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18. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF REVIEWERS

Author

Adams, NG, Adekambi, T, Afeltra, J, Aguado, J, Aires de Sousa, M, Akiyoshi, K, Al Hasan, M, Ala-Kokko, T, Albert, M, Alfandari, S, Allen, D, Allerberger, F, Almyroudis, N, Alp, E, Amin, R, Anderson-Berry, A, Andes, DR, Andremont, A, Andreu, A, Angelakis, M, Antachopoulos, C, Antoniadou, A, Arabatzis, M, Arlet, G, Arnez, M, Arnold, C, Asensio, A, Asseray, N, Ausiello, C, Avni, T, Ayling, R, Baddour, L, Baguelin, M, Bányai, K, Barbour, A, Basco, LK, Bauer, D, Bayston, R, Beall, B, Becker, K, Behr, M, Bejon, P, Belliot, G, Benito-Fernandez, J, Benjamin, D, Benschop, K, Berencsi, G, Bergeron, MG, Bernard, K, Berner, R, Beyersmann, J, Bille, J, Bizzini, A, Bjarnsholt, T, Blanc, D, Blanco, J, Blot, S, Bohnert, J, Boillat, N, Bonomo, R, Bonten, M, Bordon, JM, Borel, N, Boschiroli, ML, Bosilkovski, M, Bosso, JA, Botelho-Nevers, E, Bou, G, Bretagne, S, Brouqui, P, Brun-Buisson, C, Brunetto, M, Bucher, H, Buchheidt, D, Buckling, A, Bulpa, P, Cambau, E, Canducci, F, Cantón, R, Capobianchi, M, Carattoli, A, Carcopino, X, Cardona-Castro, N, Carling, PC, Carrat, F, Castilla, J, Castilletti, C, Cavaco, L, Cavallo, R, Ceccherini-Silberstein, F, Centrón, D, Chappuis, F, Charrel, R, Chen, M, Chevaliez, S, Chezzi, C, Chomel, B, Chowers, M, Chryssanthou, E, Ciammaruconi, A, Ciccozzi, M, Cid, J, Ciofu, O, Cisneros, D, Ciufolini, MG, Clark, C, Clarke, SC, Clayton, R, Clementi, M, Clemons, K, Cloeckaert, Ael, Cloud, J, Coenye, T, Cohen Bacri, S, Cohen, R, Coia, J, Colombo, A, Colson, P, Concerse, P, Cordonnier, C, Cormican, M, Cornaglia, G, Cornely, O, Costa, S, Cots, F, Craxi, A, Creti, R, Crnich, C, Cuenca Estrella, M, Cusi, MG, d'Ettorre, G, da Cruz Lamas, C, Daikos, G, Dannaoui, E, De Barbeyrac, B, De Grazia, S, de Jager, C, de Lamballerie, X, de Marco, F, del Palacio, A, Delpeyroux, F, Denamur, E, Denis, O, Depaquit, J, Deplano, A, Desenclos, J-C, Desjeux, P, Deutch, S, Di Luca, D, Dianzani, F, Diep, B, Diestra, K, Dignani, C, Dimopoulos, G, Divizia, M, Doi, Y, Dornbusch, HJ, Dotis, J, Drancourt, M, Drevinek, P, Dromer, F, Dryden, M, Dubreuil, L, Dubus, J-C, Dumitrescu, O, Dumke, R, DuPont, H, Edelstein, M, Eggimann, P, Eis-Huebinger, A-M, El Atrouni, WI, Entenza, J, Ergonul, O, Espinel-Ingroff, A, Esteban, J, Etienne, J, Fan, X-G, Fenollar, F, Ferrante, P, Ferrieri, P, Ferry, T, Feuchtinger, T, Finegold, S, Fingerle, V, Fitch, M, Fitzgerald, R, Flori, P, Fluit, A, Fontana, R, Fournier, PE, François, M, Francois, P, Freedman, DO, Friedrich, A, Gallego, L, Gallinella, G, Gangneux, J-P, Gannon, V, Garbarg-Chenon, A, Garbino, J, Garnacho-Montero, J, Gatermann, Soeren, Gautret, P, Gentile, G, Gerlich, W, Ghannoum, M, Ghebremedhin, B, Ghigo, E, Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E, Girgis, R, Giske, C, Glupczynski, Y, Gnarpe, J, Gomez-Barrena, E, Gorwitz, RJ, Gosselin, R, Goubau, P, Gould, E, Gradel, K, Gray, J, Gregson, D, Greub, G, Grijalva, CG, Groll, A, Groschup, M, Gutiérrez, J, Hackam, DG, Hall, WA, Hallett, R, Hansen, S, Harbarth, S, Harf-Monteil, C, Hasanjani, Roushan MR, Hasler, P, Hatchette, T, Hauser, P, He, Q, Hedges, A, Helbig, J, Hennequin, C, Herrmann, B, Hezode, C, Higgins, P, Hoesli, I, Hoiby, N, Hope, W, Houvinen, P, Hsu, LY, Huard, R, Humphreys, H, Icardi, M, Imoehl, M, Ivanova, K, Iwamoto, T, Izopet, J, Jackson, Y, Jacobsen, K, Jang, TN, Jasir, A, Jaulhac, B, Jaureguy, F, Jefferies, JM, Jehl, F, Johnstone, J, Joly-Guillou, M-L, Jonas, M, Jones, M, Joukhadar, C, Kahl, B, Kaier, K, Kaiser, L, Kato, H, Katragkou, A, Kearns, A, Kern, W, Kerr, K, Kessin, R, Kibbler, C, Kimberlin, D, Kittang, B, Klaassen, C, Kluytmans, J, Ko, W-C, Koh, W-J, Kostrzewa, M, Kourbeti, I, Krause, R, Krcmery, V, Krizova, P, Kuijper, E, Kullberg, B-J, Kumar, G, Kunin, CM, La Scola, B, Lagging, M, Lagrou, K, Lamagni, T, Landini, P, Landman, D, Larsen, A, Lass-Floerl, C, Laupland, K, Lavigne, JP, Leblebicioglu, H, Lee, B, Lee, CH, Leggat, P, Lehours, P, Leibovici, Lonard, Leon, L, Leonard, N, Leone, M, Lescure, X, Lesprit, P, Levy, PY, Lew, D, Lexau, CA, Li, S-Y, Li, W, Lieberman, D, Lina, B, Lina, G, Lindsay, JA, Livermore, D, Lorente, L, Lortholary, O, Lucet, J-C, Lund, B, Lütticken, R, MacLeod, C, Madhi, S, Maertens, J, Maggi, F, Maiden, M, Maillard, J-Y, Maira-Litran, T, Maltezou, H, Manian, FA, Mantadakis, E, Maragakis, L, Marcelin, A-G, Marchaim, D, Marchetti, O, Marcos, M, Markotic, A, Martina, B, Martínez, J, Martinez, J-L, Marty, F, Maurin, M, McGee, L, Mediannikov, O, Meersseman, W, Megraud, F, Meletiadis, J, Mellmann, A, Meyer, E, Meyer, W, Meylan, P, Michalopoulos, A, Micol, R, Midulla, F, Mikami, Y, Miller, RF, Miragaia, M, Miriagou, V, Mitchell, TJ, Miyakis, S, Mokrousov, I, Monecke, S, Mönkemüller, K, Monno, L, Monod, M, Morales, G, Moriarty, F, Morosini, I, Mortensen, E, Mubarak, K, Mueller, B, Mühlemann, K, Muñoz Bellido, JL, Murray, P, Muscillo, M, Mylotte, J, Naessens, A, Nagy, E, Nahm, MH, Nassif, X, Navarro, D, Navarro, F, Neofytos, D, Nes, I, Ní Eidhin, D, Nicolle, L, Niederman, MS, Nigro, G, Nimmo, G, Nordmann, P, Nougairède, A, Novais, A, Nygard, K, Oliveira, D, Orth, D, Ortiz, JR, Osherov, N, Österblad, M, Ostrosky-Zeichner, L, Pagano, L, Palamara, AT, Pallares, R, Panagopoulou, P, Pandey, P, Panepinto, J, Pappas, G, Parkins, M, Parola, P, Pasqualotto, A, Pasteran, F, Paul, M, Pawlotsky, J-M, Peeters, M, Peixe, L, Pepin, J, Peralta, G, Pereyre, S, Perfect, JR, Petinaki, E, Petric, M, Pettigrew, M, Pfaller, M, Philipp, M, Phillips, G, Pichichero, M, Pierangeli, A, Pierard, D, Pigrau, C, Pilishvili, T, Pinto, F, Pistello, M, Pitout, J, Poirel, L, Poli, G, Poppert, S, Posfay-Barbe, K, Pothier, P, Poxton, I, Poyart, C, Pozzetto, B, Pujol, M, Pulcini, C, Punyadeera, C, Ramirez, M, Ranque, S, Raoult, D, Rasigade, J-P, Re, MC, Reilly, JS, Reinert, R, Renaud, B, Rice, L, Rich, S, Richet, H, Rigouts, L, Riva, E, Rizzo, C, Robotham, J, Rodicio, MR, Rodriguez, J, Rodriguez-Bano, J, Rogier, C, Roilides, E, Rolain, J-M, Rooijakkers, S, Rooney, P, Rossi, F, Rotimi, V, Rottman, M, Roux, V, Ruhe, J, Russo, G, Sadowy, E, Sagel, U, Said, SI, Saijo, M, Sak, B, Sa-Leao, R, Sanders, EAM, Sanguinetti, M, Sarrazin, C, Savelkoul, P, Scheifele, D, Schmidt, W-P, Schønheyder, H, Schönrich, G, Schrenzel, J, Schubert, S, Schwarz, K, Schwarz, S, Sefton, A, Segondy, M, Seifert, H, Seng, P, Senneville, E, Sexton, D, Shafer, RW, Shalit, I, Shankar, N, Shata, TM, Shields, J, Sibley, C, Sicinschi, L, Siljander, T, Simitsopoulou, M, Simoons-Smit, AM, Sissoko, D, Sjögren, J, Skiada, A, Skoczynska, A, Skov, R, Slack, M, Sogaard, M, Sola, C, Soriano, A, Sotto, A, Sougakoff, W, Souli, M, Spelberg, B, Spelman, D, Spiliopoulou, I, Springer, B, Stefani, S, Stein, A, Steinbach, WJ, Steinbakk, M, Strakova, L, Strenger, V, Sturm, P, Sullivan, P, Sutton, D, Symmons, D, Tacconelli, E, Tamalet, C, Tang, JW, Tang, Y-W, Tattevin, P, Thibault, V, Thomsen, RW, Thuny, F, Tong, S, Torres, C, Townsend, R, Tristan, A, Trouillet, J-L, Tsai, H-C, Tsitsopoulos, P, Tuerlinckx, D, Tulkens, P, Tumbarello, M, Tureen, J, Turnidge, JD, Turriziani, O, Tutuian, R, Uçkay, I, Upton, M, Vabret, A, Vamvakas, EC, van den Boom, D, Van Eldere, J, van Leeuwen, W, van Strijp, J, Van Veen, S, Vandamme, P, Vandenesch, F, Vayssier, M, Velin, D, Venditti, M, Venter, M, Venuti, A, Vergnaud, G, Verheij, T, Verhofstede, C, Viscoli, C, Vizza, CD, Vogel, U, Waller, A, Wang, YF, Warn, P, Warris, A, Wauters, G, Weidmann, M, Weill, F-X, Weinberger, M, Welch, D, Wellinghausen, N, Wheat, J, Widmer, A, Wild, F, Willems, R, Willinger, B, Winstanley, C, Witte, W, Wolff, M, Wong, F, Wootton, M, Wyllie, D, Xu, W, Yamamoto, S, Yaron, S, Yildirim, I, Zaoutis, T, Zazzi, M, Zbinden, R, Zehender, Gianguglielmo G, Zemlickova, H, Zerbini, ML, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhao, Y-D, Zhu, Z, and Zimmerli, W

Published
2011
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21. Molecular identification and genetic analysis of norovirus genogroups I and II in water environments: Comparative analysis of different reverse transcription-PCR assays

Author

Rosa, G. La, Fontana, S., Grazia, A. Di, Iaconelli, M., Pourshaban, M., and Muscillo, M.

Subjects
Reverse transcriptase -- Analysis, Sea-water -- Analysis, Estuaries -- Analysis, Biological sciences
Abstract

The analysis of environmental samples from seawater, estuarine water and effluents of sewage treatment plants for evaluating the role of environmental surface contamination as a possible vector for transmitting nerovirus genogroups I and II is discussed.

Published
2007

22. Caratterizzazione molecolare di norovirus GIV ed altri virus enterici in molluschi bivalvi : uno studio preliminare

Author

La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Spuri Vennarucci, V., Guercio, A., Muscillo, M., PURPARI, Giuseppa, La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Spuri Vennarucci, V., Guercio, A., Purpari, G., and Muscillo, M.

Subjects
molluschi bivalvi eduli, virus enterici, norovirus GIV
Abstract

I virus enterici si replicano nell’intestino umano e possono essere eliminati dagli individui infetti ad elevate concentrazioni; pertanto i reflui urbani possono trasportare una grande quantità di patogeni responsabili di infezioni oro-fecali e contaminare le acque superficiali, incluse quelle marine. I molluschi bivalvi eduli sono spesso implicati nella trasmissione di malattie gastroenteriche di origine virale in quanto, essendo organismi filtratori, rappresentano un potenziale serbatoio di agenti patogeni e sostanze tossiche. Nonostante i miglioramenti delle tecniche per il trattamento delle acque reflue e la classificazione delle aree di allevamento e raccolta dei molluschi, il rischio di trasmissione di patogeni enterici associato al consumo di molluschi bivalvi filtratori rappresenta una problematica sanitaria di grande attualità. Lo scopo del presente studio è stato quello di valutare la contaminazione virale di sei diversi gruppi di virus enterici in molluschi eduli lamellibranchi.

Published
2011

23. GIV noroviruses and other enteric viruses in bivalves

Author

Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Vennarucci, V., Guercio, A., Muscillo, M., PURPARI, Giuseppa, Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Vennarucci, V., Guercio, A., Purpari, G., and Muscillo, M.

Subjects
Bivalves, norovirus GIV, enteric viruses
Abstract

The impact of sewage discharge on the microbiological quality of shellfish is well known. Bivalves filter large volumes of water as part of their feeding activities, and thus accumulate and concentrate different types of pathogens from human fecal pollution. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence, in these molluscs, of six different groups of enteric viruses: norovirus (genogroups I, II, and GIV), adenovirus, enterovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus. The present study is the first to document the presence of GIV noroviruses in shellfish.

Published
2011

24. Norovirus presence in three commercially most popular species of bivalve mollusks available in the Emilia Romagna Region, Italy

Author

GRODZKI, MARCO, SERRATORE, PATRIZIA, CIULLI, SARA, Muscillo M., EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NIGEL COOK, Grodzki M., Serratore P., Muscillo M., and Ciulli S.

Subjects
NOROVIRUS, food and beverages, BIVALVE MOLLUSKS, EMILIA ROMAGNA-ITALY
Abstract

Bivalve molusks represent an important source of food in Italy. These filter feeding organisms can accumulate varoius particles, including human enteric viruses such as Noroviruses, causing the majority of non bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Bivalve molluscs are often involved in Norovirus outbreaks because they are frequently consumed raw or only slightly cooked. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Norovirus in three commercially most popular species of bivalve mollusks available at retail in the Italian Region of Emilia Romagna in order to assess the possible risk for consumers of raw or not enough cooked bivalve mollusks.

Published
2010

25. Genetic diversity of bacterial strains isolated from soils, contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting

Author

La Rosa, G, De Carolis, E, Sali, M, Papacchini, M, Riccardi, C, Mansi, A, Papa, E, Alquati, C, Bestetti, G, Muscillo, M, Muscillo, M., BESTETTI, GIUSEPPINA, La Rosa, G, De Carolis, E, Sali, M, Papacchini, M, Riccardi, C, Mansi, A, Papa, E, Alquati, C, Bestetti, G, Muscillo, M, Muscillo, M., and BESTETTI, GIUSEPPINA

Abstract

In order to study microbial diversity in a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-impacted soil, 14 bacterial strains were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Bacterial strains isolated from two different hydrocarbon-polluted sites were identified to the species level by 165 rRNA full-gene sequencing using MicroSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Their genome was subsequently analyzed by high-resolution genotyping with AFLP analysis, in order to monitor species variability and to differentiate closely related strains. Cluster analysis based on AFLP fingerprinting showed intraspecific polymorphism, even among strains with 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity. The results show that AFLP is a powerful, highly reproducible and discriminatory toot for revealing genetic relationships in bacterial populations. The ability to differentiate and track related closely microbes is fundamental for studying structure and dynamics of microbial communities in contaminated ecosystems. (C) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Published
2006

27. Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters

Author

Wyn Jones, A, Carducci, A, Cook, N, D’Agostino, M, Divizia, M, Fleischer, J, Gantzer, C, Gawler, A, Girones, R, Hoeller, C, De Roda Husman, A, Kay, D, Kozyra, I, Lopez Pila, J, Muscillo, M, Sao José Nascimento, M, Papageorgiou, G, Rutjes, S, Sellwood, J, Szewzyk, R, Wyer, M, significant contributions by Bofill Mash, S, Clementeh, P, Donia, Dt, Duarten, A, Gräberl, I, Hollisterp, W, Huberi, S, Iaconellim, M, La Rosam, G, Cuvelierk, B, Orgorzalyf, L, Pissarides, N, Rosannad, G, Salagnonc, E, Schneidere, O, Docters van Leeuwenj, A, Veranib, M, Wildegm, S, Universitat de Barcelona, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), University of Barcelona, Ecole Polytechnique, Chemical Engineering Department, CRASP, École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM), and The National Institute for Medical Research

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, Adenoviruses, Bathing, Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata, viruses, Noroviruses, Fresh Water, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Recreational water, law, Adenovirus, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Polymerase chain reaction, Water Science and Technology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Infectivity, 0303 health sciences, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ecological Modeling, adenoviruses, noroviruses, bathing water, river water, sea water, Pollution, 6. Clean water, 3. Good health, River water, Europe, Water quality, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Qualitat de l'aigua, Water Microbiology, Europa, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Engineering, Frequency of occurrence, Context (language use), Biology, Article, Bathing water quality, Adenoviridae, 03 medical and health sciences, Bathing water, Sea water, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, Aigua dolça, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Civil and Structural Engineering, 030306 microbiology, Fresh water, Norovirus, Mean value, Environmental engineering, Outbreak, Aigua de mar, Recreation
Abstract

Exposure to human pathogenic viruses in recreational waters has been shown to cause disease outbreaks. In the context of Article 14 of the revised European Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC (rBWD, CEU, 2006) a Europe-wide surveillance study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence of two human enteric viruses in recreational waters. Adenoviruses were selected based on their near-universal shedding and environmental survival, and noroviruses (NoV) selected as being the most prevalent gastroenteritis agent worldwide. Concentration of marine and freshwater samples was done by adsorption/elution followed by molecular detection by (RT)-PCR. Out of 1410 samples, 553 (39.2%) were positive for one or more of the target viruses. Adenoviruses, detected in 36.4% of samples, were more prevalent than noroviruses (9.4%), with 3.5% GI and 6.2% GII, some samples being positive for both GI and GII. Of 513 human adenovirus-positive samples, 63 (12.3%) were also norovirus-positive, whereas 69 (7.7%) norovirus-positive samples were adenovirus-negative. More freshwater samples than marine water samples were virus-positive. Out of a small selection of samples tested for adenovirus infectivity, approximately one-quarter were positive. Sixty percent of 132 nested-PCR adenovirus-positive samples analysed by quantitative PCR gave a mean value of over 3000 genome copies per L of water. The simultaneous detection of infectious adenovirus and of adenovirus and NoV by (RT)PCR suggests that the presence of infectious viruses in recreational waters may constitute a public health risk upon exposure. These studies support the case for considering adenoviruses as an indicator of bathing water quality.

Published
2011

39. Hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 3 in wastewater samples in Tunisia

Author

Béji-Hamza, A., primary, Hassine-Zaafrane, M., additional, Khélifi-Gharbi, H., additional, Della Libera, S., additional, Iaconelli, M., additional, Muscillo, M., additional, Petricca, S., additional, Ciccaglione, A. R., additional, Bruni, R., additional, Taffon, S., additional, Aouni, M., additional, and La Rosa, G., additional

Published
2014
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40. Infezioni gastroenteriche e fonti di rischio da balneazione nel mare Adriatico

Author

Schinaia, N., Arcieri, R., Avellis, L., Faria, S., Pozio, E., Muscillo, M., Luzzi, I., Funari, E., and Greco, D.

Subjects
lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, lcsh:R, DOAJ:Public Health, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:RA1-1270, DOAJ:Health Sciences
Abstract

Obiettivi: gli obiettivi generali della ricerca sono stati: stimare un eccesso di rischio di insorgenza di gastroenterite a seguito di attività di balneazione o consumo di prodotti ittici nel mare Adriatico; misurare nuovi parametri microbiologici di inquinamento marino.Metodi: sono stati condotti i seguenti studi: 1) caso controllo; 2) uno studio di prevalenza (beach survey) per descrivere la frequenza di alcune patologie (dell’orecchio, delle vie aeree superiori, della cute) rispetto alla balneazione o meno; 3) identificazione di nuovi patogeni nelle acque di balneazione (quali virus o Cryptosporidium parvum).Risultati: l’analisi dei fattori di rischio nello studio caso controllo non ha evidenziato un aumento di gastroenterite associata a balneazione. Gli episodi gastroenterici osservati nei casi erano prevalentemente sostenuti da Salmonella sp. e la modalità di infezione era legata ad alcuni alimenti quali la maionese. Il risultato principale dello studio di beach survey è stato che la balneazione nel mare Adriatico non è associata ad un aumento significativo di patologie serie, quali gastroenterite acuta.Tuttavia, è stato possibile evidenziare un aumento di rischio statisticamente significativo per forme morbose lievi, quali congiuntivite e dermatite aspecifica, fra chi ha fatto il bagno in mare e chi no. Tale aumentato rischio è stato soprattutto osservato nei bambini e ragazzi al di sotto di 15 anni. I risultati di microbiologia sperimentale dimostrano il ruolo svolto dalle acque marine quale pabulum idoneo alla sopravvivenza delle oocisti di C. parvum. Sono stati validati protocolli di diagnostica molecolare per l’identificazione di enterovirus, rotavirus e reovirus nelle acque di balneazione.Conclusioni: l’epidemiologia può contribuire a studiare i rapporti fra balneazione e salute all’interno di una visione generale di salute pubblica, mediante un supporto all’indagine di eventi epidemici e all’analisi della morbosità mediante la stima dei rischi attribuibili. La microbiologia può migliorare le tecniche per il monitoraggio della qualità delle acque da balneazione.

Published
2003

42. GIV Noroviruses in Wastewaters and in Stool Specimens from Hospitalized Patients

Author

Muscillo, M, Fratini, M, Graffeo, Rosalia, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, Martella, V, Green, Ky, Della Libera, S, La Rosa, G., Sanguinetti, Maurizio (ORCID:0000-0002-9780-7059), Muscillo, M, Fratini, M, Graffeo, Rosalia, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, Martella, V, Green, Ky, Della Libera, S, La Rosa, G., and Sanguinetti, Maurizio (ORCID:0000-0002-9780-7059)

Abstract

Noroviruses (NoVs) are important human pathogens associated with foodborne and waterborne gastroenteritis. These viruses are genetically highly heterogeneous, with more than forty genotypes within three genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) identified in humans. However, the vast majority of human infections are associated with variants of a unique genotype, GII.4. Aside from these NoV strains of epidemiological relevance, NoV strains of genogroup GIV (Alphatron-like) are reported in a sporadic fashion and their overall prevalence in the community is unknown and this likely reflects the lack of specific diagnostic tools. We analyzed raw sewages collected from 32 wastewater treatment plants distributed throughout Italy (307 samples) and stool specimens collected from hospitalized patients with clinical signs of diarrhea of unknown etiology (285 samples). By using specific qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR assays, 21.8 % of the sewage samples and 3.2 % of the stool specimens tested positive for GIV NoVs. The number of genome copies in fecal samples ranged from 5.08 × 10(4) to 1.73× 10(6)/g of feces. Sequence analysis showed limited genetic variability in human GIV viruses. The presence of GIV NoV both in sewage and in clinical samples confirms that not only GI and GII NoVs but also GIV strains are circulating in humans. Monitoring of GIV NoV is recommended in order to understand the dynamics of circulation in human populations, environmental contamination, and potential health risks.

Published
2013

43. Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environments

Author

Hernández, Marta [0000-0001-6914-9987], Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., Cook, N., Ruggeri, F. M., Sellwood, J., Naseer, A., Nascimento, M. S. J., D'Agostino, M., Santos, Ricardo, Saiz Calahorra, Juan Carlos, Rzezutka, A., Bosch, A., Gironés, R., Carducci, A., Muscillo, M., Kovač, K., Diez-Valcarce, M., Vantarakis, A., von Bonsdorff, C. H., de Roda Husman, A. M., Hernández, Marta, Van der Poel, Wim H.M., Hernández, Marta [0000-0001-6914-9987], Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., Cook, N., Ruggeri, F. M., Sellwood, J., Naseer, A., Nascimento, M. S. J., D'Agostino, M., Santos, Ricardo, Saiz Calahorra, Juan Carlos, Rzezutka, A., Bosch, A., Gironés, R., Carducci, A., Muscillo, M., Kovač, K., Diez-Valcarce, M., Vantarakis, A., von Bonsdorff, C. H., de Roda Husman, A. M., Hernández, Marta, and Van der Poel, Wim H.M.

Abstract

Numerous viruses of human or animal origin can spread in the environment and infect people via water and food, mostly through ingestion and occasionally through skin contact. These viruses are released into the environment by various routes including water run-offs and aerosols. Furthermore, zoonotic viruses may infect humans exposed to contaminated surface waters. Foodstuffs of animal origin can be contaminated, and their consumption may cause human infection if the viruses are not inactivated during food processing. Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of environmental samples are necessary to elucidate the public health hazards associated with exposure to environmental viruses. Whereas monitoring of viral nucleic acids by PCR methods is relatively straightforward and well documented, detection of infectious virus particles is technically more demanding and not always possible (e.g. human norovirus or hepatitis E virus). The human pathogenic viruses that are most relevant in this context are nonenveloped and belong to the families of the Caliciviridae, Adenoviridae, Hepeviridae, Picornaviridae and Reoviridae. Sampling methods and strategies, first-choice detection methods and evaluation criteria are reviewed. Virus hazards from food, water and the environment, their reservoirs and routes of transmission; Sampling methods and sampling strategies thereof, including the first choice test methods, and criteria for data evaluation are described. © 2011 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.

Published
2012

45. Molecular characterization of adenovirus from clinical samples through analysis of the hexon and fiber genes

Author

La Rosa, G, Iaconelli, M, Pourshaban, M, Luca, E, Valentini, P, Sica, Simona, Manzara, Stefania, Delogu, Giovanni, Muscillo, M., Valentini, P (ORCID:0000-0001-6095-9510), Sica, Simona (ORCID:0000-0003-2426-3465), Delogu, Giovanni (ORCID:0000-0003-0182-8267), La Rosa, G, Iaconelli, M, Pourshaban, M, Luca, E, Valentini, P, Sica, Simona, Manzara, Stefania, Delogu, Giovanni, Muscillo, M., Valentini, P (ORCID:0000-0001-6095-9510), Sica, Simona (ORCID:0000-0003-2426-3465), and Delogu, Giovanni (ORCID:0000-0003-0182-8267)

Abstract

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common pathogens associated with a variety of clinical manifestations. Although most infections are self-limiting, HAdVs can cause severe or lethal infections in immunocompromised as well as in healthy individuals. Several HAdVs have recently been characterized as emerging pathogens. In Italy, epidemiological, and especially molecular epidemiological, information on this pathogen is scarce. This study describes the characterization by cell culture, PCR and phylogenetic analysis of HAdV strains originating from a small collection of clinical samples gathered between 2008 and 2009. The distribution of different HAdV species was studied and the possible presence of newly emerging types was ascertained. A broad-range primer pair was used, targeting a portion of the hexon gene, in combination with species-specific primer pairs targeting a portion of the fiber gene. Human and animal reference AdV strains were included in the study. The broad-range assay identified all HAdV strains (study and reference samples), as well as three out of four animal AdV reference strains. Seven different types belonging to three HAdV species (B, C and F) were identified in the study samples. Species C was by far the most frequent. Two co-infections were detected, each with two serotypes within species C (types 1/2 and 2/6). The combined use of these two PCR assays--allowing not only the identification of known types but also, potentially, the discovery of newly emerging ones--can provide valuable epidemiological information on the spread of HAdVs.

Published
2011

47. Detection and Quantification of Human Adenoviruses in Surface Waters by Nested PCR, TaqMan Real-Time PCR and Cell Culture Assays

Author

Muscillo, M, Pourshaban, M, Iaconelli, M, Fontana, S, Di Grazia, A, Manzara, Stefania, Fadda, Giovanni, Santangelo, Rosaria, La Rosa, G., Santangelo, Rosaria (ORCID:0000-0002-8056-218X), Muscillo, M, Pourshaban, M, Iaconelli, M, Fontana, S, Di Grazia, A, Manzara, Stefania, Fadda, Giovanni, Santangelo, Rosaria, La Rosa, G., and Santangelo, Rosaria (ORCID:0000-0002-8056-218X)

Published
2008

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