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The simultaneous occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is exceedingly rare, with an incidence of less than 1%. We report the case of a 50–year–old patient newly diagnosed with this uncommon combination. This case underscores the complexity and infrequency of this dual diagnosis, highlighting the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges it presents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Down syndrome (DS), characterized by trisomy 21, significantly increases susceptibility to leukemia, although the occurrence of multiple myeloma (MM) in DS is exceedingly rare. This report details the case of a 45‐year‐old female with DS who was diagnosed with MM, highlighting diagnostic and therapeutic complexities. It emphasizes the importance of tailored therapeutic strategies for treating MM in individuals with DS and the need for specialized approaches in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]