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Both high-intensity interval training and training in hypoxic conditions have gained popularity in recent years due to their cardiorespiratory and metabolic benefits. Recent studies focus on the combined effects of both factors in detail. But there is still a scientific gap in the literature on the effects caused and its magnitude in response to this type of training. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the acute effects of Repeated Wingate Style HIIT applied in hypoxic and normoxic conditions on oxidant and antioxidant indicators of recreationally active men. Sixteen participants were randomly assigned to normoxic or hypoxic groups and then they were completed a wingate style 30s*4rps*4 min (sprint time * repeats * recover between sprints) HIIT on normoxic and hypoxic conditions (2500m, FiO2: 0.130) in the normobaric environment. The normality assumption calculated using a Shapiro-Wilk test to ensure the normal distribution of the quantitative for all data (p < 0.05). To analyze differences in baseline data between groups an Independent Sample t-test was performed. The Two-way analysis of variance was used in repeated measurements to reveal the effects of training under hypoxia and normoxia conditions (time, time × group interactions) oxidant and antioxidants. The activities of blood oxidant and antioxidant did not change significantly after training in the hypoxic and normoxic group. As a result, repeated Wingate style HIIT applied in hypoxic and normoxic conditions, did not change both MDA (p=0.79), which is an indicator of oxidant stress, and SOD (p=0.46), CAT (p=0.26), and GSHPX (p=0.17), which are general indicators of antioxidant defense.

Amaç: Elektromyostimülasyon (EMS) uygulaması son dönemlerde vücut kompozisyonu üzerinde olumlu etkilerinin olduğunu gösteren birçok çalışma ile büyük ilgi ve alaka bulmuştur. Ancak bu uygulamanın diyetle birlikte yapıldığında etkilerini gösteren çalışma sayısı sınırlıdır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın amacı diyet programı ile gerçekleştirilen EMS uygulamasının etkilerinin diyet programı olmadan gerçekleştirilen EMS uygulaması ile karşılaştırılmasının yapılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya yaş ortalamaları 33.4±0.62 yıl olan toplam 104 kadın ve erkek gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcılar rastgele diyet yapan EMS grubu ve diyet yapmayan EMS grubu olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Her iki grupta 4 hafta boyunca, günde 20 dakika/seans olmak üzere haftada iki kez high knees, jumping jack, plank, squat, lunge, crunch ve push up gibi egzersizlerden oluşan EMS uygulamasına tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışmanın başlangıcında ve sonunda katılımcıların vücut kompozisyon ölçümleri InBody 120 Profesyonel Vücut analizi ile ölçülmüştür. Katılımcıların çevre ölçümleri ise mezura ile (cm) olarak kaydedilmiştir. Bulgular: Yapılan değerlendirmede grup içi değişimler değerlendirildiğinde hem diyet yapan hem de yapmayan EMS gruplarında ön test ve son test arasında anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir (p

Background and Study Aim. Common use of surgical face masks is recommended for social and individual health due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is no systematic report for responses of organism to wearing a surgical face mask during different exercises. In this context the purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of wearing a surgical face mask during a one-hour brisk walking. Material and Methods. A total of thirty male (n=16) and female (n=14) volunteers (mean age and BMI of 32±1.07 years and 25.1±0.68 kg/m2, respectively) completed the protocol. This was a multiple cross-over trial for healthy volunteers. All participants took a one-hour brisk walking with and without a surgical face mask. Specific physiological measurements (HR - heart rate; BP - blood pressure, SaO2 - arterial oxygen content) were compared before and immediately after two brisk walking. Each subject served their own control. Results. The evaluation found that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean HR and blood pressure values during the brisk walking with and without a surgical face mask, while there was a statistically significant difference in the SaO2 values on behalf of no-mask-walking (p

Background and Study Aim. Despite its increasing popularity, beach handball has not been studied in terms of physiological responses. Thus the aim of this study was to demonstrate lactate and heart rate responses as well as urine specific gravity (USG) levels and fluid intakes of female university students who competed at an international beach handball tournament. Material and Methods. Five university students who are also handball players (age: 21±1,2, body weight: 56,6±6,4, height:1,61±0,06 and BMI: 21,7±1,43) voluntarily participated in this study. Heart rate (HR), lactate level (LA) and USG were measured before each and immediately after each competition and fluid intake during competition was monitored. Results: The mean values of lactate accumulation and heart rate before and after the match were 1,4 mmol and 87,3, 5,0 and 123,9, respectively. Athletes were euhydrated before the matches (USGmean=1,018) and only presented dehydration after the second match. Conclusions. Beach handball does not result in strenuous physiological effects according to heart rate and lactate responses. Their fluid intake was not enough to eliminate dehydration. Despite fluid availability during the match they presented dehydration at the second match.

Purpose: The effects of high intensity interval exercises on antioxidant defence system are not clear. Since there is an evident lack of studies focused on oxidative stress in moderately trained males following high intensity interval training, we investigated oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], superoxide dismutase [SOD]) by completing a high intensity interval training program (HIITP) under hypoxic and normoxic conditions in a normobaric environment. Material: The study was carried out on moderately trained university students who had regular exercising habits. The participants completed 8-week wingate based high intensity interval training under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (2500 m.) in the normobaric environment. They were instructed to maintain their normal dietary practices during the study not to take any antioxidant containing vitamin tablets. Results: The interaction effect (time×group) for SOD (p=0.230), CAT (p=0.736), GPX (p=0.517), and MDA (p=0.596), revealed no significant change in repeated response. Conclusions: Although 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training significantly affected only SOD and GPX (p

Bu calismanin amaci futbolcularin isinmada uygulandiklari farkli germe yontemlerinin dikey sicrama, surat ve ceviklik performansi uzerinde etkilerini incelemektir. Arastirmaya yirmi alti amator erkek futbolcu (yas 21,88±2,18 yil, boy 175,15±6,23 cm, vucut agirligi 72,78±7,64 kg) gonullu olarak katilmistir. Farkli germe yontemlerinin performans uzerinde etkilerini karsilastirmak icin katilimcilar gun asiri olarak 4 farkli germe icerikli isinma protokolu uygulamis ve uzerine dikey sicrama, surat ve ceviklik performans testlerine katilmistir. Isinma protokolu sadece germe bolumunde (germesiz, statik germe, dinamik germe ve kombine germe) farklilik gostermistir. Protokol, 10 dakika genel kardiyovaskuler aktivite (jogging), 10-12 dakika germe bolumu ve 3-4 dakika pasif dinleme seklinde olusturulmustur. Farkli yontemlerin performans uzerindeki etkisinin degerlendirilmesi icin dikey sicrama, 20m surat, 20m toplu surat ve Illinois ceviklik test protokolleri kullanilmistir. Tekrarlanan olcumler arasinda farklarin tespit edilmesi icin Tekrarli Olcumlerde Tek Yonlu Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) kullanilmistir. Tum analizler p

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic and anaerobic performance of kick boxers. Material: 24 male kick boxers (age 19.39 ± 0.72 y, body mass 74.14 ± 6.22 kg, height 177.95 ± 5.29 cm) volunteered for the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. As well as routine training program, experimental group carried out Wingate-based HIIT 3 times per week for two weeks. Wingate protocol was as follow: 4 repetitions with 4 mins recovery (4X30sn all-out effort) during the first week, 5 repetitions with 4 mins recovery (5X30sn all-out effort) during the second week. In order to determine aerobic capacity, 20m shuttle run test was used while Wingate anaerobic test was used to determine anaerobic performance. Descriptive statistic was used to demonstrate mean values and standard deviation of the variables. Non-parametric Mann Whitney-U test was used to show the differences between groups. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to compare intra-groups results from pre and post-test applications. Results: There was no significant difference between groups during pre-test measurements There was significant difference in PP, MP in experimental group compared to control during the post-test measurements. There was no difference in body mass, body fat (%) and predicted VO2max in both groups between measurements. Conclusions: According to intra and inter-group results, it can be concluded that two-week Wingate-based HIIT can be used to improve aerobic and anaerobic performances of kick boxers.

Son yıllarda kısa süre içerisinde fiziksel performansı ve sağlıkla ilişkili bazı parametreleri iyileştirdiği bilimsel olarak birçok çalışmada ispatlanan yüksek şiddetli antrenman programlarına olağanüstü düzeyde bir ilgi ve alaka doğmuştur. Bu antrenman yöntemi sporcuların aerobik ve anaerobik kapasitelerini kısa sürede geliştirmesinin yanında obezite, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, Tip 2 diyabet gibi hastalıklar ile meydana gelen mortalite riskini azaltarak, yaşam kalitesinde artış sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca düzenli uygulanan yüksek şiddetli interval antrenman programlarının insulin duyarlılığını artırdığı, kan lipid profilinde iyileşmeye neden olduğu da bildirilmektedir. Son çalışmalar ise bu antrenman yönteminin ergenlerde zihinsel ve bilişsel sağlık üzerine etkilerini incelemektedir. Bu göstergeler ışığında Amerikan Spor Hekimliği Koleji (American College of Sports Medicine - ACSM) ve Hastalıkları Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezi (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention-CDC) gibi kuruluşlar egzersizlerin tipi, şiddeti, süresi ve sıklığı göz önüne alınarak bireye özel, aerobik kapasiteyi geliştiren, kas kuvveti ve esnekliği artıran egzersiz reçetelerinin hazırlanması ve bunların düzenli olarak yapılması gerektiğini belirtmektedir. ACSM sedanterler için yüksek şiddetli interval antrenman yöntemini, haftada 3-7 gün, 30 saniye - 2 dakika, ≥ %80 KAH şiddetinde egzersizi ve aralarda ≥ %40-50 kalp atım hızına düşene kadar dinlenmeyi ve bunu 3-5 tekrar olarak uygulamayı tavsiye etmektedir, In last years, high intensity interval training programs got a lot of interest and attention by many, which are proven to increase physical performance and some parameters which are related to heatlh through scientific studies. This training menthod not only helps athletes to increase their aerobic and anaerobic capacities in a short time, they also decrease mortality risks that are caused by illnesess such as obesity, cardiac vascular illnesses, Type – 2 diabetes and increase life quality. Moreover, routinely applied HIIT is known to increase insuline sensivity and cures blood lipid profile. Final studies are inspecting effects of this method on teenagers’ mental and cognitive healths.Taking account of these indicators, institutions like American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that personaltraining prescriptions should be prepared which develop aerobic capacity, muscle force and increase flexiblity by taking into consideration the causes such as type, intensity, duration and frequency of training and these should be done regularly. ACSM suggests high intensity interval training as 3-7 days in a week, 30 second – 2 minutes, training with instensity of ≥80% heart rate and resting during pauses until dropping heart rate to ≥ 40-50% and repeating this 3-5 times

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between direct method and indirect method (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level II) that are used to determine aerobic capacity and endurance. Fourteen basketball players (22.49 ±04.82 year-old with the height 192.36±5.90 cm, weight 89.21±7.6 kg, Body fat percentage 11.07 ± 1.82 %) voluntarily participated in this study. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level II protocol (YIRT 2) was implemented to participants. Distance covered by the athletes, estimated VO2max, direct VO2max, Anaerobic threshold VO2 and Anaerobic threshold heart rate (HRAT) values were recorded. Direct VO2max and other respiratory parameters were measured with telemetric gas analyzer. After 5 minute rest in supine position heart rates (HRrest), rest lactate levels (LArest) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during the test and post test lactate levels (LApost) were measured. Pearson Correlation Test was used to determine the relationship between the variables. P value was set at 0,05. According to the findings, positively significant large correlation was found between estimated VO2max and direct VO2max(r = 0.504, p < 0.05), HRmax (r = 0.501, p < 0.05), positively significant large correlation was found between distance and Direct VO2max(r = 0.521, p < 0.05), HRmax (r = 0.516, p < 0.05). There is no significant relationship except above-mentioned variables (p