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Fracture of an ossified Achilles tendon is a rare clinical entity. Reossification after removal of the bony fragment was reported in only one case previously. In this study, we present a 49-year-old man with a reossified Achilles tendon after the removal of a fractured and ossified Achilles tendon. Treatment of an ossified or fractured Achilles tendon should be selected on a patient-by-patient basis. Surgical treatment can be used when conservative treatment has failed. The possibility of reossification after surgical treatment, especially in patients with risk factors, should be kept in mind, and the patient should be informed about this possibility.

Negative observations pose a problem in econometric models that apply log-transformation to the data. We propose a simple yet effective solution to this problem by extending the domain of numbers to the set of complex numbers. In particular, this approach suggests that we can replace the negative values with their absolute values and estimate this transformed model with conventional estimation methods. Moreover, we extended this approach to logs of independent variables with negative observations as well. Using our method, we estimated the profit efficiencies of the US banks and illustrated that different treatments for observations with negative profits (loss) may lead to substantially different efficiency estimates. We also showed the importance of controlling bank heterogeneity when estimating efficiency.

High performance calculations are needed in order to resolve analytic signals of the day. But it requires very long periods of time to perform these calculations with single processor systems. In order to reduce these calculation times, there is a need to turn to parallel programming algorithms that share more than one processor. Recently, solving complex problems with genetic algorithms has been widely used in computational sciences. In this work, we show a new method of curve fitting via genetic algorithm based on Gaussian functions, for deconvolution the overlapping peaks and find the exact number of peaks in UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. UV-VIS spectra are different than other instrumental analysis data. The resolution of UV-VIS spectra is a complicated because of that the absorption bands are strongly overlapped. Useful information about molecular structure and environment can often be obtained by resolving these peaks properly. The algorithm was parallelized with the island model in which each processor computes a different population. This method has been used for resolving of the UV-VIS overlapping spectrum. The method particular algorithm is robust by bad resolution or noise. The results show that it is satisfactory and clearly show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Objectives This study aims to present the early-period outcomes of patients with Dupuytren's contracture (DC) treated with percutaneous needle aponeurotomy technique. Patients and methods This retrospective study included 28 patients (20 males, 8 females; mean age 63 years; range, 44 to 88 years) (75 fingers) treated with percutaneous aponeurotomy due to DC between November 2011 and December 2015. Patients were evaluated according to their demographic characteristics, presence of additional disease, family history, history of drug use, complication rate, recurrence development, postoperative patient satisfaction, reoperational request, postoperative Disability of Arm Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire and visual analog scale scores. Results Mean follow-up duration was 29 months (range, 12 to 60 months). In the postoperative satisfaction questionnaire, 92.9% (n=26) of patients stated that they were satisfied. In the questionnaire of reoperation request, 82.1% (n=23) of patients accepted the reoperation. While the complication rate was 39.3%, recurrence rate was 35.7%. Conclusion Percutaneous needle aponeurotomy technique may be an effective, simple, and safe method for the treatment of DC.

Objectives: We aimed to present preliminary result of one portal endoscopic assisted release of first dorsal compartment at wrist in a case series with de Quervain disease as a minimal invasive surgical method. Materials and methods: The patients, who underwent an endoscopic-assisted release of the first extensor compartment for de Quervain's disease by same hand surgeon between 2015 and 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. Operative treatment was considered if the patients did not respond to non-operative treatment including oral anti-inflammatory medications, splinting, and steroid injection. Surgical release was recommended after minimum four months of unsuccesful non-operative treatment, including a steroid injection. 10 wrists were treated with one portal endoscopic assisted release. All patients were evaluated at an average of 16.1 months follow-up using visual analog scale (VAS) pain ratings and the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score. Results: The mean operating time was 13.9 min (range, 10–21min). The mean VAS and DASH scores were improved from 8.2 to 1.9 and 70.51 to 2.81 respectively. No significant difference was found between operated and non-operated arms in postoperative pinch and strengths. Transient superficial radial nerve paresthesia (two wrists) and significant scar tenderness (one) were identified in three cases. There was no patient that complain of unsightly scar and tendon subluxation. Conclusions: One portal endoscopic assisted release of the extensor compartment is an effective and safe minimal invasive procedure with similar complication rates reported previously in open and endoscopic procedures in patients with de Quervain's disease who are unresponsive to non-operative treatments. Level of Evidence: Level IV Therapeutic Study Keywords: De Quervain's disease, Stenosing tenosynovitis, One portal, Endoscopy, Wrist

The aim of this study is to evaluate the musculoskeletal injuries related with 24 January 2020 Elazig/Türkiye earthquake and their treatment protocols.Data of patients applied to İnönü University Medical Faculty Hospital, Elazığ Training and Research Hospital and Malatya Training and Research Hospital emergency departments within 48 h after the earthquake, were evaluated retrospectively. Age, gender, soft tissue injuries and sites, fracture sites and types, fracture etiology, and treatment methods were evaluated.247 patients were evaluated. 118 were women and 139 were men. There were 24 (9.7%) pediatric patients. Mean age was 37.3 (1-92) years. Waist majority of injuries were simple soft-tissue injuries. There were 103 fractures in 86 patients. Thirty-eight patients' fractures were treated surgically.Every major disaster warrants retrospective studies so we can learn how to improve all levels of Emergency Medical Services. Great proportion of Elazıg earthquake victims had only simple soft tissue injuries such as sprain, laceration, or contusion. Many patients were injured due to reasons indirectly related to the destruction brought by the earthquake. Panic caused by the earth-quake caused more injury than the destruction it brought.

Summary Purpose Open surgical release of posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) has been well defined in literature with different surgical approaches. In this retrospective study, we aimed to present outcomes of endoscopic assisted retrograde release of posterior interosseous nerve. Methods From 2015 to 2017, 10 patients with radial tunnel syndrome and concomitant lateral epicondylitis treated endoscopic assisted retrograde posterior interosseous nerve release. Results Mean follow-up time was 24,6 months. Eighty percent of the patients had excellent and good results in final follow-up using the Roles and Maudsley criteria. All of patients but one were satisfied from the surgery in terms of the symptom relief and improved functional state. Conclusion Our study showed that our endoscopic assisted technique could be a good alternative to open techniques. Complication rate of this new technique was similar to open techniques.

We present a maximum likelihood based composed error model to estimate market powers of firms. In our model, the stochastic part of the supply relation includes two random components: the conventional two‐sided error term and a random term, which is capturing firm‐specific conducts. Moreover, we provide a generalization of scaled Stevenson stochastic frontier model in the context of doubly truncated normal distributions. We estimate the market powers of Chicago based airlines as an empirical example that is showing the applicability of our estimation procedure.

In response to the COVID-19 crisis, the U.S. government passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act on March 27, 2020, creating the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), among others, to aid small businesses and their employees. Most PPP loans were administered by commercial banks in return for fees, and the banks bore little monitoring costs or risks, since PPP loans were forgivable by the government. I analyze if PPP loans of up to $1 million were net substitutes or complements for conventional small business loans of the same size for the PPP-issuing banks. The $1 million upper bound roughly corresponds to credits to the smallest firms that are often financially constrained. Using Call Report data through 2020:Q4, I find significant net complementarities. An additional dollar of PPP credit of up to $1 million had multiplier effects on conventional loans to the smallest firms of about an extra dollar.

Some education policy studies suggest that consolidation of public school districts saves resources. However, endogeneity in cost models would result in incorrect estimates of the effects of consolidation. We use a new stochastic frontier methodology to examine district expenditures while handling endogeneity. Using the data from California, we find that the effects of student achievement and education market concentration on expenditure per pupil are substantially larger when endogeneity is handled. Our findings are robust to concerns such as instrumental variable adequacy and spatial interactions. Our consolidation simulations indicate that failure to address endogeneity can result in unrealistic expectations of savings.

We present a panel stochastic frontier model that handles the endogeneity problem. This model can treat the endogeneity of both frontier and inefficiency variables. We apply our method to examine the technical efficiency of Japanese cotton spinning industry. Our results indicate that market concentration is endogenous, and when its endogeneity is properly handled, it has a larger negative impact on the technical efficiency of cotton spinning plants. We find that the exogenous model substantially overestimates efficiency in concentrated markets.

In this article, I introduce sfkk, a new command for fitting endogenous stochastic frontier models. sfkk provides estimators for the parameters of a linear model with a disturbance assumed to be a mixture of two components: a measure of inefficiency that is strictly nonnegative and a two-sided error term from a symmetric distribution. sfkk can handle endogenous variables in the frontier or the inefficiency, and the sfkk estimates outperform the standard frontier estimates that ignore endogeneity.

Consolidation is often proposed as a strategy for increasing school district quality without increasing educational funding. However, if consolidation reduces competition in the local school market and reduces efficiency, any savings from exploiting economies of scale may be lost to increased inefficiency. We use a stochastic cost function to investigate these effects for districts in Texas. We find important economies of scale, but we also find that increased market concentration leads to increased cost inefficiency. Finally, we illustrate the practical importance of these two potentially offsetting factors in a simulation that considers consolidating Texas school districts to county-level districts. We find that failure to consider the effect on competition can lead to large overestimates of the benefits of consolidation.

In this case report, we aimed to share our experience of arthroscopic finding of chondral lesion can be helpful to detect the location of pellet that between brachial muscle and capsule in a 15 years male subject with left elbow gunshot injury. [Med-Science 2015; 4(2.000): 2271-5]

With the development of microsurgical techniques and successfull multidisciplinary approach; many injuries that require amputation can be treated success fully by extremity preventing surgery. We present a case that admitted to our clinic with open fracture and although had amputation endication, treated with extremity reconstruction surgery.between the total average points of the pre-test and the re-test of the scale was not found statistically significant (p=0.30). As a result of the Turkish version of the scale of the values obtained from the PU is defined to be a reliable and valid scale. Key Words: Amputation, extremity reconstruction, prevention Ozet Mikrocerrahi tekniklerin gelismesi ve basarili multidisipliner yaklasim sayesinde amputasyon ile sonuclanabilecek pek cok yaralanma ekstermite koruyucu cerrahi ile tedavi edilmektedir. Klinigimize acik kirik ile basvuran; amputasyon endikasyonuna ragmen ekstremite rekonstruksiyon cerrahisi yapilarak takip edilen hastanin klinik seyrini sunduk. Anahtar Kelimeler: Amputasyon; ekstremite rekonstruksiyonu, onleme

Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the major stabilizing factor of the knee that resist anterior translation, valgus and varus forces. ACL is the most commonly ruptured ligament of the knee. The graft fixation to bone is considered to be the weakest link of the reconstruction. According to the parallel forces to the tibial drill hole and the quality of tibial metaphyseal bone is inferior to femoral bone stock, graft fixation to the tibia is more difficult to secure. AperFix system (Cayenne Medical, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona, USA) which consists femoral and tibial component that includes bioinert polymer polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is one of the new choice for ACL reconstruction surgery.aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes and fixation durability of the AperFix (Cayenne Madical, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona, USA) system and to determine the effect of patient′s age in arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Materials and Methods: Patients with symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament rupture underwent arthroscopic reconstruction. Patients were evaluated in terms of range of motion (ROM) values; Lysholm, Cincinati and Tegner activity scales; laxity testing and complications. Femoral tunnel widening was assessed by computer tomography scans. Early postoperative and last followup radiographs were compared. Results: Fifty one patients were evaluated with mean followup of 29 months (range 25-34 months). Mean age at the surgery was 26.5 ± 7.2 years. Lysholm, Cincinati and Tegner activity scales were significantly higher from preoperative scores (Lysholm scores: Preoperative: 51.4 ± 17.2, postoperative: 88.6 ± 7.7 [P < 0.001]; Tegner activity scores: Preoperative 3.3 ± 1.38, postoperative: 5.3 ± 1.6 [P < 0.001]; Cincinati scores: Preoperative: 44.3 ± 17, postoperative: 81.3 ± 13.9 [P < 0.001]). The mean femoral tunnel diameter increased significantly from 9.94 ± 0.79 mm postoperatively to 10.79 ± 0.95 mm (P < 0.05). The mean ROM deficit (involved vs. contra knee) was −7.2 ± 16 (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference for knee score, ROM deficits (30 years −7.06 ± 19) and femoral tunnel enlargement (30 years 0.87 ± 0.43) of the patients with below and above 30 year. There was no significant difference for knee scores and femoral tunnel enlargement between patients with meniscal injuries and don′t have meniscus lesions. Conclusion: The AperFix system gives satisfactory clinical and radiological results with low complication rate. However, long term clinical and radiological results are needed to decide the ideal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction method.

Background: Osteochondral ankle injuries commonly affect the dome of the talus, and these injuries are a common cause of athletic disability. Various treatment options are available for these injuries including intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of HA and PRP as adjunct therapies after arthroscopic microfracture in osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus. Methods: In this prospective, randomized blinded study, 40 patients with talar OCLs in their ankle joints were treated with arthroscopic debridement and a microfracture technique. Thirteen randomly selected patients received PRP, 14 patients received HA, and the remaining 13 patients received saline as a control group. The participants were assessed using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) and visual analog pain scale (VAS) scores after a 15.3-month (range, 11-25 months) follow-up. Results: Postoperatively, all the groups exhibited significantly increased AOFAS scores and decreased VAS scores compared with their preoperative results ( P < .005). The AOFAS scores were significantly increased in the PRP group versus the HA and control groups ( P < .005), although the increased AOFAS scores in the HA group versus the control group were also significant ( P < .005). Similar to the AOFAS scores, the decrease in the VAS scores was significantly lower in the PRP group versus the HA and control groups ( P < .005). In addition, the HA group had significantly lower VAS scores than the control group ( P < .005). Conclusion: Both PRP and HA injections improved the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent operation for talar OCLs in the midterm period and can be used as adjunct therapies for these patients. Because a single dose of PRP provided better results, we recommend PRP as the primary adjunct treatment option in the talar OCL postoperative period. Level of Evidence: Level I, prospective randomized study.

Gluteal compartment syndrome is a rather rare syndrome often leading to severe sequelae, sepsis, renal failure, and even death due to delayed diagnosis. Establishing early diagnosis is essential to prevent complications associated with ischemia. In this article, we report a 56-year-old male patient who developed gluteal compartment syndrome after incisional hernia and nephrectomy surgery in lateral decubitus position. Gluteal muscle insufficiency developing after fasciotomy and Trendelenburg gait improved within two years.

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare, autosomal recessive, lipid storage disease with accumulation of cholestanol in most tissues, particularly in the Achilles tendons. We described a 23-year-old female patient who had progressive painfull swelling of both Achilles tendons due to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. We performed surgery on both-side Achilles tendon tumors. Wide degenerative areas of the tendons were resected, and the flexor hallucis longus tendon was harvested and transferred to reconstruct motion function.

Objectives This study aims to investigate the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on femoral head osteonecrosis and compare it with bone marrow injection and core decompression. Materials and methods A total of 30 healthy, adult, male New Zealand white rabbits (mean weight 2.25±0.15 kg; range 2.0 to 2.5 kg) were used in the study. To create experimental osteonecrosis in all rabbits, 40 mg/kg methylprednisolone acetate was applied intramuscularly. Rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups with 10 rabbits in each: drilling group, PRP group, and bone marrow group. The non-drilled hips of the drilling group were identified as the control group. Results Rate of necrotic bone was lower in the PRP group compared to other groups. Highest rate of necrotic bone was detected in the control group. New bone formation rate was higher in the PRP group compared to other groups. Lowest new bone formation rate was determined in the control group. Inflammatory reaction rate was higher in the PRP group compared to other groups. Conclusion Platelet-rich plasma injection may play a positive role in the treatment of steroid-associated osteonecrosis in a rabbit model.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate clinical and radiological findings of a series of patients with avascular necrosis of the femur head (ANFH) treated by core decompression and vascular pedicled iliac crest grafting. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 26 hips of 22 patients (14 males, 8 females; mean age 36 years; range 16 to 48 years) with ANFH using the vascularized iliac bone grafting between March 2003 and July 2010 in our clinic. The main predisposing factor was steroid use in 13 patients. All patients were assessed clinically according to the Harris hip score and by radiographs by the Association Internationale de Recherche sur la Circulation Osseuse (ARCO) staging system. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 36 (range 14 to 62) months. Eleven hips (42%) had stage II and 15 hips (58%) had stage III ANFH. The mean Harris scores increased from 52 (range 31 to 63) to 82.8 (range 62 to 90) after surgery. Based on clinical outcomes, 18 hips (69%) were presented as excellent and good, while eight hips presented fair and poor. According to the ARCO staging system, satisfactory results were provided in 17 (65%) of the 26 hips. Two of four hips at preoperatively stage II progressed to stage III, two other hips to stage IV. Five hips at stage III preoperatively progressed to stage IV and these hips had to undergo hip replacement. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that core decompression and the vascular pedicled iliac bone grafting are effective in early stages of ANFH.

Aim: The goal in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is to restore the normal anatomic structure and function of the knee. In the significant proportion of patients after the traditional single-bundle ACLR, complaints of instability still continue. Anatomic double bundle ACLR may provide normal kinematics in knees, much closer to the natural anatomy. The aim of this study is to clinically assess the early outcomes of our anatomical double bundle ACLR. Material and Method: In our clinic between June 2009 and March 2010, performed the anatomic double bundle ACLR with autogenous hamstring grafts 20 patients were evaluated prospectively with Cincinnati, IKDC and Lysholm scores and in clinically for muscle strength and with Cybex II dynamometer. Results: The mean follow-up is 17.8 months (13-21 months). Patients%u2019 scores of Cincinnati, IKDC and Lysholm were respectively, preoperative 18.1, 39.3 and 39.8, while the post-op increased to 27.2, 76.3 and 86.3. In their last check, 17 percent of the patients according to IKDC scores (85%) A (excellent) and B (good) group and 3 patients took place as C (adequate) group. The power measurements of quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups of patients who underwent surgery showed no significant difference compared with the intact knees. Discussion: Double-bundle ACL reconstruction is a satisfactory method. There is a need comparative, long-term studies in large numbers in order to determine improving clinical outcome, preventing degeneration and restoring the knee biomechanics better.

Aim: Physicians assessing newborns with risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) have responsibility for early diagnosis. Written records of the fulfillment of such responsibility is required in medico-legal terms. The present study aims to examine the written records of the hospitals where patients with late-diagnosed DDH were born.Material and Methods: This retrospective study examined the records of the hospitals in which 53 DDH patients aged more than nine months were born. We investigated whether the requirements for the early diagnosis of these patients were recorded in written and interviewed with the obstetricians, pediatricians and family physicians who followed these patients. They were asked about their attitudes toward giving families informational documents about DDH and explaining protective measures verbally.Results: There was no written approved record that they have been informed about the disease in any institution and indicating that the responsibilities for the early diagnosis of these patients were fulfilled. The families were given informational documents in three of five private hospitals and in one university hospital. All of physicians informed the families about the early DDH diagnosis and the things to do, verbally. Conclusion: In case of late-diagnosed DDH, the society as well as the child and the child’s family get harmed socioeconomically. Therefore, it may pose a medico-legal problem. This risk increases more in countries where newborn screening policies are not adequately implemented. In conclusion, written documents taken from families about the early diagnosis of DDH will legally protect physicians and health care organizations.

Interpreting high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of complex samples is investigated by the use of real valued parallel and nonparallel genetic algorithm based on stochastic search procedure. The population-centric crossover operators were used in real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) based on some probability distributions. This paper also presents parallel genetic algorithms computations with different genetic immigration operators. Different results were found with respect to the problems, even at the different stages of the genetic process in the same problem. It is observed that the grid and centralized type genetic immigration (island models) were effective on the global optimization. The parallel and non-parallel algorithms were also applied for solving some multi-modal test problems. It is found that the island models achieve superior performance on multi-modal test problems and on deconvolution of complex NMR spectra.

Objectives This study aims to present our clinical results obtained in arthroscopic limited intercarpal fusion performed without using bone graft in patients with Kienbock's disease. Patients and methods The study included 11 patients with Kienbock's disease (6 males, 5 females; mean age 28.9 years; range 14 to 51 years) who were performed arthroscopic lunate excision and scaphocapitate fusion between November 2012 and December 2013. Bain and Begg Arthroscopic Classification was used for the staging of Kienbock's disease. Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand and Mayo Wrist scorings were used for clinical evaluation. Results Intercarpal fusion was achieved in approximately 7.2 weeks. There was a statistically significant difference in Mayo Wrist scores of postoperative third and sixth months and pre- and postoperative Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores. There was no postoperative complication. Conclusion According to our study findings, arthroscopic limited intercarpal fusion without using bone graft may be performed in patients with Kienbock's disease. Satisfactory clinical and functional results were obtained as a result of treatment with this method in stage 3 and 4 Kienbock's disease.

Knee dislocation is a relatively rare condition of all orthopaedic injuries. Accompanying multiple ligament injuries are common after knee dislocations. A 41-year-old male presented to the emergency department suffering from right knee dislocation in June 2013. The patient had anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament (MCL), medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) rupture, and lateral meniscal tear. A single-bundle anatomic reconstruction, medial collateral ligament reconstruction, medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction and meniscus repair were performed in single session. At twelve months follow-up; there was 160º flexion and 10° extension knee range of motion. Lysholm knee score was 90. Extensive forces can cause both MCL and MPFL injury due to overload and the anatomical relationship between these two structures. Therefore, patients with valgus instability should be evaluated for both MPFL and MCL tears to facilitate successful treatment.

Musculoskeletal system is involved in about 20% of the patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. Although musculoskeletal tuberculosis generally affects spine and large joints (hip and knee), hand involvement of the tuberculosis is seen in 10% of the patients with musculoskeletal involvement and also isolated tuberculosis of hand or wrist is much rarer. In the following report, we discuss the case of a 23-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with isolated tuberculosis of the capitate and triquetrum bone. The patient presented with a nonhealing sinus on the left wrist joint. Imaging revealed lytic lesions of the capitate and triquetrum. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by histopathological examination on the bone specimen obtained from the debridement and curettage. Antituberculosis therapy was started postoperatively and 1 month later, healing of the sinus was observed. There was no sign of reactivation seen at follow-up 22 months after treatment.

The next-nearest-neighbour (NNN) effect in tetranuclear iron(II) complexes of thiacalixarene macrocycles using the isotropic Heisenberg model has been investigated in order to understand its effects on the observed plateau of magnetization. Although NNN effect is generally very weak in these kinds of systems, it was calculated that its response is quite significant to the external perturbations in certain temperature regions. Using the isotropic Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian, zero-field energy spectra have been calculated for this particular tetranuclear system. The average magnetic moments with and without next-nearest-neighbour interactions were also calculated. In order to verify the calculations, the results were compared with experimental data taken from the literature, whence, it is suggested that observed magnetic behaviour can be improved by taking into account the NNN effect.

Sciatic nerve paralysis can be seen after hip joint traumatic dislocations and fractures of the posterior wall of acetabulum. In this article, we report sciatic nerve palsy due to heterotopic bone formation in early postoperative phase that was treated with heterotopic bone resection and sciatic nerve neurolysis in a patient who underwent open reduction and internal fixation for hip dislocation and fracture of posterior wall of right acetabulum. [Med-Science 2018; 7(2.000): 434-6]

This study discusses the magnetic behavior of some trinuclear Co(II) thiocarboxylates complexes. From the detailed theoretical investigation, it is suggested that, although the reported magnetic moments seem to be due to the spin and some orbital contributions, there may be some intramolecular ferromagnetic exchange interactions among the paramagnetic centers.

The magnetic properties of Cu2+, Cr3+, and Mn2+ ions in the newly reported 12- and 15-membered macrocyclic complexes are analysed by a theoretical approach. The calculated magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropy for various situations, especially for Cu(II) ion, suggest that the magnetic properties may lead to a better interpretation about the geometry. It is also suggested that the zero-field splitting Hamiltonian may be used for magnetic properties of some metal ions, which have orbital singlet ground term in these complexes.

Primary hydatid disease in the muscle is extremely rare. Usually, intramuscular hydatid cysts are secondary, resulting either from the spread of cysts spontaneously or after operations for hydatidosis in distant regions.Report of two unusual cases of primary hydatid cysts in the gluteus and biceps brachii muscles, behaving as enlarging soft-tissue tumors, with review of the pertinent English-language literature.Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound examinations revealed an intramuscular cyst in the anterior aspect of one patient's biceps brachii and the other patient's gluteus maximus muscle; and no cyst existed in any other location. The cysts were excised totally, and the diagnosis of muscular hydatidosis was confirmed by histopathologic examination. In followup of two years after the operation, there has been no recurrence in either patient.In geographic regions where hydatidosis is endemic, hydatid cyst should be included in the differential diagnosis of a cystic mass in the muscle to avoid fine-needle biopsy and the consequences of spillage of cyst contents.

A global search technique for curve fitting based on evolutionary random search was modified and applied for quantifying a combination of Gaussian and Lorentzian peaks. This stochastic search procedures based on randomized operators is a modified Monte Carlo method. The proposed method tested on self obtained several overlapped Lorentzian peaks with random noise, Lennard particles in three dimensions and discrete mathematical functions previously used for optimization in literature. It was found to be the proposed method is suitable for complex and large scale optimization. The results of the new method have been compared with those obtained by two peak fitting programs. Developed method was found to be very fast and thus it is time saving.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of microfracture and intraarticular autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) injection on cartilage regeneration in a focal full-thickness chondral defect model created in the knee joint. Methods: Full-thickness chondral defects of 3 × 6 mm(2) were surgically created in right medial femoral condyles (MFC) of New Zealand rabbits, and the rabbits were then divided into three groups according to treatment: Group 1 received only microfracture (mfx), Group 2 received mfx plus intraarticular ACP, and Group 3 received mfx; the defect was covered by the periosteum, and then, ACP was applied subperiosteally and intraarticularly. Twelve weeks after injection, the animals were sacrificed and the femoral condyles were evaluated macroscopically and histologically by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Then, histological sections were scored using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) visual histological scale. Results: Findings showed that in both mfx/ACP-treated groups, the defects were filled regularly and smoothly, the defects had a greater fill and good integration into the surrounding host tissue, and the repair matrix had more hyaline-like character. On the other hand, defects were filled with an irregular, fibrous cartilage in the mfx-treated group. Histological scores in Group 2 and Group 3 were better compared to Group 1. Conclusion: In the present study, we were able to demonstrate a beneficial effect of intraarticular administration of ACP as a coadjuvant of microfractures in order to regenerate hyaline-like cartilage in full-thickness chondral lesions in a rabbit model.

Background Fractures of the proximal humerus that limit function are quite common. The objective of this retrospective study was to compare deltoid splitting and deltopectoral approaches by using the same fixation method. Methods Eighty-six patients who underwent surgical treatment between September 2005 and July 2011 were included into the study group. Deltoid splitting approach was used by exploring the axillary nerve on Group A patients as described by Codman, and deltopectoral approach was used on Group B patients. Group A consisted of a total of fifty-six patients of whom twenty-two were male and thirty-four were female patients, with a mean age of 62.5 years (range, 26 to 90 years). Group B consisted of a total of thirty patients of whom fourteen were male and sixteen were female patients, with a mean age of 54.8 years (range, 24 to 84 years). PHILOS plate system was utilized as an internal fixation tool in all patients. Functional results and complications of the two groups were compared using Constant scores. Results It was observed that humeral head and tubercular fragment reduction were better with lateral deltoid splitting approach, and Constant shoulder scores were higher in the early stages (66.8-57.4 consecutively; p>0.05). Discussion Deltoid splitting approach, especially with AO/ASIF B and C type fractures, enables reduction and plate fixing under 270 degree control of the proximal humerus without forceful retraction and soft tissue damage, providing easy access to posterior tubercular fragment. Compared to deltopectoral approach, patients treated with deltoid splitting approach achieved higher Constant scores at an earlier stage. Lateral deltoid splitting approach, by exploring the axillary nerve, is a useful surgical technique which provides an expansive and multi-dimensional control without risking the deltoid muscle function and the axillary nerve.