive control and reactive control in insomnia., Methods: Individuals with insomnia disorder (n = 18) and good sleeper controls (GSC; n = 15) completed the AX-continuous performance task, while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. This task required participants to maintain specific cue-information active to prepare an adequate response to a subsequent probe, which allowed us to measure participants' reliance on both proactive and reactive control., Results: The results indicate that, although ID show a comparable level of performance as GSC, they show a reduced proactive engagement of cue-induced maintenance and response preparation processes (as reflected by the P3b and the contingent negative variation components). Moreover, in contrast to GSC, ID fail to engage reactive control (as indexed by the P3a component) to overcome invalid response tendencies., Conclusions: This study provides neurological evidence for impairments in cognitive control functioning in insomnia. As such, our study contributes to a better understanding of the discrepancy between the commonly reported cognitive impairments in insomnia and the scarce objective evidence supporting these cognitive complaints., (© Sleep Research Society 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Less than 40% of men with LUTS consult their doctor. Patients consider the LUTS as physiological and are resigned to endure them. It is necessary to foster awareness of the micturition disorders, to monitor their development and to assess the effectiveness of therapies. At present the only validated test is the IPSS-Q8, but in Italy it is used by only 4% of General Practitioners (GPs). Because the IPSS is complex and not easy to handle, we need a more simple test but nevertheless efficient. The Italian Society of Urology (SIU) and the Italian Society for Interdisciplinary Primary Care (SIICP) presented the "Quick Prostate Test" (QPT) in November 2012. We aimed to evaluate the efficiency of QPT versus the IPSSQ8 and its suitability in primary care., Materials and Methods: The QPT is composed of 3 questions to be answered "yes" or "no." The answer "yes" just to one question makes "positive" the test. We enrolled 64 men, ≥ 50 years old, suffering from BPH, extracted from the database of five GPs. The patients were randomized into two arms: to the arm 1 only QPT was administered, to verify efficiency of the test; to the arm 2 both the QPT that the IPSS-Q8 were administered., Results: Into the arm 1, the 96.4% has tested positive for QPT. Into the arm 2, the 89% of patients with one or two positive responses to the QPT showed a moderate IPSSQ8 score; the 75% of the patients with three positive responses to the QPT had a serious IPSS-Q8 score. The GPs (80%) have expressed the highest level of satisfaction for the QPT for the "time of administration" and for the "simplicity" of the test., Conclusions: The experience with the QPT has shown that the test is efficient and suitable in the primary care setting. We want to encourage the GPs to use the QPT for the monitoring of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and to contribute to the validation of the test.

Unconsciously presented information can influence our behavior in an experimental context. However, whether these effects can be translated to a daily life context, such as advertising, is strongly debated. What hampers this translation is the widely accepted notion of the short-livedness of unconscious representations. The effect of unconscious information on behavior is assumed to rapidly vanish within a few hundreds of milliseconds. Using highly familiar brand logos (e.g., the logo of McDonald's) as subliminal and supraliminal primes in two priming experiments, we assessed whether these logos were able to elicit behavioral effects after a short (e.g., 350 ms), a medium (e.g., 1000 ms), and a long (e.g., 5000 ms) interval. Our results demonstrate that when real-life information is presented minimally consciously or even unconsciously, it can influence our subsequent behavior, even when more than five seconds pass between the presentation of the minimally conscious or unconscious information and the behavior on which it exerts its influence.