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Objective Inflammation and oxidative stress are 2 important factors in the emergence of paraplegia associated with spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (SCIRI) after thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Here it is aimed to investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS) on SCIRI. Methods Rats were randomly selected into 4 groups of 8 animals each: sham, ischemia, methylprednisolone, and GLPS. To research the impacts of various pathways that are efficacious in formation of SCIRI, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase levels, and catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, malondialdehyde levels, and caspase-3 activity were measured in tissues taken from the spinal cord of rats in all groups killed 24 hours after ischemia reperfusion injury. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale and inclined plane test were used for neurologic assessment before and after SCIRI. In addition, histologic and ultrastructural analyses of tissue samples in all groups were performed. Results SCIRI also caused marked increase in tissue tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde levels, and caspase-3 activity, because of inflammation, increased free radical generation, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, respectively. On the other hand, SCIRI caused significant reduction in tissue superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities. Pretreatment with GLPS likewise diminished the level of the spinal cord edema, inflammation, and tissue injury shown by pathologic and ultrastructural examination. Pretreatment with GLPS reversed all these biochemical changes and improved the altered neurologic status. Conclusions These outcomes propose that pretreatment with GLPS prevents progression of SCIRI by alleviating inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on biofilm layers and on the course of disease in chronic otitis media.Twenty-five rats that were induced with chronic otitis media (COM) were separated into three groups. In Group 1 (N = 18), 0.2% ciprofloxacin + 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate + 0.5 mg/ml NAC solution was locally injected to the right ear of the rats; in Group 2, (N=18) 0.2% ciprofloxacin + 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate was locally injected to the left ear of the rats. No treatment was applied to either ear of rats in Group 3 (N = 5). Histopathological and scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluations were performed in all groups.SEM revealed biofilm formation in all COM induced groups. No significant difference was seen between groups 1 and 2 in terms of suppuration levels, fibrosis, inner ear involvement, infection staging and biofilm formation (p0.05).In this study, while histopathological and SEM evaluation revealed no effect of 0.5 mg/ml NAC on the biofilm layer in COM-induced rats, further studies with NAC at different concentrations are still needed on different types of experimental animals.L’effetto della N-acetil cisteina sullo strato di biofilm in un modello sperimentale di otite media cronica.Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di valutare l’efficacia della N-acetilcisteina (NAC) sullo strato di biofilm e sul decorso della malattia nell’otite media cronica.Venticinque ratti con otite media cronica (COM) sono stati divisi in tre gruppi. Nel gruppo 1 (N = 18) sono stati iniettati 0,2% di ciprofloxacina + 0,1% di desametasone sodio fosfato + 0,5 mg / ml di soluzione NAC all’orecchio destro dei ratti; nel gruppo 2 (N = 18) sono stati iniettati localmente 0,2% di ciprofloxacina + 0,1% di desametasone sodio fosfato all’orecchio sinistro dei ratti. Nessun trattamento è stato applicato alle orecchie inoculate dei ratti nel gruppo 3 (N = 5, entrambe le orecchie). Sono state eseguite valutazioni istopatologiche e valutazioni al microscopio elettronico (SEM) mediante scansione.SEM ha documentato la formazione di biofilm in tutti i gruppi indotti con COM. Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa è stata osservata tra i gruppi 1 e 2 in termini di livelli di suppurazione, fibrosi, coinvolgimento dell’orecchio interno, stadiazione dell’infezione e formazione di biofilm (p0,05).Anche se in questo studio la valutazione istopatologica e SEM non ha rivelato alcun effetto del 0,5 mg/ml NAC sullo strato di biofilm nei ratti indotti dalla COM, per arrivare a una conclusione migliore è necessario eseguire ulteriori studi con di NAC a diverse concentrazioni su differenti tipi di animali da esperimento.

Objective: Mastoid process is the downward projection from the mastoid part of the temporal bone located posteroinferior to external auditory meatus. Mastoid process is a palpable bony structure which enables to determine the location of asterion. The aim of this study is to define details of mastoid process anatomy to enlighten surgeons, anatomists, anthropologists and forensic experts.Material and Methods: Present study was conducted on 20 skulls (20 left + 20 right=40) and 18 hemi skulls of unknown sex. All measurements were taken by two observers simultaneously by using digital caliper. Of the 58 mastoid processes 30 were right sided and 28 were left sided.Results: Mean and standard deviation of all measurements were reported on each mastoid process. The difference between right A line (distance between right asterion and right apex of mastoid process) and left A line was statistically significant (p=0.022). The difference between right D line (Vertical distance between imaginary plane from the superior border of right external auditory meatus to right apex of mastoid process) and left D line was statistically significant (p

Vulvar cancer is rare. The complex inguinofemoral anatomy and the limited number of surgical procedures per year per gynecological oncologist tends to decrease the competency level. This step-by-step, cadaveric educational video was produced to increase understanding of the anatomy and technique of inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy.

Aim: Modiolus is a dense, mobile fibromuscular structure lateral to the mouth corner. It is of great importance in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. The aim of this study was to enlighten the structural changes in modiolus with demographic variables such as age and gender in living individuals.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on MR images of healthy individuals. Age and sex-related changes in modiolus level and volume were retrospectively analyzed in 64 patients [37M; 27F; mean age 48.2(16.3)] who underwent head and neck magnetic resonance imaging. ROC analysis was performed to determine the cut off values for age of modiolus. Correlation analysis (Pearson and point biserial correlation) was used to determine whether there was a significant correlation between age and volume. Significance of the differences between the volumes of right and left modiolus of the same individual were evaluated by dependent t tests.Results: The mean volume of the modiolus was calculated as 0.51(0.26) mm3. The volumes of right and left modioli decreased by aging. Ninety-one percent of the patients with modioli located inferior to horizontal line were over 49 years old. Right and left modioli relocated inferior to horizontal line with age. Modiolus volume was prominently less in women and the downward displacement of modiolus in women was 3.3 times higher than in men. Gender and age had significant effects on modiolus level. The right and left modiolus volumes were similar (P=0.975).Conclusion: Surgeon’s knowledge on modiolus and its relations will provide benefit, not only for the procedures such as face lifting and botulinum toxin injection, but also for the surgeries of facial paralysis and trauma patients., Amaç: Modiolus, ağız köşesinin lateralinde yoğun, hareketli, fibromüsküler bir yapıdır. Estetik ve rekonstrüktif cerrahide büyük öneme sahiptir. Çalışmanın amacı; yaş ve cinsiyet gibi demografik değişkenlere bağlı olarak modiolusta oluşan yapısal değişikleri göstermektir.Yöntemler: Bu çalışma sağlıklı bireylerin MR görüntülerinden retrospektif kohort çalışması olarak tasarlanmıştır. Modiolus düzeyinde ve hacminde yaş ve cinsiyete bağlı oluşan değişiklikler, baş ve boyun manyetik rezonans görüntülemesi yapılan 64 hastada [37E; 27K; ort. yaş 48,2(16,3)] retrospektif olarak incelendi. Yaşta cut off değerini belirlemek için ROC analizi yapıldı. Yaş ve hacim arasında anlamlı bir korelasyon olup olmadığı korelasyon analizi (Pearson ve point biserial korelasyon) ile değerlendirildi. Aynı bireyin sağ ve sol modiolus hacimleri arasındaki önemli farklar dependent t testi ile yapıldı.Bulgular: Modiolusun ortalama hacmi 0,51(0,26) mm3 bulundu. Sağ ve sol modiolus hacimleri yaş ile azalmıştır. Modiolus seviyesi horizontal hattın altında olan hastaların %91’i 49 yaşın üzerindeydi. Sağ ve sol modiolus, yaşlanma ile birlikte horizontal çizginin altına yer değiştirdi. Kadınlarda modiolus hacmi belirgin olarak daha azdı ve kadınlarda modiolusun aşağı doğru yer değiştirmesi, erkeklerden 3,3 kat daha yüksekti. Cinsiyet ve yaşın modiolus seviyesi üzerinde önemli etkisi vardı. Sağ ve sol hacim ölçümleri arasında istatistiksel fark bulunamadı (P=0,975).Sonuç: Cerrahın modiolus ve komşulukları hakkındaki bilgisi sadece yüz germe ve botulinum toksin enjeksiyonu gibi prosedürler için değil ayrıca facial paralizi ve travma hastalarının ameliyatları için de fayda sağlayacaktır.

Introduction: Lamotrigine, an anticonvulsant drug with inhibition properties of multi-ion channels, has been shown to be able to attenuates secondary neuronal damage by influencing different pathways. The aim of this study was to look into whether lamotrigine treatment could protect the spinal cord from experimental spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Materials and methods: Thirty-two rats, eight rats per group, were randomly assigned to the sham group in which only laparotomy was performed, and to the ischemia, methylprednisolone and lamotrigine groups, where the infrarenal aorta was clamped for thirty minutes to induce spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Tissue samples belonging to spinal cords were harvested from sacrificed animals twenty-four hours after reperfusion. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, interleukin-1 beta levels, nitric oxide levels, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels and caspase-3 activity were studied. Light and electron microscopic evaluations were also performed to reveal the pathological alterations. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale and the inclined-plane test was used to evaluate neurofunctional status at the beginning of the study and just before the animals were sacrificed. Results: Lamotrigine treatment provided significant improvement in the neurofunctional status by preventing the increase in cytokine expression, increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, depletion of antioxidant enzymes activity and increased apoptosis, all of which contributing to spinal cord damage through different paths after ischemia reperfusion injury. Furthermore, lamotrigine treatment has shown improved results concerning the histopathological and ultrastructural scores and the functional tests. Conclusion: These results proposed that lamotrigine may be a useful therapeutic agent to prevent the neuronal damage developing after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. WOS:000715855800021 34391576 Q2

OBJECTIVE To compare the electron microscopic lens findings with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS), in patients undergoing surgery for senile cataract. STUDY DESIGN A descriptive study. Place and Duration of the Study: Ophthalmology Department, Hacettepe University Hospital between December 2019 and March 2020. METHODOLOGY Anterior lens capsules (basement membrane and lens epithelial cells) taken from 20 eyes of 20 patients with senile cataract were examined. XFS was detected by slit-lamp examination in 10 of 20 patients. Remaining 10 were included in the control group. All patients and controls were of similar age and had no systemic disease. The anterior lens capsules were obtained from cataract surgery and prepared for observation under a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS The mean age of individuals in the XFS and control groups was 69.4 ± 6.9 (56-82) years and 65.2 ± 6.9 (54-73) years, respectively. The best-corrected visual acuity in the XFS and control groups was 0.7 ± 0.4 (0.3-1.3) logMAR and 0.9 ± 0.4 (0.4-1.3) logMAR, respectively. Marked ultrastructural changes were observed in the anterior lens capsules of all eyes with pseudoexfoliation. Degenerative changes and thinning in lens epithelial cells were observed in all samples. The lens epithelial cells were loosely attached to the basement membrane in places. Numerous apoptotic cells with pyknotic nuclei were observed in lens epithelial cells, and many vacuoles within the cytoplasm in different areas were detected. CONCLUSION Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in the XFS epithelium of all patients in the XFS group. Many aspects of the pathogenetic process of XFS remain uncertain, hence requiring further exploration. Key Words: Capsule, Electron microscopy, Epithelium, Pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

Introduction: Smoking is a public health problem that has been proven to have adverse effects on human health. Aerobic exercise has positive effects on the human body, especially on the respiratory system. Objective: The aim of this experimental animal model study was to determine whether regular aerobic exercise has a protective effect against the harmful effects of cigarette smoke on the nasal mucosa of rats. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into 3 groups of 8: group 1 (cigarette smoking), group 2 (cigarette smoking and exercise), and group 3 (control group). At the end of the experiment period, histopathological (light and electron microscopy) and immunohistochemical (GSTA 1, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1) evaluations were made of the nasal mucosa of the animals. Results: Goblet cell loss and basal membrane thickening were significantly lower in group 2 and group 3 compared to group 1. In the electron microscope evaluation, the inflammatory expressions of the goblet cells were observed in a very small area in group 2. In group 1, these were distributed over large areas between the mucosal cells. There was seen to be significant swelling of the mitochondria in group 1 compared to the other groups. No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups with respect to GSTA1, CYP2E1, and CYP1A1 scores ( P > .05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that regular aerobic exercise has a protective effect against the harmful effects of smoking on the nasal mucosa of rats.

Aim: The application of peripheral block is frequently used in anesthesia practice. One of the most significant complications of this procedure is peripheral nerve damage that can develop due to the needles used. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of tissue residue on the needle and to obtain information about damage to surrounding tissues during this procedure by examining the needles used in brachial plexus block with electron microscopy. Methods: This prospective-cohort study included patients who were to undergo forearm or hand surgery in the Orthopedics Clinic under anesthesia with infraclavicular brachial plexus block performed with 2 different techniques: The local anesthetic agent was administered to the subclavian artery at 6 and 9 o’clock levels in Group 1 and 2, 6 and 9 o’clock levels in Group 2. The needles used during the block were preserved in glutaraldehyde solution then examined with electron microscopy. The presence of tissue on the needles was recorded and statistical evaluations were made. Results: The needles used in two different techniques of infraclavicular brachial plexus block were examined under scanning electron microscope. The amount of tissue residue remaining on the needle in Group 1 was significantly less than that in Group 2 (P

Despite the new treatment strategies within the last 30 years, peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is still a worldwide clinical problem. The incidence rate of PNIs is 1 in 1000 individuals per year. In this study, we designed a composite nanoplatform for dual therapy in peripheral nerve injury and investigated the in-vivo efficacy in rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) was loaded into poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) electrospun nanofibers which would release the drug in a faster manner and atorvastatin (ATR) loaded chitosan (CH) nanoparticles were embedded into PLGA nanofibers to provide sustained release. Sciatic nerve crush was generated via Yasargil aneurism clip with a holding force of 50 g/cm2. Nanofiber formulations were administered to the injured nerve immediately after trauma. Functional recovery of operated rat hind limb was evaluated using the sciatic functional index (SFI), extensor postural thrust (EPT), withdrawal reflex latency (WRL) and Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) test up to one month in the post-operative period at different time intervals. In addition to functional recovery assessments, ultrastructural and biochemical analyses were carried out on regenerated nerve fibers. L-929 mouse fibroblast cell line and B35 neuroblastoma cell line were used to investigate the cytotoxicity of nanofibers before in-vivo experiments. The neuroprotection potential of these novel nanocomposite fiber formulations has been demonstrated after local implantation of composite nanofiber sheets incorporating ALA and ATR, which contributed to the recovery of the motor and sensory function and nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model.

Aim To examine the effect of propolis on the healing process in terms of both electrophysiological and ultrastructural parameters in a rat model of experimental spinal cord injury. Material and methods Thirty rats were divided into control, spinal cord trauma, and treated trauma groups with 10 rats per group. The rats were sacrificed after 10 days. Before sacrifice, all rats were neurologically assessed by electrophysiological monitoring, and immediately after sacrifice, the spinal cord was examined ultrastructurally by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results According to the electrophysiological examination, the treatment group was statistically significantly different from the trauma group. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the control and treatment groups. In terms of the TEM examination, the treatment group was significantly different from the trauma group. Conclusion In this study, propolis was administered just before the induction of trauma, and the findings suggest that the use of propolis has a positive effect on the healing process. This implies that in order to prevent postoperative deficits, this treatment may be preferably applied before spinal cord surgery for trauma.

Introduction In the study; interrelation in between the distal part of deep layer of temporal fascia, temporalis muscle and the muscle fibers of deep layer of masseter were examined in order to detect the possible different relationships in between them. Methods Interrelation in between the distal part of temporal fascia, temporalis muscle and the muscle fibers of deep layer of masseter were examined in six fresh frozen and four embalmed head-neck specimens bilaterally. Three of the specimens were female and seven of them were male. Their ages varied between 76 to 83 years. In all of the 20 dissections; the zygomatic arch was removed and the interrelation in between these anatomical structures were demonstrated. Results In the gross anatomic examination, three different types of interrelation was found. In the first type, there was no continuity or connection in between the temporalis muscle and the muscle fibers of deep layer of masseter. In all of them; masseter formed the superficial relation of temporalis muscle. In the second type; the deep layer of masseter was connected to the temporalis muscle’s distal fibers and all these fibers coursed as a single muscle. Both muscles’ fibres were inserted into the coronoid process. This type was present both unilaterally and bilaterally. In the third type, the temporal fascia was inserted to the coronoid process, together with the temporalis muscle. Discussion Awareness of the surgeons about the high ratio of these types of interrelations will affect the success of the surgery.

Vatansever, Alper (Balikesir Author), Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the relations between submandibular duct, lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve for making a reassessment of this area in fresh frozen specimens. Also, the distance between the angle of the mandible and the vertical line drawn from the point where submandibular duct crossed lingual nerve to the base of the mandible was measured to determine a new landmark for neck surgeons. Materials and methods: Fourteen fresh frozen head and neck specimens were dissected and evaluated. A marginal mandibular incision was made from the mastoid process to the chin. Results: In 8 cases, lingual nerve was crossing the submandibular duct superiorly; in 5 cases, lingual nerve was crossing the duct infero-medially and in 1 case it was parallel to the duct. In 1 case, lingual nerve subdivided into anterior and posterior branches. In 2 cases, 2 parallel submandibular ducts were found and the lingual nerve was crossing the upper duct from superior. In 1 case, lingual nerve was crossing the duct infero-medially and then it was subdividing into branches superior to mylohyoid. In 12 cases, the course of hypoglossal nerve was classical. In 1 case, hypoglossal nerve crossed the submandibular duct medially and coursed parallel to the tendon of posterior belly of digastric. And in another case, hypoglossal nerve crossed the inferior branch of submandibular duct medially. The other structures in this area were as usual. Conclusions: The main factor for reducing nerve damage during surgery is the understanding of the anatomy of this area.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of PRGF on the healing of the tendon damage in the Achilles tendinopathy model. Material and Methods: A preliminary study was designed to obtain more apparent tendinopathy changes in the subculture. Histopathologically, second level compression with a clamp for 1 minute followed by releasing for 3 minutes applying the same mechanical stimulus procedure for four times, was defined as the optimal compression mode for the most optimal damage in terms of tendinopathy. Thirty-four female Sprague Downey type rats were divided into five separate groups and clamped tendon damage was formed on unilateral (left) Acchilles tendons. The first group was a control group (Kontrol: CN); in the second group tissue specimens were taken from the rats immediately after being clamped (K-0); from the group 3, tissue samples were taken 1 week after clamping (K-7). Immediately after the tendinopathy model was applied to the animals in the fourth group (PRGF), the PRGF injection was performed to the subjects from the blood that was obtained from the control group, while an isotonic saline solution was injected into the subjects in the fifth group (SF), and tissue samples from both groups were obtained 1 week after. Results: The samples were examined by means of a transmission electron microscope. In the K-0 group among the collagenous fibers, vacuoles are observed in the cytoplasm of the edematous areas and fibrocytes, and in comparison, with K-7 and SF group there was a significant increase in fibroblast and collagen fiber synthesis in the PRGF-treated group. Furthermore, fibroblast and new collagen synthesis were observed to be increased in K-7 and SF groups. An intense increase in organelle levels was observed in PRGF group fibroblasts. Conclusion: This data suggests that PRGF may provide a better healing response in tendons with limited healing and circulation, which enhances the activation in the cells at the beginning of the healing process.

Amac: Bu calismada ust ve alt ekstremitelerde bulunan foramen nutricium’larin sayi ve lokalizasyonu acisindan incelenmesi amaclandi. Materyal ve Metot: Toplam 576 ust ve alt ekstremitede bulunan uzun kemik incelendi. Bu kemiklerden her biri, proksimal, distal ve orta olmak uzere 3 esit parcaya ayrildi. Foramen nutricium’larin olcumleri icin 80 x 0,38 mm olculerinde igne kullanilarak yapildi. Bulgular: Humerus ve femur karsilastirildiginda; humerus’larin orta kisminda %78,7’lik bir oranda, femur’larin ise proksimal kisminda %55,2’lik bir oranda tek bir foramen nutricium tespit edildi. Cift nutrient foramenler incelendiginde; humerus’un orta kisminda %70,8, femur proksimalinde %44,2, femur orta kisminda %48,3 oraninda bulundu. Sadece radius ve fibula’da tek bir nutrient foramen’e rastlandi. Radius’un proksimal kisminda %52,7 oraninda, orta kisimda %47,3 oraninda foramen nutricium’a rastlandi. Fibula’nin %79,7’sinde orta kisminda tek bir foramen nutricium, ulna’nin proksimalinde %73,6, orta bolumununde %26,4’unde tek bir foramen nutricium bulundu. Tibia’nin proksimalinde %98,3 oraninda tek bir nutrient foramene sahipti. Sonuc: Makro anatomik olarak incelendiginde; karsilastirilan kemiklerde foramen nutricium lokalizasyonlarinda istatiksel olarak fark tespit edildi. Bu sonuclar anatomik ve antropolojik acidan literature yeni bilgiler katmaktadir. Bununla beraber mikrovaskuler kemik transferi ve kirik tedavileri ile ilgilenen cerrahlar acisindan onem tasimaktadir.

Objectives: Due to objectives of Bologna Process, updated programs of School of Medicine, Hacettepe University were put into practice in 2013–2014 academic years. Progress of elective lectures and internships in undergraduate medical education and the role of anatomy were discussed. The outcomes of all data were obtained from the experiences of three academic years. Methods: Before Bologna Process, electives were present in the curriculums of Phase I and VI. Beginning with this process; two elective committees were added to curriculums of Phase I–III. In Phase IV and V, electives were organized as being part of internship. The new approach to elective lectures and internships were discussed both from point of medical students and lecturers. Results: Phase I-III students showed two major tendencies: choosing elective lectures related to medicine and choosing the ones which were in same campus. They also had two major complaints: difficulty of some electives and some undesired electives due to packaging system or related to extreme number of students. From the point of anatomy, students preferred to choose anatomy electives which were useful for anatomy curriculum. Lecturers complained from the extreme number of students, low number of electives and decreased number of theoretical hours. The extreme number of students and low number of electives seemed the major problems. Therefore, decreasing the number of elective lectures can be a solution. Additionally, the remaining time from these electives can be added to basic medical lectures. Conclusion: Excited lecturers with ideal number of students can perform the best education. From the point of anatomy, many elective clinical anatomy lectures are essential for drawing the attention.

Recent studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), but no previous study has examined these effects on spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate whether calcitriol protects the spinal cord from I/R injury.Rabbits were randomized into four groups of eight animals: group 1 (laparotomy control), group 2 (ischemia control), group 3 (30mg/kg intraperitoneal methylprednisolone at surgery), and group 4 (0.5μg/kg, intraperitoneal calcitriol for 7 days before I/R injury). The rabbits in the laparotomy control group underwent laparotomy only, whereas all rabbits in the other groups were subject to spinal cord ischemia by aortic occlusion for 20min, just caudal to the renal artery. Malondialdehyde and catalase levels, myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activities, and caspase-3 concentrations were analyzed. Finally, histopathological, ultrastructural, and neurological evaluations were performed.After I/R injury, increases in malondialdehyde levels, myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activities, and caspase-3 concentrations were found (p0.001 for all); by contrast, catalase levels decreased (p0.001). Calcitriol pretreatment was associated with lower malondialdehyde levels (p0.001), reduced myeloperoxidase (serum, p=0.018; tissue, p0.001) and xanthine oxidase (p0.001) activities, and caspase-3 concentrations (p0.001), but increased catalase levels (p0.001). Furthermore, calcitriol pretreatment was associated with better histopathological, ultrastructural, and neurological scores.Calcitriol pretreatment provided significant neuroprotective benefits following spinal cord I/R injury.

To investigate the ultrastructure of the lens epithelial cells (LECs) in patients with idiopathic congenital cataract. This is a prospective interventional study. The anterior lens capsules (aLC: basement membrane and associated LECs) were taken from 16 eyes of 12 consecutive patients who were diagnosed as having idiopathic congenital cataracts. The aLCs were obtained from cataract surgery and prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Some significant ultrastructural changes were observed in all aLCs of the participants. The anterior LECs showed alterations in different areas which were partly cuboidal and partly squamous in shape. The LECs had euchromatic nucleus and included some vacuoles in the cytoplasms as a remarkable alteration. The sizes of these intraepithelial cell vacuoles were changeable. We identified remarkable changes in LECs of the eyes with idiopathic congenital cataract by TEM. It can be assumed that oxidative damage may be associated with these ultrastructural changes in LECs of the eyes with idiopathic congenital cataracts.

Background To analyze protective/regenerative effects of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) on 131I-Radioiodine (RAI)-induced salivary gland damage in rats. Materials and Methods Study population consisted of controls (n:6) and study groups (n:54): RAI (Group 1), ADMSC (Group 2), amifostine (Group 3), RAI+amifostine (Group 4), concomitant RAI+ADMSC (Group 5) and RAI+ADMSC after 48 h (Group 6). We used light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS), and analyzed data statistically. Results We observed the homing of ADMSC in salivary glands at 1st month on LM. RAI exposure affected necrosis, periductal fibrosis, periductal sclerosis, vascular sclerosis and the total sum score were in a statistically significant manner (P < 0.05). Intragroup comparisons with LM at 1st and 6th months revealed statistically significant improvements in Group 6 (P < 0.05) but not in Groups 4 and 5. Intergroup comparisons of the total score showed that Groups 4 and 5 in 1st month and Group 6 in 6th month had the lowest values. TEM showed vacuolization, edema, and fibrosis at 1st month, and an improvement in damage in 6th month in Groups 5 and 6. SGSs revealed significant differences for the maximum secretion ratio (Smax) (P = 0.01) and the gland-to-background ratio at a maximum count (G/BGmax) (P = 0. 01) at 1st month, for G/BGmax (P = 0.01), Smax (P = 0.01) and the time to reach the maximum count ratio over the time to reach the minimum count (Tmax/Tmin) (P = 0.03) at 6th month. 1st and 6th month scans showed differences for Smax and G/BGmax (P = 0.04), but not for Tmax/Tmin (p > 0.05). We observed a significant deterioration in gland function in group 1, whereas, mild to moderate deteriorations were seen in protective treatment groups. Conclusions Our results indicated that ADMSC might play a promising role as a protective/regenerative agent against RAI-induced salivary gland dysfunction.

Introduction/Background Vulvar cancer is rarely seen Methodology This step by step cadaveric educational video was recorded on the left groin. Results Between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle the skin incision is performed, 8 cm in length, and 2 cm below and parallel to the inguinal ligament. After the incision, dissection deepens to identify the Camper’s fascia over the Scarpa’s fascia. Identification and preservation of the Camper’s fascia is critical in securing the skin flap and preventing skin necrosis. To dissect the fibrofatty tissue containing the superficial inguinal lymph nodes between the Camper’s fascia and fascia lata; firstly, the fibrofatty tissue is mobilized under the Scarpa’s fascia and dissected 2 cm cephalad to the inguinal ligament where the aponeurosis of external iliac muscle is seen. Afterwards, excision of the lymphatic and fibrofatty tissue is performed from lateral (superficial circumflex iliac vein) to medial (superficial external pudendal vein) and superior to inferior (inferomedial end of inguinal ligament where it intersects with the adductor longus muscle). The fossa ovalis is encountered after resection of superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Medial to the falciform edge of fossa ovalis, dissection of the cribriform fascia will lead to the deep inguinal lymph nodes which are located medial to the femoral vein. Great saphenous vein enters the femoral vein from the opening of fossa ovalis, so a careful dissection is needed while removing the cribriform fascia. Lymphadenectomy is performed towards the apex of femoral triangle, and there is no need to dissect the femoral sheath to excise the deep inguinal nodes completely. Finally, Cloquet’s lymph node which is the most superior of deep inguinal nodes could be resected from the femoral canal under the level of inguinal ligament. Conclusion Proper anatomical knowledge of inguinofemoral anatomy, the superficial fascia structures and deep vessel structures facilitates the inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy procedure. Disclosure Nothing to disclose

Purpose: To investigate the transmission electron microscopic findings of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in patients with different subtypes of uveitis and to compare the findings with those in age-matched controls. Methods: In this prospective case-control study, the anterior lens capsules were taken from 47 eyes of 47 patients with uveitis of different subtypes (17 with Fuchs uveitis syndrome [FUS], 13 with ­Behçet’s uveitis, 10 with idiopathic uveitis, and 7 with herpetic keratouveitis) and from 15 eyes of 15 control patients. Results: In the FUS group, the LECs had homogeneous thickening and irregularity, with some small vacuoles and widespread, oval-shaped pigment clusters in some areas. In the Behçet uveitis group, there was evident thinning in the lens epithelium. The subepithelial tissue under the epithelium was thickened, and edematous areas were detected. In the idiopathic uveitis group, the LECs were thinner with small vacuoles, and the cubic structure of the LECs was transformed into a squamous one. Moreover, the LECs included some small vacuoles, similar to those in the FUS group. In the herpetic keratouveitis group, two prominent cell types were observed: (1) completely normal LECs and (2) degenerated-type LECs with pyknotic nuclei, condensation of chromatin, swelling in the cytoplasm, membrane ruptures, and intra­cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. In the control group, the LECs and all of their elements occurred in normal ultrastructural patterns, with the exception of a few small intraepithelial vacuoles, which were fewer in number and smaller than those in the FUS and idiopathic uveitis groups. Conclusion: The electron microscopic analysis of LECs of patients with different subtypes of uveitis revealed significant ultrastructural alterations, which may be related to the summation of oxidative stress and intraocular inflammation.

39th Turkish National Congress of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery -- NOV 08-12, 2017 -- Antalya, TURKEY Sargon, Mustafa Fevzi/0000-0001-6360-6008 WOS: 000468590200021 PubMed: 30980189 PurposeLaryngeal pathologies due to cigarette smoking vary among individuals, whereas some smokers remain disease free. These differences can be explained by multiple factors among individuals. In this context, an animal study was designed to determine if there is any protective effect of aerobic exercise against the detrimental effects of cigarette smoke on laryngeal tissues.MethodsA total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups of eight animals each: control (no smoke exposure), smoking (smoke exposure), and exercise (smoke exposure and exercise) groups. Histopathological (light and electron microscopy) and immunohistochemical (GSTA1, CYP1A1, CYP2E1) evaluations of the vocal folds were performed at the end of experimental period.ResultsExercise group revealed statistically significant decrease in edema (p=0.03) and inflammatory cell infiltration (p=0.02) compared to smoking group. In electron microscopic evaluation; cytoplasmic vacuoles were also present in exercise group, but were smaller than smoking group. Edema and swollen mitochondria were also less prominent in exercise group. Condensed chromatin material in the periphery of nucleus was observed only in few cells in exercise group, and observed in more cells in smoking group. GSTA1 expression was higher (p=0.047) and CYP1A1 expression was lower (p=0.01) in exercise group than smoking group.ConclusionsOur results indicate that aerobic exercise has a protective role on the larynx against the damaging effect of cigarette smoke. Smokers who exercise regularly may be at a lower risk of cigarette smoke-related laryngeal diseases, as compared with those who do not exercise.

36th Turkish National Meeting of the Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery -- NOV 05-09, 2014 -- Antalya, TURKEY Bayram, Cem/0000-0001-8717-4668; Sargon, Mustafa Fevzi/0000-0001-6360-6008 WOS: 000384277600001 PubMed: 27465503 Hypothesis: Tacrolimus helps healing of facial nerve injury. Background: Positive effects of tacrolimus on axon regeneration and healing of injured peripheral nerves (eg. sciatic nerve) have been reported in the literature. Tacrolimus may be an additional treatment method that could improve the nerve healing after surgical treatment of cut injury of facial nerve. Methods: 20 New Zealand rabbits were randomly separated into control and study groups of 10. In control group, no medical treatment was given after facial nerve anastomosis, and the animals were followed up for 2 months. In the study group rabbits were given 1 mg/kg/day tacrolimus subcutaneously for 2 months after the facial nerve anastomosis. The histopathologic findings of axon regeneration like axon myelination were analyzed in both groups under electron and light microscopy. The data obtained in the groups were compared. Results: Greater axon diameters, thicker myelin sheaths, and higher total number of myelinated axons were found in the tacrolimus group, suggesting better regeneration in this group when compared to the control group. There was less vacuolar degeneration in the study group. All these findings suggest that tacrolimus positively affects healing after facial nerve anastomosis. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that tacrolimus has favorable effects on the healing process of the facial nerve after end-to-end anastomosis. Tacrolimus maybe a promising agent in the future for nerve regeneration following traumatic facial paralysis surgery. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term, high-magnitude whole-body vibration (WBV) on serum type I collagen turnover in immobilized rats. Materials and Methods Thirty Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into the following 5 groups: immobilization (IS), immobilization + remobilization (IR), immobilization + WBV (IV), control (C), and WBV control (CV). Immobilization was achieved by casting from the crista iliaca anterior superior to the lower part of the foot for 2 weeks. The applied WBV protocol involved a frequency of 45 Hz and amplitude of 3 mm for 7 days starting a day after the end of the immobilization period. Serum type I collagen turnover markers were measured by using ELISA kits. Results Serum NH2-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) levels were significantly lower in the immobilization groups (p

To evaluate effects of halofuginone (H) on radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), 60 rats were divided into six groups: Group (G) 1 control, G2 radiotherapy (RT) only, G3 and G4 2. 5 and 5 μg H and G5 and G6 RT + 2.5 and 5 μg H groups, respectively. A single dose of 12 Gy RT was given to both lungs. H was applied intraperitoneally with daily doses, until animals were killed at 6 and 16 weeks after RT. At 6th and 16th weeks of RT, five rats from each group were killed. Lung tissues were dissected for light and electron microscopy. Chronic inflammation, fibrosis and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF)-β scores of all study groups were significantly different at 6th and 16th week ( p < 0.001). Chronic inflammation, fibrosis and TGF-β scores of G2 were higher than G5 and G6 at 6th and 16th weeks of RT. At 16th week, fibrosis and TGF-β scores of G5 were higher than G6 ( p = 0.040 and 0.028, respectively). Electron microscopical findings also supported these results. Therefore, H may ameliorate RILI. The effect of the H was more prominent at higher dose and after long-term follow-up. These findings should be clarified with further studies.

AIM: To investigate the effect of short-term prophylactic dose of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) drug on the bone healing process in an animal model simulating the osteotomy obtained in dacryocystorhinostomy. METHODS: Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into 2 groups. Subcutaneous injections of enoxaparin 1 mg/kg (enoxaparin-treated group) and saline solution (control group) were performed once daily for 4d, beginning on the first preoperative day. The osteotomy was created at the femoral diaphysis in all animals by using a Kirschner wire. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups depending on the timing of the second operation, 14 or 21d following initial osteotomy. Patent osteotomy area on the second and the third weeks in each group were calculated by using a computer software on digital micrographs. RESULTS: The patent osteotomy areas at the second and the third weeks were significantly larger in the enoxaparin-treated group than those of the control group (P

OBJECTIVE Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the spinal cord following thoracoabdominal aortic surgery remains the most devastating complication, with a life-changing impact on the patient. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main constituent of the volatile oil from Nigella sativa seeds, is reported to possess strong antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. This study investigated the effects of TQ administration following I/R injury to the spinal cord. METHODS Thirty-two rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Group 1 underwent only laparotomy. For Group 2, aortic clip occlusion was introduced to produce I/R injury. Group 3 was given 30 mg/kg of methylprednisolone intraperitoneally immediately after the I/R injury. Group 4 was given 10 mg/kg of TQ intraperitoneally for 7 days before induction of spinal cord I/R injury, and administration was continued until the animal was euthanized. Locomotor function (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale and inclined plane test) was assessed at 24 hours postischemia. Spinal cord tissue samples were harvested to analyze tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor–α, interleukin-1, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase, catalase, and caspase-3. In addition, histological and ultrastructural evaluations were performed. RESULTS Thymoquinone treatment improved neurological outcome, which was supported by decreased levels of oxidative products (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide) and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor–α and interleukin-1), increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase, and catalase), as well as reduction of motor neuron apoptosis. Light microscopy and electron microscopy results also showed preservation of tissue structure in the treatment group. CONCLUSIONS As shown by functional, biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural analysis, TQ exhibits an important protective effect against I/R injury of the spinal cord.

KISA, Ucler/0000-0002-8131-6810; Sargon, Mustafa Fevzi/0000-0001-6360-6008 WOS: 000375144200031 PubMed: 26935117 Objectives: Curcumin is a molecule found in turmeric root that possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and has been widely used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated whether curcumin stimulates the neurorepair process and improves locomotor function in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar albino rats (190220 g) were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 8 rats each: 1 sham-operated group and 3 ischemia-reperfusion injury groups that received intraperitoneal injections of saline vehicle, methylprednisolone (MP, 30 mg/kg following induction of ischemia-reperfusion [IR] injury), or curcumin (200 mg/kg for 7 days before induction of IR injury). Spinal cord IR injury was induced by occlusion of the abdominal aorta for 30 minutes. After 24 hours of reperfusion, locomotor function was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale. All animals were sacrificed. Spinal cord tissues were harvested to evaluate histopathological and ultrastructural alterations and to analyze levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, nitric oxide, and caspase-3, as well as enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Results: Intraperitoneal administration of curcumin significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, attenuated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, prevented apoptosis, and increased antioxidant defense mechanism activity in comparison to treatment with MP or saline. Histopathological and ultrastructural abnormalities were significantly reduced in curcumin-treated rats compared to the MP-and saline-treated groups. Furthermore, curcumin significantly improved locomotor function. Conclusions: Curcumin treatment preserves neuronal viability against inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury. (C) 2016 National Stroke Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bozok, Sahin/0000-0002-1256-5055; Musabak, Ugur/0000-0003-1511-7634; Sargon, Mustafa Fevzi/0000-0001-6360-6008 WOS: 000384800700018 PubMed: 27841912 Aim: To investigate and compare uncoated and phosphoryl-choline-coated oxygenators in terms of induction of humoral immune response during coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: A total of 20 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery were randomly distributed into two groups according to the type of oxygenator used during surgery. Group 1 consisted of 10 patients who were operated on using phosphorylcholine-coated oxygenators. Group 2 contained 10 patients who underwent surgery using uncoated oxygenators. Blood and oxygenator fibre samples were obtained and compared in terms of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM), complements (C3c, C4), serum total protein and albumin levels using electron microscopy and flow cytometry. Results: in group 1, levels of IgM, IgG, total protein and serum albumin were significantly increased at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) compared to those at the beginning of CPB. in group 2, C3c and C4 levels at the beginning of CPB were found to be significantly higher than at the end. Electron microscopic examination of oxygenator fibres demonstrated that phosphorylcholine-coated fibres were less likely to be adsorbed by serum proteins and complements than the uncoated fibres. Conclusion: Our results indicate that phosphorylcholine-coated oxygenators seemed to induce humoral immune response to a lesser extent than uncoated oxygenators during coronary artery bypass procedures.

Introduction Anatomical terminology forms the basis of communication in all health sciences. The terminology has been changing continuously since the 19th century, in accordance with the scientific innovations and clinical requirements. Methods In this study, the changes in anatomical terminology observed over the past 25 years were examined. The changes in anatomical terminology in Nomina Anatomica (1989), the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology list (1996) and Terminologia Anatomica (1998) were assessed. Results Comparisons revealed that 129 terms were removed from the terminology and 1359 terms were added from Nomina Anatomica to Terminologia Anatomica. Furthermore, 196 of these terms were added from the FCAT list. In addition, grammatical changes were made in 563 terms over the past 25 years. Discussion Many terms were added or replaced in accordance with scientific innovations and clinical needs. As a result of these innovations, we can conclude that the anatomical terminology is growing larger day by day; these recently added terms are bringing a new scientific approach to anatomy.

Background: To examine the detailed anatomy of the normal temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a large series of patients divided into different age groups. Materials and methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 100 patients included in the study. Morphometric analysis regarding mandibular con- dyle and mandibular fossa, articular tubercle and the zygomatic arch was done. The volumetric and surface measurements of mandibular condyles (total tissue volume [TV], total bone volume [BV], bone surface area [BS] and percentage of bony tissue of the mandibular condyle [BV/TV]) were also measured. Results: Statistical analysis was performed and statistically significant differences according to the side of the joint, sex, and age groups were reported. Additionally, correlations between aging and all of these parameters were also determined. Conclusions: TV, BV, BS and BV/TV parameters according to side, age, and sex groups were defined for normal TMJ which may help to understand the onset and progress of TMJ disorders.

Objectives: Fossa pterygopalatina is located posterior to maxillary sinus, anterior to pterygoid plates and inferior to greater sphenoid wing. Tumors that arise in fossa pterygopalatina are usually asymptomatic and often discovered at late stage. Because of its deep and relative inaccessible location, clinical examination of fossa pterygopalatina is difficult. Aplastic or nonvisible foramen rotundum may give an early indication for the regional tumors. Methods: In the present study, foramen rotundum was visualized as a round structure with prominent sclerotic margins located near ethmoid cells, maxillary sinus or orbital cavity in X ray images. X-rays (radiographs) of 17 dry skulls and 7 half dry skulls were performed with Phillips Digital Diagnost X-Ray device. All dry skulls were positioned similar to Caldwell’s view. We have designed a fixation apparatus to optimize the positioning of dry skulls and half skulls. After fixation of the skulls with the apparatus, the X-ray beam centered about 3–4 cm below the external occipital protuberance with an angle of 15 degrees to the chantomeatal line. Each radiologic image was examined for the location of foramen rotundum in relation with orbital cavity, ethmoidal cells and maxillary sinuses. We described the characteristic of foramen rotundum with count and percent values. Results: In the present study, 41 foramina rotunda were analyzed. Out of 41 foramina rotunda, twenty were right-sided, twenty one were left-sided. Of the 20 right-sided foramina rotunda, 19 were visible on X-ray images. On the other side 18 of 21 leftsided foramina rotunda were apparent. 14 of 19 visible right-sided foramina rotunda were identified in the orbital cavity (73.68%). Three of them were identified in ethmoidal cells, and two in the maxillary sinus. 11 of 18 visible left-sided foramina rotunda were identified in the orbital cavity (61.11%). Two of these were found in ethmoidal cells, eight in the maxillary sinus. Out of 17 dry skulls, one had bilateral nonvisible foramina rotunda. Conclusion: Foramen rotundum must be taken into consideration in evaluation of routine X-rays to prevent misdiagnosis of the patients with persistent non-specific symptoms.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to test folate-conjugated cyclodextrin nanoparticles (FCD-1 and FCD-2) as a vehicle for reducing toxicity and increasing the antitumor efficacy of paclitaxel especially for metastatic breast cancer. Methods: For the evaluation of PCX-loaded FCD nanoparticles, animal studies were realised in terms of survival rate, tumour size, weight change, metastazis and histopathological examination. Results: FCD-1 displayed significant advantages such as efficient targeting of folate receptor positive breast cancer cells and having considerably lower toxicity compared to that of Cremophor®. When loaded with paclitaxel, FCD-1 nanoparticles, which have smaller particle size, neutral zeta potential, high encapsulation efficiency and better loading capacity for controlled release, emerged as an effective formulation in terms of cytotoxicity and high cellular uptake. In an experimental breast cancer model, anticancer activity of these nanoparticles were compatible with that of paclitaxel in Cremophor® however repeated administrations of FCD-1 nanoparticles were better tolerated by the animals. These nanoparticles were able to localise in tumour site. Both paclitaxel-loaded FCD-1 and FCD-2 significantly reduced tumour burden while FCD-1 significantly improved the survival. Conclusions: Folate-conjugated amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles can be considered as promising Cremophor®-free, low-toxicity and efficient active drug delivery systems for paclitaxel.

WOS: 000448045000028, PubMed ID: 30393502, Introduction: Tetracosactide is an engineered peptide that applies the same biological impacts as the endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone. Previous studies indicated that tetracosactide has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neurotrophic activity. In this study, we hypothesized that tetracosactide may have protective effects in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Material and methods: Rabbits were randomized into the accompanying four groups of eight animals each: group 1 (control), group 2 (ischemia), group 3 (methylprednisolone) and group 4 (tetracosactide). In the control group, just a laparotomy was performed. In the various groups, the spinal cord ischemia model was made by the impediment of the aorta only caudal to the renal vein. Neurological assessment was conducted with the Tarlov scoring system. Levels of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and catalase were analyzed, similar to the activities of xanthine oxidase and caspase-3. Histopathological and ultrastructural assessments were additionally performed. Results: After ischemia-reperfusion injury, increments were found in the tissue myeloperoxidase levels (p < 0.001), malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.001), xanthine oxidase action (p < 0.001) and caspase-3 movement (p < 0.001). Conversely, both serum and tissue catalase levels were diminished (p < 0.001 for both). After the administration of tetracosactide, declines were seen in the tissue myeloperoxidase levels (p < 0.001), malondialdehyde levels (p = 0.003), xanthine oxidase action (p < 0.001) and caspase-3 movement (p < 0.001). Conversely, both the serum and tissue catalase levels were expanded (p < 0.001). Besides, tetracosactide treatment indicated enhanced results related to the histopathological scores (p < 0.001), the ultra-structural score (p = 0.008) and the Tarlov scores (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings showed for the first time that tetracosactide shows significant neuroprotective activity against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the spinal cord.

Gurer, Bora/0000-0003-1500-6184; Sargon, Mustafa Fevzi/0000-0001-6360-6008 WOS: 000363901600010 PubMed: 26298021 Introduction: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a mushroom belonging to the polyporaceae family of Basidiomycota and has widely been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years. G. lucidum has never been studied in traumatic spinal cord injury. The aim of this study is to investigate whether G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) can protect the spinal cord after experimental spinal cord injury. Materials and methods: Rats were randomized into five groups of eight animals each: control, sham, trauma, GLPS, and methylprednisolone. In the control group, no surgical intervention was performed. In the sham group, only a laminectomy was performed. In all the other groups, the spinal cord trauma model was created by the occlusion of the spinal cord with an aneurysm clip. In the spinal cord tissue, caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, nitric oxide levels, and superoxide dismutase levels were analysed. Histopathological and ultrastructural evaluations were also performed. Neurological evaluation was performed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale and the inclined-plane test. Results: After traumatic spinal cord injury, increases in caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and nitric oxide levels were detected. After the administration of GLPS, decreases were observed in tissue caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and nitric oxide levels. Furthermore, GLPS treatment showed improved results in histopathological scores, ultrastructural scores, and functional tests. Conclusions: Biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses and functional tests reveal that GLPS exhibits meaningful neuroprotective effects against spinal cord injury. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background Oral contraceptives, which may lead to thrombotic events, are widely used drugs by women in reproductive age, some of whom might need emergent or elective microsurgical intervention. This study was planned to investigate the effects of combined oral contraceptives (COC) on arterial anastomosis patency in female rat model. Methods A third generation COC (ethinyl estradiol and desogestrel) was used in this study. A total of 50 female Wistar albino rats were included. The rats were divided into two groups. Experimental group received 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol/0.15 mg desogestrel with gastric catheter for 20 days before the surgery. Afterward, the femoral arteries of all rats were divided and anastomosed. The patency of the anastomoses were assessed surgically (at 15 min, 7th day) and radiologically with Doppler ultrasonography (at 3rd and 7th days). The samples were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results The early patency assessed in the 15th min showed arterial flow in all rats. But at the 7th day 68% of the anastomosis were patent in the COC group while 100% of the anastomosis were patent in the control group as demonstrated surgically and radiologically (P = 0.004). Microscopic examination showed an increase in cytoplasmic organelles and activation of endothelial cells in all rats in the experimental group that received COCs. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the negative effects of the use of COCs on anastomosis patency in rats. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2015.

In women, stress urinary incontinence is the most common subtype of urinary incontinence. Trans-obturator slings can be usedfor minimally invasive treatment of stress urinary incontinence. The aim of this procedure is to place the mesh through the obturator foramen and underneath the mid part of the urethra with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. There are remarkablevariations in the bony architecture of the female pelvis, and this variability may have an important effect on sling operations.Understanding the surgical anatomy of the obturator foramen, pelvic floor and perineum is necessary to make a successfulimplantation of transobturator tape and minimize morbidity. Cadaveric dissections are helpful to demonstrate anatomic land marks.

OBJECTIVE This experimental study investigated the efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract in reducing the partial losses of random flaps. METHOD Forty Wistar Albino rats were randomly distributed into 4 groups as (A) control group, (B) stress group, (C) oral KRG group, and (D) intraperitoneal KRG group. The modified McFarlane flap of 9 × 3 cm with a caudal pedicle was harvested from the back of the rats in all the groups. Korean Red Ginseng was administered to groups C and D at standard doses for 10 days. After 10 days, the flaps were removed in all groups and were examined macroscopically, histopathologically, histochemically, and biochemically. The results were statistically analyzed and compared among the groups. RESULTS The flap necrosis rates were significantly lower in groups C and D compared with groups A and B (P < 0.05). The vascular density, antioxidant activity, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α levels were significantly higher in the groups C and D compared with the groups A and B (P < 0.05). Although vascular density, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and catalase levels were negatively correlated with the flap necrosis rates, there was a significantly positive correlation between malondialdehyde and necrosis rates. CONCLUSIONS Korean Red Ginseng increases the viability of random pattern skin flaps, resulting in reduced rates of distal necrosis. Korean Red Ginseng has antioxidant activity and increases neovascularization.

To demonstrate the morphological and physiological characteristics of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in patients with traumatic cataract using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to further understand penetrating ocular injury-induced cataract morphology and epithelial repair mechanisms involved at a cellular level. This is a prospective international study. Sixteen eyes of 16 consecutive patients who were diagnosed as traumatic white cataracts following the anterior lens capsule perforation and 13 eyes of 13 patients with idiopathic posterior subcapsular cataract were included to the study. The anterior lens capsules (aLCs: basement membrane and associated LECs) were obtained from cataract surgery and prepared for TEM. Two prominent cell types were observed in all aLCs of the traumatic cases: degenerated type LECs having variable sized intraepithelial vacuoles close to injury site and normal appearing LECs having an euchromatic nucleus distant from the injury site. In control group, the LECs and all their elements were in normal ultrastructural pattern except some small intraepithelial vacuoles, which were fewer and smaller than the vacuoles in the degenerated LECs of the traumatic group. The ultrastructural findings of our cases support that traumatically induced dysfunction of the lens epithelium may lead to an edema in superficial cortical lens fibers that subsequently undergo degeneration and produce a localized zone of vacuolization.

Objective:This study investigated the performance of a cartilage slicer device referred to as the ‘Hacettepe cartilage slicer’.Methods:Forty-one cartilage pieces were harvested from eight fresh frozen human ears and measured in thickness with a digital micrometer. These pieces were randomly sliced using four different thickness settings and two different types of blades. The thicknesses of the slices and remaining pieces were measured also. Scanning electron microscopy was utilised to determine the surface smoothness of the slices.Results:Thickness results showed a proportional increase with the increasing thickness setting, with a ±0.1 mm margin of error. The measurements showed that over 95 per cent of the slices’ structural integrity was preserved. Although both blades provided satisfactory results, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the slices cut with a single bevel blade had superior surface smoothness.Conclusion:To our knowledge, the current study is the first to evaluate the performance of a cartilage slicer device. Based on the thickness results, the Hacettepe cartilage slicer fulfilled its design goals: to consistently produce slices at the intended thickness with a ±0.1 mm tolerance, and to preserve over 95.3 per cent of cartilage thickness thereby ensuring undamaged, strong cartilage slices.

There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of severe neurological trauma, such as stroke and spinal cord injuries. However, many drugs with potential neuropharmacological activity, such as adenosine, are inefficient upon systemic administration because of their fast metabolization and rapid clearance from the bloodstream. Here, we show that conjugation of adenosine to the lipid squalene and the subsequent formation of nanoassemblies allows prolonged circulation of this nucleoside, providing neuroprotection in mouse stroke and rat spinal cord injury models. The animals receiving systemic administration of squalenoyl adenosine nanoassemblies showed a significant improvement of their neurologic deficit score in the case of cerebral ischaemia, and an early motor recovery of the hindlimbs in the case of spinal cord injury. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the nanoassemblies were able to extend adenosine circulation and its interaction with the neurovascular unit. This Article shows, for the first time, that a hydrophilic and rapidly metabolized molecule such as adenosine may become pharmacologically efficient owing to a single conjugation with the lipid squalene.

The presence of splenorenal shunt without existence of any underlying pathology such as liver cirrhosis, portal hypertensionor hepatic encephalopathy, accompanied with normal splenic venous drainage is extremely rare. This case report presents asplenorenal shunt between splenic and left renal vein in a 59-year-old female patient with abdominal pain. No underlyingpathology was present. The splenic embryology and contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomography findings ofsplenorenal shunt have been reported accompanied with a brief review of literature.

Mitomycin C (MMC) has shown potent efficacy against a wide spectrum of cancers and is clinical first choice in superficial bladder tumors. However, intravesical chemotherapy with MMC has been ineffective due to periodical discharge of the bladder and instability of this drug in acidic pH, both resulting in high rate of tumor recurrence and insufficiency to prevent progression. Nanocarriers may be a promising alternative for prolonged, effective and safe intravesical drug delivery due to their favorable size, surface properties and optimum interaction with mucosal layer of the bladder wall. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate and optimize cationic core-shell nanoparticles formulations (based on chitosan (CS) and poly-µ-caprolactone (PCL)) in terms of antitumor efficacy after intravesical administration in bladder tumor induced rat model. Antitumor efficacy was determined through the parameters of survival rate and nanoparticle penetration into the bladder tissue. Safety of the formulations were evaluated by histopathological evaluation of bladder tissue as well as observation of animals treated with MMC bound to nanoparticles. Results indicated that chitosan coated poly-µ-caprolactone (CS-PCL) nanoparticles presented the longest survival rate among all treatment groups as evaluated by Kaplan-Meier plotting. Histopathological evaluation revealed that cationic nanoparticles were localized and accumulated in the bladder tissue. As intravesical chemotherapy is a local therapy, no MMC was quantified in blood after intravesical instillation indicating no systemic uptake for the drug which could have subsequently led to side effects. In conclusion, core-shell type cationic nanoparticles may be effective tools for the intravesical chemotherapy of recurrent bladder tumors. © 2014 Elsevier B.V., 109S172 EA-TUBA-GEBIP/2001-2-11, Authors would like to acknowledge TUBITAK Scientific Research Project ( 109S172 ) for financial support of this study. Alper B. Iskit has been supported by the Turkish Academy of Sciences , in the framework of the Young Scientist Award Program ( EA-TUBA-GEBIP/2001-2-11 ).

Illegal alcohol beverages known as bogma raki in our country are consumed widely in our region. The studies investigating the relationship between alcohol consumption and hearing ability report different results. In this study, we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of bogma raki that contains neurotoxic substances on cochlea by electron microscopy. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first in the literature. A total of 48 Wistar male albino rats (aged 12–16 weeks and weighing 200–240 g) were used in the study. The rats were divided into 4 groups with 12 animals in each group. The groups include control, bogma raki, walnut, and walnut + bogma raki groups. Bogma raki (30% v/v, 9.2 ml kg−1 day−1) is added to drinking water of rats in bogma raki group ( n = 12) for 4 weeks. Walnut group rats ( n = 12) are fed with standard rat food and walnut without limitation (10 g kg−1 day−1). Bogma raki + walnut group rats ( n = 12) are fed with standard rat food and walnut and bogma raki is added to drinking water. The cochleas were dissected and removed en bloc and examined by electron microscopy. Perineuronal oedema around neurons of spiral ganglion and hairy cells of organ of Corti were present in the bogma raki group, walnut group and bogma raki + walnut group under electron microscopic examination. Comparing these three groups, there were no differences in the ultrastructural pathological changes. In the ultrastructural examination of the myelinated axons forming cochlear nerve, no ultrastructural pathology was detected in all the groups.

Objective: Diversities in ischemia time and injury assessment criteria used in Langendorff perfused isolated heart models complicate evaluation of the results. In this study, relationship between myocardial func - tional recovery, tissue viability and ultrastructural changes following ischemia were investigated in order to de - termine criteria which should be used to make precise interpretations. Material and Methods: Hearts were perfused in the constant flow Langendorff mode and were subjected to either continuous perfusion (Control), or to 15 (Ischemia15), 30 (Ischemia30) or 45 (Ischemia45) minutes ischemia followed by 30 minutes reperfusion. Left ventricular developed pressure, maximum contraction and relaxation rates, heart rate, arrhythmia incidence and duration were evaluated. Coronary effluent and heart cross-sections were used for creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) measurements and morphological studies, respectively. Results: All functional parameters remained unchanged in Control and Ischemia15 groups. In Ischemia30 group, LVDP, +dP/dtmax and -dP/dtmax declined in early reperfusion, +dP/dtmax returned to basal values and heart rate declined at the end of reperfusion. In Ischemia45 group, all functional parameters except for heart rate declined in early reperfusion and returned to basal values at the end of reperfusi on. Arrhythmia scores increased in all hearts subjected to ischemia. CK-MB was not elevated and triphenyltetrasolium staining showed that tissues were viable in Control, Ischemia15 and Ischemia30 groups. Necrotic fields were found and CK-MB increased in Ischemia45 group. Despite low myofibril scores, most marked ultrastructural pathological changes were found in Ischemia15 group. As ischemia time increased, the ultrastruc - tural changes expressed as edema, glycogen, mitochondria and nuclei scores decreased. Conclusion: Our findings show that functional parameters should be evaluated in conjunction with morphological and biochemical data to make precise interpretation in ischemia reperfusion studies in isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts.

There are limited data regarding effect of trastuzumab on radiation-induced cardiovascular toxicity when used sequentially or concomitantly. This experimental study aims to investigate effect of trastuzumab on radiation-induced cardiovascular toxicity with respect to the treatment sequence. One hundred and eight female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups (G): G1 was control, G2 was trastuzumab, and G3 was radiotherapy (RT); G4 and G6 were sequential RT and trastuzumab; and G5 was concomitant RT and trastuzumab groups, respectively. Rats were killed at 6th h, 21st and 70th days after RT; thoracic aorta and heart samples were obtained. Transthoracic echocardiography and functional studies evaluating relaxation of thoracic aorta were performed. Subendothelial edema scores of thoracic aorta samples at 21st and 70th days were higher in RT groups (G3, G4, G5, and G6) ( p < 0.001). There was a deterioration of relaxation responses of thoracic aorta samples in RT groups ( p < 0.001). Cardiac fibrosis (CF) scores revealed detrimental effect of RT beginning from 6th h and trastuzumab from 21st day. RT groups showed further deterioration of CF at 70th day. Ejection fraction, left ventricular mass, and fractional shortening were significantly decreased in G4, G5, and G6. Trastuzumab may increase pathological damage in cardiovascular structures when used with RT regardless of timing.

Background This study was performed to investigate the pre-existing histologic alterations at the time of complete repair in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and evaluate their effects on the early postoperative outcomes. Methods Fourteen patients, seven with acyanotic TOF (SO2 > 90, group I) and seven with cyanotic TOF (SO2