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In January 2020, COVID-19 broke out in Wuhan, China. In just a few months, the virus spread around the world. In the past three years, the virus has undergone continuous mutations, with the latest variant being the Omicron variant. Whenever a new variant emerges, there are significant changes in the transmission rate, mortality rate, and other essential disease characteristics. These characteristics of the virus have posed considerable challenges to countries and health departments. Time series models used in this study incorporate text sentiment. To achieve this, we utilized snscrape to retrieve tweets and applied different keywords to filter the tweets. Subsequently, we used clean text as input for a pre-trained model to conduct the sentiment analysis. Finally, the sentiment analysis results and other epidemic features were combined as inputs for time series models to generate predictions. We can observe changes in the virulence of different variants through the models' outcomes. Research has shown that incorporating sentiment analysis results can effectively improve the model's predictive performance. When a model is trained using historical data, it cannot accurately predict viruses that will emerge in the future. The same holds in reverse. The result indicates that the nature of the virus has changed during different stages, suggesting the emergence of new variants. The study will help local health departments improve control measures, enabling adjustments to be made specifically for different variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the production enhancement of pullulan, an extracellular polysaccharide with various applications. Pullulan is primarily produced by Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans), and genetic modification is commonly used to increase its yield. However, there is a need for a more efficient and safer method. To achieve this, we designed a high-throughput screening system utilizing a unique fluorescent protein specific to pullulan. Ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis was applied to create a pool of mutant strains, and flow cytometry allowed for single-cell screening. Our approach yielded strain M1-B3, which exhibited a substantial increase in pullulan production from 26.5 g/L to 76.88 g/L. Additionally, the molecular weight of the produced pullulan significantly increased, expanding its potential commercial application. This study demonstrates an efficient and safe method to enhance pullulan production in A. pullulans. The UV mutagenesis and flow cytometry based on screening not only increased yield but also improved pullulan's molecular weight. The adaptability of this method to other polysaccharides and its potential for genomic analysis and broader applications make it a valuable tool in bioproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NOD.Cg- Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice, lacking many components of a mature immune system, are at increased risk of disease. General understanding of potential pathogens of these mice is limited. We describe a high mortality disease outbreak caused by an opportunistic bacterial infection in NSG mice. Affected animals exhibited perianal fecal staining, dehydration, and wasting. Histopathologic lesions included a primary necrotizing enterocolitis, with inflammatory and necrotizing lesions also occurring in the liver, kidneys, heart, and brain of some mice. All affected individuals tested negative for known opportunistic pathogens of immunodeficient mice. We initially identified a member of Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) in association with the outbreak by traditional diagnostics. ECC was cultured from extraintestinal organs, both with and without histopathologic lesions, suggesting bacteremia. Infrared spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry demonstrated that isolates from the outbreak shared molecular features and likely a common origin. We subsequently hypothesized that advanced sequencing methods would identify a single species of ECC associated with clinical disease. Using a novel targeted amplicon-based next-generation sequencing assay, we identified Enterobacter hormaechei in association with this outbreak. Knowledge of this organism as a potential opportunistic pathogen in NSG mice is critical for preclinical studies to prevent loss of animals and confounding of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adiponectin receptor 1 (ADIPOR1) is a lipid and glucose metabolism regulator that possesses intrinsic ceramidase activity. Mutations of the ADIPOR1 gene have been associated with nonsyndromic and syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we show that the absence of AdipoR1 in mice leads to progressive photoreceptor degeneration, significant reduction of electroretinogram amplitudes, decreased retinoid content in the retina, and reduced cone opsin expression. Single-cell RNA-Seq results indicate that ADIPOR1 encoded the most abundantly expressed ceramidase in mice and one of the 2 most highly expressed ceramidases in the human retina, next to acid ceramidase ASAH1. We discovered an accumulation of ceramides in the AdipoR1-/- retina, likely due to insufficient ceramidase activity for healthy retina function, resulting in photoreceptor death. Combined treatment with desipramine/L-cycloserine (DC) lowered ceramide levels and exerted a protective effect on photoreceptors in AdipoR1-/- mice. Moreover, we observed improvement in cone-mediated retinal function in the DC-treated animals. Lastly, we found that prolonged DC treatment corrected the electrical responses of the primary visual cortex to visual stimuli, approaching near-normal levels for some parameters. These results highlight the importance of ADIPOR1 ceramidase in the retina and show that pharmacological inhibition of ceramide generation can provide a therapeutic strategy for ADIPOR1-related retinopathy.

BackgroundOne of the causal mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is chromatin modification and the genes that regulate chromatin. AT-rich interactive domain 1B (ARID1B), a chromatin modifier, has been linked to autism spectrum disorder and to affect rare and inherited genetic variation in a broad set of NDDs.MethodsA novel preclinical mouse model of Arid1b deficiency was created and validated to characterize and define neuroanatomical, behavioral and transcriptional phenotypes. Neuroanatomy was assessed ex vivo in adult animals and in vivo longitudinally from birth to adulthood. Behavioral testing was also performed throughout development and tested all aspects of motor, learning, sociability, repetitive behaviors, seizure susceptibility, and general milestones delays.ResultsWe validated decreased Arid1b mRNA and protein in Arid1b+/- mice, with signatures of increased axonal and synaptic gene expression, decreased transcriptional regulator and RNA processing expression in adult Arid1b+/- cerebellum. During neonatal development, Arid1b+/- mice exhibited robust impairments in ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and metrics of developmental growth. In addition, a striking sex effect was observed neuroanatomically throughout development. Behaviorally, as adults, Arid1b+/- mice showed low motor skills in open field exploration and normal three-chambered approach. Arid1b+/- mice had learning and memory deficits in novel object recognition but not in visual discrimination and reversal touchscreen tasks. Social interactions in the male-female social dyad with USVs revealed social deficits on some but not all parameters. No repetitive behaviors were observed. Brains of adult Arid1b+/- mice had a smaller cerebellum and a larger hippocampus and corpus callosum. The corpus callosum increase seen here contrasts previous reports which highlight losses in corpus callosum volume in mice and humans.LimitationsThe behavior and neuroimaging analyses were done on separate cohorts of mice, which did not allow a direct correlation between the imaging and behavioral findings, and the transcriptomic analysis was exploratory, with no validation of altered expression beyond Arid1b.ConclusionsThis study represents a full validation and investigation of a novel model of Arid1b+/- haploinsufficiency throughout development and highlights the importance of examining both sexes throughout development in NDDs.

COVID-19 is a global health problem caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has led to over 600 million infections and 6 million deaths. Developing novel antiviral drugs is of pivotal importance to slow down the epidemic swiftly. In this study, we identified five azo compounds as effective antiviral drugs to SARS-CoV-2, and mechanism study revealed their targets for impeding viral particles' ability to bind to host receptors. Direct Blue 53, which displayed the strongest inhibitory impact, inhibited five mutant strains at micromole. In vitro , mechanism study demonstrated Direct Blue 53 inhibited viral infection through interaction with the spike of SARS-CoV-2. And 25 mg/kg/d compound treatment showed 50% or 60% survival protection against lethal Delta or Omicron BA.2 infection in vivo. Taken together, our results demonstrate that azo compounds with dimethyl-biphenyl-diyl-bis(azo)bis structure may be promising anti -SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates, which provide practicable therapies with the aid of structural optimizations and further research. • Azo compounds, especially Direct Blues, significantly inhibited wild type and mutants SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. • Direct Blue 53 disturbed SARS-CoV-2 infection through directly interacting with Spike glycoprotein. • Direct Blue 53 showed robust antiviral effect on both human small airway epithelial cells and K18-ACE2 C57BL/6 mice infected by SARS-CoV-2, and displayed slight toxicity at high dose in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) exhibit better right ventricular (RV) function and survival than men; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that 17β-estradiol (E2), through estrogen receptor α (ER-α), attenuates PAH-induced RV failure (RVF) by upregulating the procontractile and prosurvival peptide apelin via a BMPR2-dependent mechanism. We found that ER-α and apelin expression were decreased in RV homogenates from patients with RVF and from rats with maladaptive (but not adaptive) RV remodeling. RV cardiomyocyte apelin abundance increased in vivo or in vitro after treatment with E2 or ER-α agonist. Studies employing ER-α-null or ER-β-null mice, ER-α loss-of-function mutant rats, or siRNA demonstrated that ER-α is necessary for E2 to upregulate RV apelin. E2 and ER-α increased BMPR2 in pulmonary hypertension RVs and in isolated RV cardiomyocytes, associated with ER-α binding to the Bmpr2 promoter. BMPR2 is required for E2-mediated increases in apelin abundance, and both BMPR2 and apelin are necessary for E2 to exert RV-protective effects. E2 or ER-α agonist rescued monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension and restored RV apelin and BMPR2. We identified what we believe to be a novel cardioprotective E2/ER-α/BMPR2/apelin axis in the RV. Harnessing this axis may lead to novel RV-targeted therapies for PAH patients of either sex.

The function(s) of the Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-1 (BLOC-1) during brain development is to date largely unknown. Here, we investigated how its absence alters the trajectory of postnatal brain development using as model the pallid mouse. Most of the defects observed early postnatally in the mutant mice were more prominent in males than in females and in the hippocampus. Male mutant mice, but not females, had smaller brains as compared to sex-matching wild types at postnatal day 1 (P1), this deficit was largely recovered by P14 and P45. An abnormal cytoarchitecture of the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus was observed in P1 pallid male, but not female, or juvenile mice (P45), along with severely decreased expression levels of the radial glial marker Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the overall response to the lack of functional BLOC-1 was more pronounced in hippocampi at P1 than at P45 or in the cerebral cortex. These observations suggest that absence of BLOC-1 renders males more susceptible to perinatal brain maldevelopment and although most abnormalities appear to have been resolved in juvenile animals, still permanent defects may be present, resulting in faulty neuronal circuits, and contribute to previously reported cognitive and behavioral phenotypes in adult BLOC-1-deficient mice.

Thyroid hormone (TH) and thyroid hormone receptor (THR) regulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation during development, as well as during tissue renewal and repair in the adult. THR undergoes posttranslational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). We generated the THRA (K283Q/K288R)-/- mouse model for in vivo studies and used human primary preadipocytes expressing the THRA sumoylation mutant (K283R/K288R) and isolated preadipocytes from mutant mice for in vitro studies. THRA mutant mice had reduced white adipose stores and reduced adipocyte cell diameter on a chow diet, compared to wild-type, and these differences were further enhanced after a high fat diet. Reduced preadipocyte proliferation in mutant mice, compared to wt, was shown after in vivo labeling of preadipocytes with EdU and in preadipocytes isolated from mice fat stores and studied in vitro. Mice with the desumoylated THRA had disruptions in cell cycle G1/S transition and this was associated with a reduction in the availability of cyclin D2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. The genes coding for cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and Culin3 are stimulated by cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) and contain CREB Response Elements (CREs) in their regulatory regions. We demonstrate, by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, that in mice with the THRA K283Q/K288R mutant there was reduced CREB binding to the CRE. Mice with a THRA sumoylation mutant had reduced fat stores on chow and high fat diets and reduced adipocyte diameter.

The spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 mediates receptor binding and cell entry and is the key immunogenic target for virus neutralization and the present attention of many vaccine layouts. It exhibits significant conformational flexibility. We study the structural fluctuations of spike protein among the most common mutations that appeared in the variant of concerns (VOC). We report the thermodynamics of conformational changes in mutant spike protein with respect to the wild‐type from the distributions of the dihedral angles obtained from the equilibrium configurations generated via all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the mutation causes the increase in distance between the N‐terminal domain and receptor binding domain, leading to an obtuse angle cosine θ distribution in the trimeric structure in spike protein. Thus, an increase in open state is conferred to the more infectious variants of SARS‐CoV‐2. The thermodynamically destabilized and disordered residues of receptor binding motif among the mutant variants of spike protein are proposed to serve as better binding sites for the host factor. We identify a short stretch of region connecting the N‐terminal domain and receptor binding domain forming a linker loop where many residues undergo stabilization in the open state compared to the closed one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: We examined the neutralizing antibody production efficiency of the second and third severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) vaccine doses (2nd- and 3rd-dose) and neutralizing activity on mutant strains, including, the Ancestral, Beta and Omicron strains using green fluorescent protein-carrying recombinant SARS-CoV-2, in living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients. Methods: The patients who were administered vaccines other than Pfizer-BioNTechBNT162b2 and who had coronavirus disease 2019 in this study period were excluded. We enrolled 154 LDLT recipients and 50 healthy controls. Result: The median time were 21 days (between 1st and 2nd vaccination) and 244 days (between 2nd and 3rd vaccination). The median neutralizing antibody titer after 2nd-dose was lower in LDLT recipients than in controls (0.46 vs 1.00, P<0.0001). All controls had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, whereas 39 LDLT recipients (25.3%) had no neutralizing antibodies after 2nd-dose; age at vaccination, presence of ascites, multiple immunosuppressive treatments, and mycophenolate mofetil treatment were significant risk factors for nonresponder. The neutralizing activities of recipient sera were approximately 3-fold and 5-fold lower than those of control sera against the Ancestral and Beta strains, respectively. The median antibody titer after 3rd-dose was not significantly different between recipients and controls (1.02 vs 1.22, p=0.0758); only 5% recipients was non-responder. The neutralizing activity after third dose to Omicron strains were enhanced and had no significant difference between two groups. Conclusion: Only the 2nd-dose was not sufficiently effective in recipients; however, 3rd-dose had sufficient neutralizing activity against the mutant strain and was as effective as that in healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Males and females differ in body composition and fat distribution. Using a mouse model that segregates gonadal sex (ovaries and testes) from chromosomal sex (XX and XY), we showed that XX chromosome complement in combination with a high-fat diet led to enhanced weight gain in the presence of male or female gonads. We identified the genomic dosage of Kdm5c, an X chromosome gene that escapes X chromosome inactivation, as a determinant of the X chromosome effect on adiposity. Modulating Kdm5c gene dosage in XX female mice to levels that are normally present in males resulted in reduced body weight, fat content, and food intake to a degree similar to that seen with altering the entire X chromosome dosage. In cultured preadipocytes, the levels of KDM5C histone demethylase influenced chromatin accessibility (ATAC-Seq), gene expression (RNA-Seq), and adipocyte differentiation. Both in vitro and in vivo, Kdm5c dosage influenced gene expression involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, which is critical for adipocyte differentiation and adipose tissue expansion. In humans, adipose tissue KDM5C mRNA levels and KDM5C genetic variants were associated with body mass. These studies demonstrate that the sex-dependent dosage of Kdm5c contributes to male/female differences in adipocyte biology and highlight X-escape genes as a critical component of female physiology.

Historically, the membrane attack complex, composed of complement components C5b-9, has been connected to lytic cell death and implicated in secondary injury after a CNS insult. However, studies to date have utilized either non-littermate control rat models, or mouse models that lack significant C5b-9 activity. To investigate what role C5b-9 plays in spinal cord injury and recovery, we generated littermate PVG C6 wildtype and deficient rats and tested functional and histological recovery after moderate contusion injury using the Infinite Horizon Impactor. We compare the effect of C6 deficiency on recovery of locomotor function and histological injury parameters in PVG rats under two conditions: (1) animals maintained as separate C6 WT and C6-D homozygous colonies; and (2) establishment of a heterozygous colony to generate C6 WT and C6-D littermate controls. The results suggest that maintenance of separate homozygous colonies is inadequate for testing the effect of C6 deficiency on locomotor and histological recovery after SCI, and highlight the importance of using littermate controls in studies involving genetic manipulation of the complement cascade.

PurposeTo study if human embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptors could survive and function without the support of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after transplantation into Royal College of Surgeons rats, a rat model of retinal degeneration caused by RPE dysfunction.MethodsCSC14 human embryonic stem cells were differentiated into primordial eye structures called retinal organoids. Retinal organoids were analyzed by quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence and compared with human fetal retina. Retinal organoid sheets (30-70 day of differentiation) were transplanted into immunodeficient RCS rats, aged 44 to 56 days. The development of transplant organoids in vivo in relation to the host was examined by optical coherence tomography. Visual function was assessed by optokinetic testing, electroretinogram, and superior colliculus electrophysiologic recording. Cryostat sections were analyzed for various retinal, synaptic, and donor markers.ResultsRetinal organoids showed similar gene expression to human fetal retina transplanted rats demonstrated significant improvement in visual function compared with RCS nonsurgery and sham surgery controls by ERGs at 2 months after surgery (but not later), optokinetic testing (up to 6 months after surgery) and electrophysiologic superior colliculus recordings (6-8 months after surgery). The transplanted organoids survived more than 7 months; developed photoreceptors with inner and outer segments, and other retinal cells; and were well-integrated within the host.ConclusionsThis study, to our knowledge, is the first to show that transplanted photoreceptors survive and function even with host's dysfunctional RPE. Our findings suggest that transplantation of organoid sheets from stem cells may be a promising approach/therapeutic for blinding diseases.

Cerebellar dysfunction has been demonstrated in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs); however, the circuits underlying cerebellar contributions to ASD-relevant behaviors remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice; showed that the mPFC mediates cerebellum-regulated social and repetitive/inflexible behaviors; and showed disruptions in connectivity between these regions in multiple mouse models of ASD-linked genes and in individuals with ASD. We delineated a circuit from cerebellar cortical areas Right crus 1 (Rcrus1) and posterior vermis through the cerebellar nuclei and ventromedial thalamus and culminating in the mPFC. Modulation of this circuit induced social deficits and repetitive behaviors, whereas activation of Purkinje cells (PCs) in Rcrus1 and posterior vermis improved social preference impairments and repetitive/inflexible behaviors, respectively, in male PC-Tsc1 mutant mice. These data raise the possibility that these circuits might provide neuromodulatory targets for the treatment of ASD.

Nexilin (NEXN) was recently identified as a component of the junctional membrane complex required for development and maintenance of cardiac T-tubules. Loss of Nexn in mice leads to a rapidly progressive dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and premature death. A 3 bp deletion (1948-1950del) leading to loss of the glycine in position 650 (G650del) is classified as a variant of uncertain significance in humans and may function as an intermediate risk allele. To determine the effect of the G650del variant on cardiac structure and function, we generated a G645del-knockin (G645del is equivalent to human G650del) mouse model. Homozygous G645del mice express about 30% of the Nexn expressed by WT controls and exhibited a progressive DCM characterized by reduced T-tubule formation, with disorganization of the transverse-axial tubular system. On the other hand, heterozygous Nexn global KO mice and genetically engineered mice encoding a truncated Nexn missing the first N-terminal actin-binding domain exhibited normal cardiac function, despite expressing only 50% and 20% of the Nexn, respectively, expressed by WT controls, suggesting that not only quantity but also quality of Nexn is necessary for a proper function. These findings demonstrated that Nexn G645 is crucial for Nexn's function in tubular system organization and normal cardiac function.

The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway initiates potent immune responses upon recognition of DNA. To initiate signaling, serine 365 (S365) in the C-terminal tail (CTT) of STING is phosphorylated, leading to induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Additionally, evolutionary conserved responses such as autophagy also occur downstream of STING, but their relative importance during in vivo infections remains unclear. Here we report that mice harboring a serine 365-to-alanine (S365A) mutation in STING are unexpectedly resistant to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1, despite lacking STING-induced type I IFN responses. By contrast, resistance to HSV-1 is abolished in mice lacking the STING CTT, suggesting that the STING CTT initiates protective responses against HSV-1, independently of type I IFNs. Interestingly, we find that STING-induced autophagy is a CTT- and TBK1-dependent but IRF3-independent process that is conserved in the STING S365A mice. Thus, interferon-independent functions of STING mediate STING-dependent antiviral responses in vivo.

The mitochondrial flavoprotein ferredoxin reductase (FDXR) is required for biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters and for steroidogenesis. Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous cofactors essential to various cellular processes, and an increasing number of disorders are associated with disruptions in the synthesis of Fe-S clusters. Our previous studies have demonstrated that hypomorphic mutations in FDXR cause a novel mitochondriopathy and optic atrophy in humans and mice, attributed in part to reduced function of the electron transport chain (ETC) as well as elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inflammation and peripheral neuropathy are also hallmarks of this disease. In this paper, we demonstrate that FDXR mutation leads to significant optic transport defects that are likely to underlie optic atrophy, a major clinical presentation in FDXR patients, as well as a neurodegenerative loss of cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Molecular analysis indicates that FDXR mutation also leads to mitochondrial iron overload and an associated depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, further supporting the hypothesis that FDXR mutations cause neurodegeneration by affecting FDXR's critical role in iron homeostasis.

Oxidative stress is a central part of innate immune-induced neurodegeneration. However, the transcriptomic landscape of central nervous system (CNS) innate immune cells contributing to oxidative stress is unknown, and therapies to target their neurotoxic functions are not widely available. Here, we provide the oxidative stress innate immune cell atlas in neuroinflammatory disease and report the discovery of new druggable pathways. Transcriptional profiling of oxidative stress-producing CNS innate immune cells identified a core oxidative stress gene signature coupled to coagulation and glutathione-pathway genes shared between a microglia cluster and infiltrating macrophages. Tox-seq followed by a microglia high-throughput screen and oxidative stress gene network analysis identified the glutathione-regulating compound acivicin, with potent therapeutic effects that decrease oxidative stress and axonal damage in chronic and relapsing multiple sclerosis models. Thus, oxidative stress transcriptomics identified neurotoxic CNS innate immune populations and may enable discovery of selective neuroprotective strategies.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) engages mitochondria at specialized ER domains known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Here, we used three-dimensional high-resolution imaging to investigate the formation of pleomorphic "megamitochondria" with altered MAMs in brown adipocytes lacking the Sel1L-Hrd1 protein complex of ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Mice with ERAD deficiency in brown adipocytes were cold sensitive and exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction. ERAD deficiency affected ER-mitochondria contacts and mitochondrial dynamics, at least in part, by regulating the turnover of the MAM protein, sigma receptor 1 (SigmaR1). Thus, our study provides molecular insights into ER-mitochondrial cross-talk and expands our understanding of the physiological importance of Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing and postnatal brain have distinct positional identities that dictate the types of neurons they generate. Although morphogens initially establish NSC positional identity in the neural tube, it is unclear how such regional differences are maintained as the forebrain grows much larger and more anatomically complex. We found that the maintenance of NSC positional identity in the murine brain requires a mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (Mll1)-dependent epigenetic memory system. After establishment by sonic hedgehog, ventral NSC identity became independent of this morphogen. Even transient MLL1 inhibition caused a durable loss of ventral identity, resulting in the generation of neurons with the characteristics of dorsal NSCs in vivo. Thus, spatial information provided by morphogens can be transitioned to epigenetic mechanisms that maintain regionally distinct developmental programs in the forebrain.

Paralleling the activation of dorsal horn microglia after peripheral nerve injury is a significant expansion and proliferation of macrophages around injured sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Here we demonstrate a critical contribution of DRG macrophages, but not those at the nerve injury site, to both the initiation and maintenance of the mechanical hypersensitivity that characterizes the neuropathic pain phenotype. In contrast to the reported sexual dimorphism in the microglial contribution to neuropathic pain, depletion of DRG macrophages reduces nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and expansion of DRG macrophages in both male and female mice. However, fewer macrophages are induced in the female mice and deletion of colony-stimulating factor 1 from sensory neurons, which prevents nerve injury-induced microglial activation and proliferation, only reduces macrophage expansion in male mice. Finally, we demonstrate molecular cross-talk between axotomized sensory neurons and macrophages, revealing potential peripheral DRG targets for neuropathic pain management.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate and propionate are metabolites from dietary fiber's fermentation by gut microbiota that can affect differentiation or functions of T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. We show here that at low doses these SCFAs directly impact B cell intrinsic functions to moderately enhance class-switch DNA recombination (CSR), while decreasing at higher doses over a broad physiological range, AID and Blimp1 expression, CSR, somatic hypermutation and plasma cell differentiation. In human and mouse B cells, butyrate and propionate decrease B cell Aicda and Prdm1 by upregulating select miRNAs that target Aicda and Prdm1 mRNA-3'UTRs through inhibition of histone deacetylation (HDAC) of those miRNA host genes. By acting as HDAC inhibitors, not as energy substrates or through GPR-engagement signaling in these B cell-intrinsic processes, these SCFAs impair intestinal and systemic T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses. Their epigenetic impact on B cells extends to inhibition of autoantibody production and autoimmunity in mouse lupus models.

Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) play a critical role in central immune tolerance by mediating negative selection of autoreactive T cells through the collective expression of the peripheral self-antigen compartment, including tissue-specific antigens (TSAs). Recent work has shown that gene-expression patterns within the mTEC compartment are heterogenous and include multiple differentiated cell states. To further define mTEC development and medullary epithelial lineage relationships, we combined lineage tracing and recovery from transient in vivo mTEC ablation with single-cell RNA-sequencing in Mus musculus. The combination of bioinformatic and experimental approaches revealed a non-stem transit-amplifying population of cycling mTECs that preceded Aire expression. We propose a branching model of mTEC development wherein a heterogeneous pool of transit-amplifying cells gives rise to Aire- and Ccl21a-expressing mTEC subsets. We further use experimental techniques to show that within the Aire-expressing developmental branch, TSA expression peaked as Aire expression decreased, implying Aire expression must be established before TSA expression can occur. Collectively, these data provide a roadmap of mTEC development and demonstrate the power of combinatorial approaches leveraging both in vivo models and high-dimensional datasets.

This study addresses the production enhancement of pullulan, an extracellular polysaccharide with various applications. Pullulan is primarily produced by Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans), and genetic modification is commonly used to increase its yield. However, there is a need for a more efficient and safer method. To achieve this, we designed a high-throughput screening system utilizing a unique fluorescent protein specific to pullulan. Ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis was applied to create a pool of mutant strains, and flow cytometry allowed for single-cell screening. Our approach yielded strain M1-B3, which exhibited a substantial increase in pullulan production from 26.5 g/L to 76.88 g/L. Additionally, the molecular weight of the produced pullulan significantly increased, expanding its potential commercial application. This study demonstrates an efficient and safe method to enhance pullulan production in A. pullulans. The UV mutagenesis and flow cytometry based on screening not only increased yield but also improved pullulan’s molecular weight. The adaptability of this method to other polysaccharides and its potential for genomic analysis and broader applications make it a valuable tool in bioproduction.

p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers and mutant p53 has a gain of function (GOF) that promotes tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. One of the major GOF activities of mutant p53 is to suppress 2 other p53 family proteins, p63 and p73. However, the molecular basis is not fully understood. Here, we examined whether mutant p53 antagonizes p63/p73-mediated tumor suppression in vivo by using mutant p53-R270H knockin and TAp63/p73-deficient mouse models. We found that knockin mutant p53-R270H shortened the life span of p73+/- mice and subjected TAp63+/- or p73+/- mice to T lymphoblastic lymphomas (TLBLs). To unravel the underlying mechanism, we showed that mutant p53 formed a complex with Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) and antagonized p63/p73-mediated repression of HES1 and ECM1. As a result, HES1 and ECM1 were overexpressed in TAp63+/- ;p53R270H/- and p73+/- ;p53R270H/- TLBLs, suggesting that normal function of HES1 and ECM1 in T cell activation is hyperactivated, leading to lymphomagenesis. Together, our data reveal a previously unappreciated mechanism by which GOF mutant p53 hijacks the p63/p73-regulated transcriptional program via the Notch1 pathway.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Protein homeostasis is essential for normal brain function, but little is known about its role in DS pathophysiology. In this study, we found that the integrated stress response (ISR)-a signaling network that maintains proteostasis-was activated in the brains of DS mice and individuals with DS, reprogramming translation. Genetic and pharmacological suppression of the ISR, by inhibiting the ISR-inducing double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase or boosting the function of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2-eIF2B complex, reversed the changes in translation and inhibitory synaptic transmission and rescued the synaptic plasticity and long-term memory deficits in DS mice. Thus, the ISR plays a crucial role in DS, which suggests that tuning of the ISR may provide a promising therapeutic intervention.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common motor neuron disease, usually occurs in middle-aged people. However, the molecular basis of age-related cumulative stress in ALS pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we found that mice deficient in NPGPx (GPx7), an oxidative stress sensor, develop ALS-like phenotypes, including paralysis, muscle denervation, and motor neurons loss. Unlike normal spinal motor neurons that exhibit elevated O-GlcNAcylation against age-dependent oxidative stress, NPGPx-deficient spinal motor neurons fail to boost O-GlcNAcylation and exacerbate ROS accumulation, leading to cell death. Mechanistically, stress-activated NPGPx inhibits O-GlcNAcase (OGA) through disulfide bonding to fine-tune global O-GlcNAcylation. Pharmacological inhibition of OGA rescues spinal motor neuron loss in aged NPGPx-deficient mice. Furthermore, expression of NPGPx in ALS patients is significantly lower than in unaffected adults. These results suggest that NPGPx modulates O-GlcNAcylation by inhibiting OGA to cope with age-dependent oxidative stress and protect motor neurons from degeneration, providing a potential therapeutic axis for ALS.

Sleep is a crucial physiological process for our survival and cognitive performance, yet the factors controlling human sleep regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a missense mutation in a G protein-coupled neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1) that is associated with a natural short sleep phenotype in humans. Mice carrying the homologous mutation exhibited less sleep time despite increased sleep pressure. These animals were also resistant to contextual memory deficits associated with sleep deprivation. In vivo, the mutant receptors showed increased sensitivity to neuropeptide S exogenous activation. These results suggest that the NPS/NPSR1 pathway might play a critical role in regulating human sleep duration and in the link between sleep homeostasis and memory consolidation.

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is an X-linked leukodystrophy caused by mutations in Proteolipid Protein 1 (PLP1), encoding a major myelin protein, resulting in profound developmental delay and early lethality. Previous work showed involvement of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, but poor PLP1 genotype-phenotype associations suggest additional pathogenetic mechanisms. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and gene-correction, we show that patient-derived oligodendrocytes can develop to the pre-myelinating stage, but subsequently undergo cell death. Mutant oligodendrocytes demonstrated key hallmarks of ferroptosis including lipid peroxidation, abnormal iron metabolism, and hypersensitivity to free iron. Iron chelation rescued mutant oligodendrocyte apoptosis, survival, and differentiationin vitro, and post-transplantation in vivo. Finally, systemic treatment of Plp1 mutant Jimpy mice with deferiprone, a small molecule iron chelator, reduced oligodendrocyte apoptosis and enabled myelin formation. Thus, oligodendrocyte iron-induced cell death and myelination is rescued by iron chelation in PMD pre-clinical models.

The microbiota influences obesity, yet organisms that protect from disease remain unknown. During studies interrogating host-microbiota interactions, we observed the development of age-associated metabolic syndrome (MetS). Expansion of Desulfovibrio and loss of Clostridia were key features associated with obesity in this model and are present in humans with MetS. T cell-dependent events were required to prevent disease, and replacement of Clostridia rescued obesity. Inappropriate immunoglobulin A targeting of Clostridia and increased Desulfovibrio antagonized the colonization of beneficial Clostridia. Transcriptional and metabolic analysis revealed enhanced lipid absorption in the obese host. Colonization of germ-free mice with Clostridia, but not Desulfovibrio, down-regulated genes that control lipid absorption and reduced adiposity. Thus, immune control of the microbiota maintains beneficial microbial populations that constrain lipid metabolism to prevent MetS.

Identification of the precise molecular pathways involved in oncogene-induced transformation may help us gain a better understanding of tumor initiation and promotion. Here, we demonstrate that SOX2+ foregut epithelial cells are prone to oncogenic transformation upon mutagenic insults, such as KrasG12D and p53 deletion. GFP-based lineage-tracing experiments indicate that SOX2+ cells are the cells-of-origin of esophagus and stomach hyperplasia. Our observations indicate distinct roles for oncogenic KRAS mutation and P53 deletion. p53 homozygous deletion is required for the acquisition of an invasive potential, and KrasG12D expression, but not p53 deletion, suffices for tumor formation. Global gene expression analysis reveals secreting factors upregulated in the hyperplasia induced by oncogenic KRAS and highlights a crucial role for the CXCR2 pathway in driving hyperplasia. Collectively, the array of genetic models presented here demonstrate that stratified epithelial cells are susceptible to oncogenic insults, which may lead to a better understanding of tumor initiation and aid in the design of new cancer therapeutics.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality following allotransplant. Activated donor effector T cells can differentiate into pathogenic T helper (Th)-17 cells and germinal center (GC)-promoting T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, resulting in cGVHD. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-δ (PI3Kδ), a lipid kinase, is critical for activated T cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. We demonstrate PI3Kδ activity in donor T cells that become Tfh cells is required for cGVHD in a nonsclerodermatous multiorgan system disease model that includes bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), dependent upon GC B cells, Tfhs, and counterbalanced by T follicular regulatory cells, each requiring PI3Kδ signaling for function and survival. Although B cells rely on PI3Kδ pathway signaling and GC formation is disrupted resulting in a substantial decrease in Ig production, PI3Kδ kinase-dead mutant donor bone marrow-derived GC B cells still supported BO cGVHD generation. A PI3Kδ-specific inhibitor, compound GS-649443, that has superior potency to idelalisib while maintaining selectivity, reduced cGVHD in mice with active disease. In a Th1-dependent and Th17-associated scleroderma model, GS-649443 effectively treated mice with active cGVHD. These data provide a foundation for clinical trials of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved PI3Kδ inhibitors for cGVHD therapy in patients.

Complex genetic mechanisms are thought to underlie many human diseases, yet experimental proof of this model has been elusive. Here, we show that a human cardiac anomaly can be caused by a combination of rare, inherited heterozygous mutations. Whole-exome sequencing of a nuclear family revealed that three offspring with childhood-onset cardiomyopathy had inherited three missense single-nucleotide variants in the MKL2, MYH7, and NKX2-5 genes. The MYH7 and MKL2 variants were inherited from the affected, asymptomatic father and the rare NKX2-5 variant (minor allele frequency, 0.0012) from the unaffected mother. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate mice encoding the orthologous variants and found that compound heterozygosity for all three variants recapitulated the human disease phenotype. Analysis of murine hearts and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes provided histologic and molecular evidence for the NKX2-5 variant's contribution as a genetic modifier.

Cyclins associate with cyclin-dependent serine/threonine kinase 1 (CDK1) to generate the M phase-promoting factor (MPF) activity essential for progression through mitosis and meiosis. Although cyclin B1 (CCNB1) is required for embryo development, previous studies concluded that CCNB2 is dispensable for cell cycle progression. Given previous findings of high Ccnb2 mRNA translation rates in prophase-arrested oocytes, we re-evaluated the role of this cyclin during meiosis. Ccnb2 -/- oocytes underwent delayed germinal vesicle breakdown and showed defects during the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. This defective maturation was associated with compromised Ccnb1 and Moloney sarcoma oncogene (Mos) mRNA translation, delayed spindle assembly and increased errors in chromosome segregation. Given these defects, a significant percentage of oocytes failed to complete meiosis I because the spindle assembly checkpoint remained active and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome function was inhibited. In vivo, CCNB2 depletion caused ovulation of immature oocytes, premature ovarian failure, and compromised female fecundity. These findings demonstrate that CCNB2 is required to assemble sufficient pre-MPF for timely meiosis re-entry and progression. Although endogenous cyclins cannot compensate, overexpression of CCNB1/2 rescues the meiotic phenotypes, indicating similar molecular properties but divergent modes of regulation of these cyclins.

PURPOSE: Recent evidence suggests that retinal photoreceptor cells have an important role in the pathogenesis of retinal microvascular lesions in diabetes. We investigated the role of rod cell phototransduction on the pathogenesis of early diabetic retinopathy (DR) using Gnat1-/- mice (which causes permanent inhibition of phototransduction in rod cells without degeneration). METHODS: Retinal thickness, oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory proteins, electroretinograms (ERG) and optokinetic responses, and capillary permeability and degeneration were evaluated at up to 8 months of diabetes. RESULTS: The diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries was significantly inhibited in the Gnat1-/- diabetics. The effect of the Gnat1 deletion on the diabetes-induced increase in permeability showed a nonuniform accumulation of albumin in the neural retina; the defect was inhibited in diabetic Gnat1-/- mice in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), but neither in the outer plexiform (OPL) nor inner nuclear (INL) layers. In Gnat1-deficient animals, the diabetes-induced increase in expression of inflammatory associated proteins (iNOS and ICAM-1, and phosphorylation of IĸB) in the retina, and the leukocyte mediated killing of retinal endothelial cells were inhibited, however the diabetes-mediated induction of oxidative stress was not inhibited. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, deletion of transducin1 (and the resulting inhibition of phototransduction in rod cells) inhibits the development of retinal vascular pathology in early DR.

The fertility of sex-reversed XY female mice is severely impaired by a massive loss of oocytes and failure of meiotic progression. This phenomenon remains an outstanding mystery. We sought to determine the molecular etiology of XY oocyte dysfunction by generating sex-reversed females that bear genetic ablation of Sry, a vital sex determination gene, on an inbred C57BL/6 background. These mutant mice, termed XYsry- mutants, showed severe attrition of germ cells during fetal development, resulting in the depletion of ovarian germ cells prior to sexual maturation. Comprehensive transcriptome analyses of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and postnatal oocytes demonstrated that XYsry- females had deviated significantly from normal developmental processes during the stages of mitotic proliferation. The impaired proliferation of XYsry- PGCs was associated with aberrant β-catenin signaling and the excessive expression of transposable elements. Upon entry to the meiotic stage, XYsry- oocytes demonstrated extensive defects, including the impairment of crossover formation, the failure of primordial follicle maintenance, and no capacity for embryo development. Together, these results suggest potential molecular causes for germ cell disruption in sex-reversed female mice, thereby providing insights into disorders of sex differentiation in humans, such as "Swyer syndrome," in which patients with an XY karyotype present as typical females and are infertile.

RIT1 oncoproteins have emerged as an etiologic factor in Noonan syndrome and cancer. Despite the resemblance of RIT1 to other members of the Ras small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), mutations affecting RIT1 are not found in the classic hotspots but rather in a region near the switch II domain of the protein. We used an isogenic germline knock-in mouse model to study the effects of RIT1 mutation at the organismal level, which resulted in a phenotype resembling Noonan syndrome. By mass spectrometry, we detected a RIT1 interactor, leucine zipper-like transcription regulator 1 (LZTR1), that acts as an adaptor for protein degradation. Pathogenic mutations affecting either RIT1 or LZTR1 resulted in incomplete degradation of RIT1. This led to RIT1 accumulation and dysregulated growth factor signaling responses. Our results highlight a mechanism of pathogenesis that relies on impaired protein degradation of the Ras GTPase RIT1.

SF3B1 is recurrently mutated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but its role in the pathogenesis of CLL remains elusive. Here, we show that conditional expression of Sf3b1-K700E mutation in mouse B cells disrupts pre-mRNA splicing, alters cell development, and induces a state of cellular senescence. Combination with Atm deletion leads to the overcoming of cellular senescence and the development of CLL-like disease in elderly mice. These CLL-like cells show genome instability and dysregulation of multiple CLL-associated cellular processes, including deregulated B cell receptor signaling, which we also identified in human CLL cases. Notably, human CLLs harboring SF3B1 mutations exhibit altered response to BTK inhibition. Our murine model of CLL thus provides insights into human CLL disease mechanisms and treatment.

Helicobacter pylori infection induces a number of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways contributing to gastric inflammation and carcinogenesis. Among those, NF-κB signaling plays a pivotal role during infection and malignant transformation of the gastric epithelium. However, deficiency of the adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), which signals through NF-κB, led to an accelerated development of gastric pathology upon H. felis infection, but the mechanisms leading to this phenotype remained elusive. Non-canonical NF-κB signaling was shown to aggravate H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation via activation of the lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR). In the present study, we explored whether the exacerbated pathology observed in MyD88-deficient (Myd88-/-) mice was associated with aberrant activation of non-canonical NF-κB. Our results indicate that, in the absence of MyD88, H. felis infection enhances the activation of non-canonical NF-κB that is associated with increase in Cxcl9 and Icam1 gene expression and CD3+ lymphocyte recruitment. In addition, activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling was higher in Myd88-/- compared to wild type (WT) mice, indicating a link between MyD88 deficiency and STAT3 activation in response to H. felis infection. Thereby, MyD88 deficiency results in accelerated and aggravated gastric pathology induced by Helicobacter through activation of non-canonical NF-κB.

MEF2C is a member of the highly conserved MEF2 family of transcription factors and is a key regulator of cardiovascular development. In mice, Mef2c is expressed in the developing heart and vasculature, including the endothelium. Loss of Mef2c function in germline knockout mice leads to early embryonic demise and profound developmental abnormalities in the cardiovascular system. Previous attempts to uncover the cause of embryonic lethality by specifically disrupting Mef2c function in the heart or vasculature failed to recapitulate the global Mef2c knockout phenotype and instead resulted in relatively minor defects that did not compromise viability or result in significant cardiovascular defects. However, previous studies examined the requirement of Mef2c in the myocardial and endothelial lineages using Cre lines that begin to be expressed after the expression of Mef2c has already commenced. Here, we tested the requirement of Mef2c in the myocardial and endothelial lineages using conditional knockout approaches in mice with Cre lines that deleted Mef2c prior to onset of its expression in embryonic development. We found that deletion of Mef2c in the early myocardial lineage using Nkx2-5Cre resulted in cardiac and vascular abnormalities that were indistinguishable from the defects in the global Mef2c knockout. In contrast, early deletion of Mef2c in the vascular endothelium using an Etv2::Cre line active prior to the onset of Mef2c expression resulted in viable offspring that were indistinguishable from wild type controls with no overt defects in vascular development, despite nearly complete early deletion of Mef2c in the vascular endothelium. Thus, these studies support the idea that the requirement of MEF2C for vascular development is secondary to its requirement in the heart and suggest that the observed failure in vascular remodeling in Mef2c knockout mice results from defective heart function.

We examined the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) vs. control diet (CD) upon pregestational and gestational wild-type (wt) and glucose transporter (glut)3 heterozygous (glut3+/-) female mice and observed an increase in pregestational body weights, white adiposity (wt > glut3+/-), circulating cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins, with glucose intolerance in both genotypes. The HFD-exposed offspring displayed reduced birth weight with catch up to CD-fed in wt vs. an increased birth weight persisting as such at weaning by day 21 in glut3+/- mice. To decipher the mechanism behind this genotype-specific difference in the HFD offspring's phenotype, we first examined placental macronutrient transporters and noted HFD-induced increase in CD36 in wt with no change in other FATPs, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters and system L amino acid transporter in both genotypes. In contrast, while placental Glut1 increased in both the genotypes, only Glut3 increased in the glut3+/- genotype in response to HFD. Hence, we next assessed glut3+/- embryonic (ES) cells under differing stressors of low glucose, hypoxia and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Reduced Glut3-mediated glucose uptake in glut3+/- vs. wt ES cells culminated in deficient growth. We conclude that maternal HFD affects the in utero growth potential of the offspring by altering placental CD36 and Glut1 concentrations. In contrast, a differential effect on placental Glut3 concentrations between glut3+/- and wt genotypes is evident, with an increase occurring in the glut3+/- genotype alone. Deficient Glut3 in ES cells interferes with glucose uptake, cell survival and growth being further exaggerated with low glucose, hypoxia and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.

The cell surface of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plays an essential role in cell-cell and cell-host interactions. Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are produced on the cell surface of LAB or in the surrounding medium and are considered to be in favor of the strain- specific probiotic surface characteristics. In this work, the structure features of EPS from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei S-NB were analyzed preliminarily, and the genes involved in EPS biosynthesis of S-NB strain were hypothesized and annotated, and their role in phenotypic characteristics were demonstrated by gene deletion analysis. Four mutant strains with deletion of crucial genes involved in EPS synthesis were analyzed for strain characteristics that are closely related to their ability to interact with the host intestinal epithelium cells, including strain surface characteristics and viability under the gastrointestinal stress conditions (both acid and bile stress). Furthermore, the adherence and immunomodulatory properties of wild-type S-NB and its mutant strains were compared using Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cell lines, respectively. Taken together, the results indicated the importance of genes associated with EPS biosynthesis in L. paracasei S-NB as a determinant in strain surface characteristics and cell-host interaction, especially for S-NB_2176 (responsible for EPS polymerization) and S-NB_2175 (responsible for CpsD/CapB family tyrosine-protein kinase). [Display omitted] • A novel eps gene cluster was identified and annotated in L. paracasei S-NB. • Four mutant strains with deletion of genes for EPS production were constructed. • Deletion of gene for EPS biosynthesis significantly affect the phenotype of strain. • Mutant strains had altered cell surface characteristics and cell-host interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redox state sustained by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial for regeneration; however, the interplay between oxygen (O2), ROS and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) remains elusive. Here we observe, using an optic-based probe (optrode), an elevated and steady O2 influx immediately upon amputation. The spatiotemporal O2 influx profile correlates with the regeneration of Xenopus laevis tadpole tails. Inhibition of ROS production but not ROS scavenging decreases O2 influx. Inhibition of HIF-1α impairs regeneration and stabilization of HIF-1α induces regeneration in the refractory period. In the regeneration bud, hypoxia correlates with O2 influx, ROS production, and HIF-1α stabilization that modulate regeneration. Further analyses reveal that heat shock protein 90 is a putative downstream target of HIF-1α while electric current reversal is a de facto downstream target of HIF-1α. Collectively, the results show a mechanism for regeneration via the orchestration of O2 influx, ROS production, and HIF-1α stabilization.

The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is highly expressed in most cancer cells, and has been studied extensively as a driver of oncogenic metabolism. In contrast, the role of PKM2 in nontransformed cells is little studied, and nearly nothing is known of its role, if any, in quiescent cells. We show here that endothelial cells express PKM2 almost exclusively over PKM1. In proliferating endothelial cells, PKM2 is required to suppress p53 and maintain cell cycle progression. In sharp contrast, PKM2 has a strikingly different role in quiescent endothelial cells, where inhibition of PKM2 leads to degeneration of tight junctions and barrier function. Mechanistically, PKM2 regulates barrier function independently of its canonical activity as a pyruvate kinase. Instead, PKM2 suppresses NF-kB and its downstream target, the vascular permeability factor angiopoietin 2. As a consequence, loss of endothelial cell PKM2 in vivo predisposes mice to VEGF-induced vascular leak, and to severe bacteremia and death in response to sepsis. Together, these data demonstrate new roles of PKM2 in quiescent cells, and highlight the need for caution in developing cancer therapies that target PKM2.

Heterogeneity in the metabolic properties of adipocytes in white adipose tissue has been well documented. We sought to investigate metabolic heterogeneity in adipocytes of brown adipose tissue (BAT), focusing on heterogeneity in nutrient uptake. To explore the possibility of metabolic heterogeneity in brown adipocytes, we used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to quantify uptake of lipids in adipocytes interscapular BAT and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) after an intravenous injection of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) containing [2H]triglycerides (2H-TRLs). The uptake of deuterated lipids into brown adipocytes was quantified by NanoSIMS. We also examined 13C enrichment in brown adipocytes after administering [13C]glucose or 13C-labeled mixed fatty acids by gastric gavage. The uptake of 2H-TRLs-derived lipids into brown adipocytes was heterogeneous, with 2H enrichment in adjacent adipocytes varying by more than fourfold. We also observed substantial heterogeneity in 13C enrichment in adjacent brown adipocytes after administering [13C]glucose or [13C]fatty acids by gastric gavage. The uptake of nutrients by adjacent brown adipocytes within a single depot is variable, suggesting that there is heterogeneity in the metabolic properties of brown adipocytes.

BackgroundAnti-Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) is a promising new bone anabolic therapy. Although anti-Scl-Ab stimulates bone formation and repair in the appendicular and axial skeleton, its efficacy in the craniofacial skeleton is still poorly understood.MethodsUsing an established model of Down syndrome-dependent bone deficiency, 10 Ts65Dn mice and 10 wild-type mice were treated weekly via i.v. tail vein injection with vehicle or anti-Sclerostin for 3 weeks and euthanized 1 week after.ResultsWild-type mice treated with the anti-Scl-Ab had increased mandibular bone, trabecular thickness, and alveolar height compared with controls. Anti-Scl-Ab increased Ts65Dn mandibular bone parameters such that they were statistically indistinguishable from those in vehicle-treated wild-type mandibles.ConclusionTreatment with anti-Scl-Ab significantly increased mandibular bone mass and alveolar height in wild type mice and normalized mandibular bone mass and alveolar height in Ts65Dn mice. The anti-Scl-Ab therapy represents a novel method for increasing mandibular bone formation.

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss, yet much of the genetic risk remains unaccounted for, especially in African-Americans who have a higher risk for developing POAG. We conduct a multiethnic genome-wide association study (GWAS) of POAG in the GERA cohort, with replication in the UK Biobank (UKB), and vice versa, GWAS in UKB with replication in GERA. We identify 24 loci (P