21 results on '"Mutual Recognition Agreement"'
Search Results
2. Your assessment is welcome here: the trade impacts of mutual recognition agreements.
- Author
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Blyde, Juan S.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL trade ,RECOGNITION (Philosophy) ,NORTH American Free Trade Agreement ,TARIFF ,TRANSPORTATION costs ,TRADE regulation - Abstract
As tariffs and transportation costs have progressively declined over time, trade obstacles such as technical regulations have become relatively more important, but their impacts remain under-studied. In this analysis we measure the trade impacts of a mutual recognition arrangement established by Mexico with Canada and the United States in the electronics sector. We found that the arrangement induced a positive impact on trade flows, increasing the exports of the products associated with the agreement by around 23%. The finding is important because unlike tariffs, technical regulations cannot simply be eliminated as they are often aimed at legitimate objectives, but their negative effects on trade could potentially be reduced with approaches such as mutual recognition agreements, as shown in this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Forecasting the Competition of International Standardization Preoccupation
- Author
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Bongju Kang and Yangkee Lee
- Subjects
EDT ,conformity assessment ,crypto economy ,digital data standards platform ,official grades ,mutual recognition agreement ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 ,Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods ,T57-57.97 - Abstract
In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the establishment of a TBT system that utilizes the knowledge-based view as a means of overcoming the problems of scarcity of human resources and lack of technological capabilities faced by export companies that produce and supply products and services is being emphasized. The WTO TBT Agreement, which is based on the multilateral agreement of the GATT 7th Tokyo Round, consists of 15 articles and 3 annexes to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment systems do not act as technical barriers to trade. The transition to the digital economy (EDT) has been accelerating, and currently the EDT presents both a challenge and an opportunity. The US, which is at the center of the international standards competition, has accelerated standards competition by invoking supply chain executive order decoupling, and as China looks to implement the policy set out in the China Standards 2035 Plan, the relationship between the US and China is worsening in relation to the preoccupation with standards. Dreaming of a Chinese version of this US strategy, China, which is connected from 12.5 to 14.5 units, is accelerating its standardization strategy through the Made in China 2035 program. The “double cycle development strategy” and “technological innovation” are key mid- to long-term policy directions. Korea should develop a Korean-style conformity assessment development model based on the TBT system, which is a major element of non-tariff barriers, under the WTO/FTA system that promotes the flow of the KBV along with the establishment of a digital transformation system.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Forecasting the Competition of International Standardization Preoccupation.
- Author
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Kang, Bongju and Lee, Yangkee
- Subjects
INDUSTRY 4.0 ,DATA encryption ,COVID-19 pandemic ,HEGEMONY ,TECHNICAL assistance - Abstract
In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the establishment of a TBT system that utilizes the knowledge-based view as a means of overcoming the problems of scarcity of human resources and lack of technological capabilities faced by export companies that produce and supply products and services is being emphasized. The WTO TBT Agreement, which is based on the multilateral agreement of the GATT 7th Tokyo Round, consists of 15 articles and 3 annexes to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment systems do not act as technical barriers to trade. The transition to the digital economy (EDT) has been accelerating, and currently the EDT presents both a challenge and an opportunity. The US, which is at the center of the international standards competition, has accelerated standards competition by invoking supply chain executive order decoupling, and as China looks to implement the policy set out in the China Standards 2035 Plan, the relationship between the US and China is worsening in relation to the preoccupation with standards. Dreaming of a Chinese version of this US strategy, China, which is connected from 12.5 to 14.5 units, is accelerating its standardization strategy through the Made in China 2035 program. The "double cycle development strategy" and "technological innovation" are key mid- to long-term policy directions. Korea should develop a Korean-style conformity assessment development model based on the TBT system, which is a major element of non-tariff barriers, under the WTO/FTA system that promotes the flow of the KBV along with the establishment of a digital transformation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Israel-PLO Mutual Recognition Agreement.
- Author
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Singer, Joel
- Subjects
- *
RECOGNITION (Philosophy) , *SHIELDS (Geology) - Abstract
From the perspective of a practitioner who was deeply engaged in the negotiations, this article describes how the Israeli-Palestinian Mutual Recognition Agreement was conceived and negotiated. It explains the process of convincing Israeli and Palestinian leaders to accept mutual recognition, overcoming their initial objections. While not nearly as publicized as the 1993 Declaration of Principles agreed at Oslo, this Agreement became the bedrock for all the Oslo Accords, and set the stage for subsequent negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Application of Chow Test to Estimate the Effect of Mutual Recognition Agreements
- Author
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Iosif Z. Aronov, Anna M. Rybakova, Vladimir Yu. Salamatov, Anna V. Tangaeva, and Nataliia M. Galkina
- Subjects
Export ,Technical Regulation ,Mutual Recognition Agreement ,Barriers In Trade ,Chow Test ,Technology ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 - Abstract
This article presents the research results on Mutual Recognition Agreement effect on the volume of exports – imports of the countries (parties) in the context of the EU – Israel Mutual Recognition Agreement. The authors used the Chow test to obtain the results. The article shows that there is no good reason to believe that Mutual Recognition Agreements boost the volume of mutual trade, at least, of pharmaceutical products. In other words, Mutual Recognition Agreements do not contribute to the growth in the number of exporters. It is concluded that the primary effect of such agreements is to facilitate conformity assessment procedures.
- Published
- 2019
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7. The Role of Metrology and Statistics in Making Geochemical Modeling Defensible
- Author
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Meinrath, G., Merkel, B., Schneider, P., Delakowitz, B., Merkel, Broder J., editor, Planer-Friedrich, Britta, editor, and Wolkersdorfer, Christian, editor
- Published
- 2002
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8. Application of Chow Test to Estimate the Effect of Mutual Recognition Agreements
- Author
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Vladimir Yu. Salamatov, Anna V. Tangaeva, Iosif Z. Aronov, Nataliia M. Galkina, and Anna M. Rybakova
- Subjects
General Computer Science ,Computer science ,business.industry ,lcsh:T ,General Mathematics ,lcsh:Mathematics ,General Engineering ,Barriers In Trade ,Pattern recognition ,Mutual Recognition Agreement ,lcsh:QA1-939 ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Chow test ,lcsh:Technology ,Export ,Chow Test ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Mutual recognition ,Technical Regulation - Abstract
This article presents the research results on Mutual Recognition Agreement effect on the volume of exports – imports of the countries (parties) in the context of the EU – Israel Mutual Recognition Agreement. The authors used the Chow test to obtain the results. The article shows that there is no good reason to believe that Mutual Recognition Agreements boost the volume of mutual trade, at least, of pharmaceutical products. In other words, Mutual Recognition Agreements do not contribute to the growth in the number of exporters. It is concluded that the primary effect of such agreements is to facilitate conformity assessment procedures.
- Published
- 2019
9. Comparing the codes of ethics of the six signatory associations of the Mutual Recognition Agreement.
- Author
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Stacey-Knight, Carrie L. and Mayo, Robert
- Abstract
Purpose: The Agreement for the Mutual Recognition of Professional Association Credentials (MRA) between six national associations provides a mutually negotiated expedited process for applying for certification in speech-language pathology by any of the signatory associations. Although the MRA recognizes common standards in academic and clinical practice and eases the process to have credentials recognized, an interesting concept is that SLPs who have membership in more than one association must adhere to the code of ethics in each association. Thus, as SLPs will need to abide by them the question then becomes, are the codes of ethics in the six national associations comparable? Method: Using a content analysis procedure, the authors sought to identify similarities between the six codes of ethics. Result: The results revealed similarities between the six codes in areas such as responsibility to clients, professional conduct and practitioner competence. Conclusion: The findings should not to be interpreted to imply that one code of ethics was better or more comprehensive than another, as each code of ethics must be understood and interpreted in temporal, situational and local cultural contexts. Rather, the discussion includes a proposal to create a unified document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. El Operador Económico Autorizado en los Países de la Comunidad Andina, como Norma de Seguridad en la Cadena Logística de Mercancías
- Author
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Basantes-Garcés, Pablo, Romero-Larco, Guido, Chávez-Puga, Oscar, and Cadena-Villegas, Edison
- Subjects
Operador Económico Autorizado ,Acuerdo Reconocimiento Mutuo ,Security logistics chain ,Authorized Economic Operator ,Seguridad en la cadena logística ,Foreign Trade Operator ,Mutual Recognition Agreement ,Operador de Comercio Exterior - Abstract
The security in the logistics chain under the program called Authorized Economic Operator (AEO), both in our country and of those that make up the Andean Community (CAN), is a less researched topic. The purpose of the present investigation was to diagnose the current situation of the AEO program in the CAN members. To analyze this, it was necessary to compare the benefits that customs entities give to AEO in each CAN country, as well as it was important to consult Ecuadorian exporting companies for their different views in the face of implementation AEO program in Ecuador. For the establishment of the AEO diagnosis, a descriptive and exploratory study level was used with documentary modality, and the quantitative method was used for the analysis of the exporting companies of Ecuador, based on descriptive statistics. The main results obtained relate to the amount of benefits granted by the Ecuadorian customs entity compared to those granted by the same entities in the countries that make up the CAN. As far as Ecuadorian exporting companies are in terms of, little is known about the AEO program., La seguridad en la cadena logística en el marco del programa denominado Operador Económico Autorizado (OEA), tanto de nuestro país, así como de los que conforman la Comunidad Andina (CAN) es un tema poco investigado. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue diagnosticar la situación actual del programa OEA en los países de la CAN. Para analizarlo, fue necesario comparar los beneficios que otorgan las entidades aduaneras a los OEA en cada país de la CAN, así como también fue importante consultar a las empresas exportadoras ecuatorianas sus diferentes puntos de vista frente a la implementación del programa OEA en Ecuador. Para el establecimiento del diagnóstico de los OEA se utilizó un nivel de estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con modalidad documental, y para el análisis de las empresas exportadoras del Ecuador se empleó el método cuantitativo, basado en estadística descriptiva. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una importante cantidad de beneficios otorgados por la entidad aduanera del Ecuador en comparación a los que otorgan las mismas entidades en los países que conforman la CAN. En cuanto a las empresas exportadoras ecuatorianas se deduce que es poco lo que conocen en referencia al programa OEA.
- Published
- 2019
11. The Authorized Economic Operator in the Countries of the Andean Community, as a Security Standard in the Merchandise Logistics Chain
- Author
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Basantes-Garcés, Pablo, Romero-Larco, Guido, Chávez-Puga, Oscar, Cadena-Villegas, Edison, Basantes-Garcés, Pablo, Romero-Larco, Guido, Chávez-Puga, Oscar, and Cadena-Villegas, Edison
- Abstract
The security in the logistics chain under the program called Authorized Economic Operator (AEO), both in our country and of those that make up the Andean Community (CAN), is a less researched topic. The purpose of the present investigation was to diagnose the current situation of the AEO program in the CAN members. To analyze this, it was necessary to compare the benefits that customs entities give to AEO in each CAN country, as well as it was important to consult Ecuadorian exporting companies for their different views in the face of implementation AEO program in Ecuador. For the establishment of the AEO diagnosis, a descriptive and exploratory study level was used with documentary modality, and the quantitative method was used for the analysis of the exporting companies of Ecuador, based on descriptive statistics. The main results obtained relate to the amount of benefits granted by the Ecuadorian customs entity compared to those granted by the same entities in the countries that make up the CAN. As far as Ecuadorian exporting companies are in terms of, little is known about the AEO program., La seguridad en la cadena logística en el marco del programa denominado Operador Económico Autorizado (OEA), tanto de nuestro país, así como de los que conforman la Comunidad Andina (CAN) es un tema poco investigado. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue diagnosticar la situación actual del programa OEA en los países de la CAN. Para analizarlo, fue necesario comparar los beneficios que otorgan las entidades aduaneras a los OEA en cada país de la CAN, así como también fue importante consultar a las empresas exportadoras ecuatorianas sus diferentes puntos de vista frente a la implementación del programa OEA en Ecuador. Para el establecimiento del diagnóstico de los OEA se utilizó un nivel de estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con modalidad documental, y para el análisis de las empresas exportadoras del Ecuador se empleó el método cuantitativo, basado en estadística descriptiva. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una importante cantidad de beneficios otorgados por la entidad aduanera del Ecuador en comparación a los que otorgan las mismas entidades en los países que conforman la CAN. En cuanto a las empresas exportadoras ecuatorianas se deduce que es poco lo que conocen en referencia al programa OEA.
- Published
- 2019
12. SWOT-AHP strategy modelling for enhancing recognition of Turkish marine officers' competencies based on STCW implementations
- Author
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Şahin, Tuğfan, Bolat, Pelin, and Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Denizcilik ,Marine ,Turkey?s maritime ,Shipmasters ,International maritime transport ,International conventions ,"null" ,Ocean going officer ,On-the-job training ,Maritime education ,Mutual recognition agreement - Abstract
'Deniz onları serbest bırakana kadar' eserinin yazarı ve Pulitzer Ödülünün adayı Robert Frump'ın söylemiyle; denizcilik emniyetinin tarihi suda ıslanır ve kan üstünde yazılır. ''Bunun başka yolu yoktur.'' ''Değişiklikler sadece manidar felaketler olduğu zaman gerçekleşir.''Diğer başlıca önemli konvansiyonlar gibi, STCW Konvansiyonu ve STCW Kodu hakkında ilk tartışmalar ve analizler insan hatasından kaynaklanan Torrey Canyon deniz felaketi ile 1967 yılından sonra meydana çıkmıştır.STCW Konvansiyonu ve Kodu gemiadamlarının eğitim, sertifikalandırma ve vardiya tutma standartları ile ilgili olduğundan, insan faktörü ve STCW Konvansiyonu çalışmaları arasında önemli bir ilişki olduğu düşünülmektedir.Denizcilik sektöründe insan faktörünün rolünü veya bazı belirli ülkeler üzerinde STCW Konvansiyonunun etkilerini açıklayan çok miktarda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Fakat STCW Konvansiyonunun ve STCW Kodunun farklı uygulamalarının sebepleri ve üye ülkeler arasında yaşanan endorsement ve tanınırlık problemleri hakkında çok fazla çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Konvansiyona getirilen birtakım değişiklikler olmasına rağmen, hala zabitan yeterliklerinin yükseltilme şartları ve gemiadamları dokümanlarının formatları hakkında farklı uygulamaların STCW'yi kabul eden üye devletler tarafından uygulandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında, STCW uygulamalarında tam bir standartlaştırma sağlamak için STCW'yi kabul etmiş üye devletlerin farklı uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, gemi işletmeciliği yapan firma yetkilileri ile görüşmeler yapılarak anket uygulanması yapılmış ve sonuçları kıyaslanarak yorumlanmıştır. Bu standartlardan yola çıkarak, Türk zabitan yeterlikleri için tanınırlık ve endorsement problemi de SWOT-AHP birleşik metodu kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu analizin bulguları doğrultusunda takip edilmesi önerilen stratejiler belirlenmiş olup, gelecekteki araştırmalar ve yenilemeler (revizyon) için referans ve yardımcı olacağına inanılan sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, STCW Konvansiyonuna ve STCW Koduna yönelik tüm üye devletler için standartlaştırma sağlamak ve daha iyi bir denizcilik mevzuatı uygulaması için tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur. Ek olarak, bu çalışma sayesinde, Türk zabitan yeterliklerinin itibarının ve tanınırlığının da uluslararası seviyede artması hedeflenmiştir.IMO için düşünülmesi gereken, tüm üye devletler tarafından ulaşılabilir çevrimiçi bir doğrulama (verifikasyon) sisteminin geliştirilmesi ve ayrıca imkânlar el verdiği ölçüde gemi işletmeci firmalara büyük miktarda maliyetler oluşturan endorsement mecburiyetinin iptal edilmesidir. Ek tavsiye olarak, tüm üye devletlerin, zabitan yeterliklerinin yükseltilmesine yönelik deniz hizmet süreleri, yeterlik yükseltme sınavı öncesi kurs gerekliliği, yeterlik yükseltme sınavı gibi konularda aynı kuralları takip ederek eşit şartları talep etmeleri ve zabitlere ait liman cüzdanı, yeterlik belgesi, STCW sertifikaları gibi dokümanlar için aynı kuralları takip ederek biçimsel bakımdan standart bir uygulama yaratmalarıdır. Sonuncu, fakat bir o kadar da önemli olan çarpıcı bir tavsiye de Türk denizcilik idaresinin bayrak devletleriyle endorsement anlaşması yapması ve Türk zabitan yeterliklerinin tanınmasının sağlanmasıdır. Böylelikle, bu bayrak devletleri Türk zabitan yeterliklerine endorsement verebilecek ve Türk zabitleri bu bayrakları taşıyan gemilerde görev yapabileceklerdir. The history of marine safety is soaked in water and written in blood. `There is no other way around it,` says Robert Frump, the author of `Until the sea shall set them free` and Pulitzer Prize nominee, `Changes occur only when there is a meaningful disaster.`Same like other major conventions, first serious discussion and analyses of STCW Convention and STCW Code emerged after 1967 with the Torrey Canyon disaster which is caused because of human error.Since, the STCW Convention and its Code are related with standards of training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers, it is considered that there is also a significant relationship between the studies of human factor and STCW Convention. There have been considerable amount of studies describing the role of human factor in maritime sector or the effects of STCW Convention over some specific countries. However, there are few studies have been published about the reason of different implementations of STCW Convention and Code as well as endorsement and recognition problems among the member states. Although there have been several amendments to the convention, it is observed that still different practices such as upgrade requirements for officers CoC and formats of seafarers documentation have been followed by the member states. In this study, different practices of member states have been investigated in order to provide a full standardization on the STCW implementations. Representatives of ship management companies have been consulted and questionnaire is applied among them. The results of questionnaire have been comparatively analyzed. On the basis of these findings, the lack of recognition and endorsement problems for Turkish CoC has been analyzed by means of combined SWOT-AHP method. Upon the completion of analysis, strategies to be followed have been identified for achieving successful outcome. Significant results have been found which it is believed that these results will be reference and helpful for the future researches and probable revisions.At the end of this study, recommendations are provided for a better practice of maritime legislation and provide standardization for the STCW Convention and STCW Code for all member states. Additionally, by means of this work, also the reputation and recognition of Turkish CoC are aimed to be increased at the international level.The most significant recommendation for IMO (International Maritime Organization) is to develop the online verification system accessible for all member states and within the bounds of possibility to avoid the necessity of endorsement issue which cost considerable amount for ship management companies. Additional recommendation is that all member states should require same conditions for upgrading CoC and issue seafarers' documents in the same format. Last but not least, the most striking recommendation for Turkish administration is to sign undertakings with the flag states to enable Turkish CoC recognized so that these states can issue endorsements for Turkish CoC and Turkish officers can work onboard these countries' fleet. 137
- Published
- 2018
13. Trans-Tasman mutual recognition agreement to knock non- tariff barriers
- Author
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Evans, Steven
- Published
- 1994
14. Mutual recognition policy of medical license for medical professionals under Free Trade Agreement.
- Author
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Euichul Shin
- Subjects
LEGISLATION ,HEALTH policy ,PHYSICIANS ,FOREIGN physicians ,PROFESSIONAL licenses - Abstract
Discussion on movement of medical personnel arises as a main issue when contracting free trade agreement between two countries. It is sensitive issue for both developed and developing country in terms of their own interest; developed country requires movement of medical personnel in order to solve aging population and manpower shortage problems in certain medical fields, whereas developing countries approache this issue with the purpose of exporting health professionals and improving the quality of medical care. We have not settled mutual recognition for medical professional's license, including that of medical doctors in Free Trade Agreement. However, as the opening of service sector expands is gradually, labor exchange of medical professionals at international level is expected to be more active in the future. Therefore, preparing quality of license at developed countries' standards and post management system is urgently required. Also, we have to strive for modification of law as well as global-level qualification to assist domestic professionals to enter overseas market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Comparative analysis of laboratory accreditation in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Slovakia and Serbia and Montenegro
- Author
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Mića Jovanović
- Subjects
business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,education ,Accounting ,General Chemistry ,Rapid assessment ,Eastern european ,health services administration ,Political science ,Accreditation assessment for Bulgaria, Lithuania, Slovakia and Serbia and Montenegro ,Proficiency testing ,Laboratory accreditation ,Mutual recognition agreement ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Montenegro ,business ,Mutual recognition ,Instrumentation ,health care economics and organizations ,Accreditation - Abstract
The development of an internationally recognized laboratory accreditation process, accompanied by a mutual recognition agreement (MRA), is an issue of great interest in Central and Eastern European countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of laboratory accreditation in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Slovakia and Serbia and Montenegro. The basic analysis technique was preliminary laboratory accreditation assessment (PLAA). The analysis data were obtained via a questionnaire issued from January to June 2004, with the participation of accreditation bodies. Results from the study are presented in four sections: accreditation body standards, accreditation body organization, assessors and proficiency testing, and inter-laboratory comparisons. Research results for the countries were accessed using PLAA techniques and conformity/non conformity statements. The analysis verified that PLAA can provide low cost, rapid assessment of the key influencing factors in laboratory accreditation bodies.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Karşılıklı tanıma anlaşmaları açısından yetkilendirilmiş yükümlülük statüsü
- Author
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Yetgin, Cüneyt, Saldamlı, Asım, Uluslararası Ticaret Anabilim Dalı, and Enstitüler, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası Ticaret Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Uluslararası ekonomik ilişkiler ,Trade agreements ,International Relations ,Uluslararası İlişkiler ,Uluslararası ticaret ,International economic relations ,Empowerment ,Authorized economic operator ,International trade ,Supply chain ,HF 1352/Y48 ,Agreements ,Mutual recognition agreement - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi -- Kaynakça var. Bu çalışma, dünya ticaretinin güvenli bir hale getirilmesi hedefi ile Dünya Gümrük Örgütü’nün (DGÖ) SAFE Framework of Standards (SAFE) standartları çerçevesinde ortaya konulan “Yetkilendirilmiş Yükümlülük Statüsü” (YYS) kavramı, bu statünün elde edilebilmesi için gerekli standartlar, bu standartların denetimi ve ticarete olan olası etkilerini tanımladıktan sonra her ülkede farklı koşullarda elde edilen Yetkilendirilmiş Yükümlülük Statüsünün ülkeler arasında imzalanması beklenen veya imzalanan Karşılıklı Tanıma Anlaşmaları ile global bir tedarik zinciri güvenliği hedefine nasıl ulaşılacağı ve bu antlaşmaların imzalanması sırasında izlenen prosedürler ile Türkiye’nin karşılaşması muhtemel süreçler hakkında bilgi vermektedir. This study aims to explain the facts of the Authorized Economic Operator Status programmes, implemented under the guidance of SAFE Framework of Standards, the requirements to be AEO certified and the possible impact together with results of the Mutual Recognition Agreements, which aims to establish a secure global supply chain. The study also focuses on the challenges of proceeding with mutual recognition agreements between nations and tries to explain possible scenarios Turkey might be facing during the mutual recognition agreement signing processes with different nations. Özet, iii -- Tablolar Listesi, vi -- Şekiller Listesi, vii -- Kısaltmalar Listesi, viii -- GİRİŞ, 1 -- 1. YETKİLENDİRİLMİŞ YÜKÜMLÜLÜK NEDİR?, 3 -- 1.1. SAFE Çerçeve Anlaşması, 5 -- 1.2. SAFE Çerçeve Anlaşmasının Dört Prensibi, 6 -- 1.3. SAFE Çerçeve Anlaşmasının İki Temeli, 8 -- 1.4. SAFE Çerçeve Anlaşması Standartları, 9 -- 1.4.1. Gümrük – Gümrük Standartları, 9 -- 1.4.1.1. Entegre Tedarik Zinciri Yönetimi, 10 -- 1.4.1.1.1. Genel Kontrol Önlemleri, 10 -- 1.4.1.1.2. Veri Gönderimi, 11 -- 1.4.1.1.3. Yetkilendirilmiş Tedarik Zinciri, 13 -- 1.4.1.2. Eşya Muayene Yetkisi, 14 -- 1.4.1.3. Eşya Muayenelerinde Modern Teknoloji Kullanımı, 14 -- 1.4.1.4. Risk Yönetimi Sistemleri, 14 -- 1.4.1.5. Muayenede Seçicilik ve Profil Oluşturma, 15 -- 1.4.1.6. Elektronik Ön Bildirim, 16 -- 1.4.1.7. Kontrol Hedeflerinin Belirlenmesi ve Haberleşme, 18 -- 1.4.1.8. Performans Ölçümleri, 19 -- 1.4.1.9. Güvenlik Değerlendirmeleri, 20 -- 1.4.1.10. Görevlilerin Dürüstlüğü, 20 -- 1.4.1.11. Çıkış Güvenlik Kontrolleri, 20 -- 1.4.2. Gümrük – Özel Sektör Standartları, 21 -- 1.4.2.1. Ortaklık, 22 -- 1.4.2.2. Güvenlik, 23 -- 1.4.2.3. Yetkilendirme, 24 -- 1.4.2.4. Teknoloji, 25 -- 1.4.2.5. Haberleşme, 25 -- 1.4.2.6. Basitleştirme, 26 -- 1.4.3. Üçüncü Temel; Tek Pencere, 26 -- 2. ÜLKE PROGRAMLARI, 28 -- 2.1. ABD Programı; C-TPAT, 28 -- 2.2. AB Programı; AEO, 30 -- 2.2.1. AEO Sertifikasyon Türleri, 31 -- 2.2.1.1. Güvenlik ve Emniyet, 31 -- 2.2.1.2. Gümrük İşlemleri Basitleştirme, 32 -- 2.2.1.3. Gümrük İşlemleri Basitleştirme / Güvenlik ve Emniyet, 32 -- 2.2.2. AEO Programının Güvenlik Sınırları, 33 -- 2.2.3. Başvuruların Değerlendirilme Kriterleri, 33 -- 2.2.3.1. Uyum Konusunda Temiz Bir Geçmişe Sahip Olmak, 33 -- 2.2.3.2. Ticari Kayıtları Kontrol Edilebilecek Şekilde Tutmak, 34 -- 2.2.3.3. Doğrulanmış Mali Yapı, 35 -- 2.2.3.4. Uygun Güvenlik ve Emniyet Standartlarının Varlığı, 36 -- 2.3. Diğer Ülke Programları, 38 -- 2.3.1. Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, 38 -- 2.3.2. Japonya, 39 -- 2.3.3. Kore, 41 -- 2.3.4. Kanada, 42 -- 3. TÜRKİYE PROGRAMI; YYS, 44 -- 3.1. İlgili Mevzuat, 45 -- 3.2. YYS İçin Aranacak Başlıca Koşullar, 45 -- 3.3. YYS İle Sağlanan Avantajlar, 46 -- 3.3.1. Eksik Beyan Usulü, 46 -- 3.3.2. Kısmi Teminat Uygulaması, 47 -- 3.3.3. Götürü Teminat Uygulaması, 47 -- 3.3.4. Onaylanmışİhracatçı Yetkisi, 48 -- 3.3.4.1. İhracatta Yerinde Gümrükleme İzni, 48 -- 3.3.4.2. A.TR Dolaşım Belgesi Düzenleyebilme İzni, 49 -- 3.3.4.3. Fatura Beyanı veya EUR-MED Fatura Beyanı Düzenleme İzni . 49 -- 3.3.5. İzinli Gönderici Yetkisi, 50 -- 3.3.6. Güvenlik Kontrollerine İlişkin Kolaylaştırmalardan Yararlanma İzni, 51 -- 3.3.6.1. Azaltılmış Bilgilerden Oluşan Özet Beyan Verme Kolaylığı, 51 -- 3.3.6.2. Mavi Hat Uygulaması, 51 -- 3.3.6.3. Sarı Hat Muayene Önceliği, 51 -- 3.3.6.4. Kırmızı Hat Muayene Önceliği, 52 -- 4. KARŞILIKLI TANIMA, 53 -- 4.1. Karşılıklı Tanımanın Önemi, 53 -- 4.2. Yetkilendirme ve Denetim Süreçleri, 55 -- 4.3. Karşılıklı Tanıma Anlaşması Prosedürleri, 56 -- 4.4. Karşılıklı Tanıma Anlaşmalarının Getirileri, 59 -- 4.5. Karşılaşılabilecek Güçlükler, 61 -- 4.6. Türkiye Açısından Karşılıklı Tanıma, 64 -- SONUÇ, 66 -- KAYNAKÇA, 71
- Published
- 2014
17. Support of laboratory accreditation in Central and Eastern Europe by preliminary assessment
- Author
-
Mića Jovanović
- Subjects
Engineering ,Standardization ,Process (engineering) ,General Chemical Engineering ,Commercial law ,Accreditation assessment ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Formal evaluation ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Laboratory accreditation ,Operations management ,Mutual recognition agreement ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Instrumentation ,Accreditation ,business.industry ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Technical barriers to trade ,General Chemistry ,0104 chemical sciences ,Eastern european ,Engineering management ,business ,Certification and Accreditation - Abstract
The development of a competent and reliable network of accredited laboratories represents one, among other, important means of removal of technical barriers to trade. The achievement of the goal "tested once-accepted everywhere" should be supported by carefully planned actions. The paper presents a detailed description of a proposal to develop European Cooperation for Accreditation (EA) laboratory multilateral recognition agreements in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries by preliminary laboratory accreditation assessment. The proposed concept could be a valid supporting approach to EA procedures, removing the main obstacles that may be present in the accreditation bodies of CEE countries, prior to entering the formal evaluation process. The proposed technique is rapid and of low cost, yet it should give a broad overview of the accreditation body's level of development.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Unlocking Central America's Export Potential : Infrastructure for Unlocking Exports - SEZs, Innovation, and Quality Systems
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
FOREIGN TRADE ,CUSTOMS ,EXPORT SUBSIDIES ,MARKET ACCESS ,PRODUCERS ,CUSTOMS PROCEDURES ,DOMESTIC PRODUCTION ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,APPAREL SECTOR ,CUSTOMS UNION ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,INTERMEDIATE INPUTS ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TRADE PROMOTION ,WORLD TRADE ,EXPORT SECTOR ,SPECIAL INCENTIVES ,MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENT ,COMMODITY ,FREE ZONES ,EXPORT PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ,MUTUAL RECOGNITION ARRANGEMENT ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE ,VERTICAL INTEGRATION ,CUSTOMS TERRITORY ,INCOME ,TOURISM ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,APPAREL EXPORTS ,FEASIBILITY STUDIES ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,CROWDING OUT ,REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ,TRADE FACILITATION ,TRADE PREFERENCES ,DOMESTIC ECONOMY ,INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION ,TRADE PROMOTION AGENCY ,CUSTOMS REGIME ,COMMON MARKET ,INCENTIVE STRUCTURE ,POLICY DECISIONS ,BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ,METALS ,LABOR COSTS ,REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ,TRADE POLICY ,OUTSOURCING ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,SKILLED WORKERS ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ,IMPORT DUTIES ,DUTY DRAWBACK ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,INTERMEDIATE GOODS ,EXPORTERS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ,TAX REVENUE ,WAGES ,SHOPS ,TRADE BARRIERS ,APPAREL EXPORT ,DOMESTIC MARKETS ,INDIVIDUAL FIRMS ,SPECIAL REGIMES ,EXPORT PROCESSING ,COMPETITIVE POSITION ,APPAREL ,MUTUAL RECOGNITION ,TRADE AGREEMENT ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,GDP PER CAPITA ,BARRIER ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ,BORDER TRADE ,FREE TRADE AREAS ,EXPORT INCENTIVES ,CORPORATE TAX ,CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION ,FREE ZONE ,APPAREL ACCOUNTS ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ,GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS ,UNFAIR COMPETITION ,CENTRAL BANK ,EPZ ,AGRICULTURE ,FREE ACCESS ,FREE TRADE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,FOREIGN FIRM ,WTO ,GDP ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,HARMONIZATION ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,FREE TRADE ZONE ,REGIONAL TRADE ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,INVESTMENT POLICY ,TRADE PARTNERSHIP ,FOREIGN SUPPLIERS ,SPECIALIZATION ,EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION ,INCOME TAX ,FREE ENTRY ,EXPORTS ,FOREIGN MARKETS ,INCOME TAX EXEMPTION ,MARKET SIZE ,TRADE POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,INDUSTRIAL POLICY ,BENCHMARK ,FUTURE GROWTH ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,STAMP DUTIES ,DOMESTIC PRODUCERS ,ECONOMIC IMPACT ,FREE TRADE ZONES ,OUTPUT ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,CURRENCY ,RULES OF ORIGIN ,EXPORT BASKET ,APPAREL MANUFACTURING ,BOND ,EXPORT SHARE ,FREE IMPORTS ,INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS ,DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES ,ECONOMISTS ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,EXPORT VOLUMES ,REINVESTMENT ,GROWTH RATE ,JOINT VENTURES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,INVESTOR DEMANDS ,TRADE COSTS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,GLOBALIZATION ,AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES ,REAL ESTATE ,BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ,EXPORT SECTORS ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMICS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,FOREIGN FIRMS ,SMALL COUNTRIES ,JOB CREATION ,MARKET STANDARDS ,COMMODITY EXPORT ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,EXPORT VALUE ,TRADE DIVERSION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LABOR FORCE ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,DOMESTIC SUPPLIERS ,KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS ,FOREIGN COMPANIES ,FREE ACCESS TO IMPORTS ,FOREIGN TRADE PROMOTION ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,LOCAL CURRENCY ,TRADE COMPETITIVENESS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,EXPORT PERFORMANCE ,FISHERIES ,EXPORT TAXES - Abstract
The Central America region is a small market. The region contains around 43 million inhabitants (0.6 percent of total world population) who generate around 0.25 percent of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). While the region has successfully embarked on a regional integration agenda and has strong commercial links with the US, extra-regional trade-mainly with large fast-growing emerging economies-remains a challenge. Export performance is analyzed along three dimensions that, together, give a fairly comprehensive picture of competitiveness: 1) the composition, orientation and growth of the export basket; 2) the degree of export diversification across products and markets; and 3) the level of sophistication and quality of their main exports. This analysis allows exports dynamics at the different margins of trade (intensive, extensive, and quality) to be evaluated and individual countries' to be benchmarked with peers in the Central American region. The results of this report allow policy makers to identify key areas to explore in the overall discussion of export competitiveness in the Central American region. This paper relates to the literature on challenges and opportunities that trade liberalization can bring to the Central American region. Much of the recent literature focuses on the role of the free trade agreement negotiated by Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, with the US.
- Published
- 2012
19. Issues and Prospects on the Movement of Natural Persons and Human Capital Development in the Philippine-American Economic Relations
- Author
-
Tullao, Tereso S. and Cortez, Michael Angelo A.
- Subjects
labor migration ,Dienstleistungshandel ,movement of natural persons ,Arbeitsmigranten ,Handelsliberalisierung ,market access ,Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ,trade liberalization ,Philippinen ,reciprocity ,preferential treatment ,educational system ,cross-border transactions ,ddc:330 ,Freihandelszone ,labor market ,modes of supply ,national treatment ,General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) ,services trade ,mutual recognition agreement ,free trade agreements (FTAs) ,USA ,Faktormobilität - Abstract
The United States of America is the top trading partner of the Philippines and also the top destination of highly skilled and professional Filipino workers. This paper explores the possibility of a free trade agreement (FTA) that covers the asymmetries of the two countries in labor, services and human resources development, particularly educational services. The existing FTAs of the U.S. were examined to seek for provisions the Philippines may adopt for a freer movement of natural persons. However, there are barriers inherent in the U.S. immigration and recent U.S. Congressional pronouncements to uphold the primacy of their immigration policy, thus, no more similar liberal agreements could be entered into. Issues on the movement of workers, particularly mutual recognition, accreditation, taxation and the refund of social security contributions were raised. For the educational sector, the issue of public subsidy and national treatment of foreign service providers were also brought up to clarify the objective of bringing access to students. The paper concluded that for an FTA concerning the movement of natural persons to materialize, the Philippines should weigh its sacrifices against what it will be requesting from the U.S. within the context of the overall importance of the maximizing opportunities for the Filipino worker.
- Published
- 2006
20. Comparative analysis of laboratory accreditation in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Slovakia and Serbia and Montenegro
- Author
-
Jovanović, Mića and Jovanović, Mića
- Abstract
The development of an internationally recognized laboratory accreditation process, accompanied by a mutual recognition agreement (MRA), is an issue of great interest in Central and Eastern European countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of laboratory accreditation in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Slovakia and Serbia and Montenegro. The basic analysis technique was preliminary laboratory accreditation assessment (PLAA). The analysis data were obtained via a questionnaire issued from January to June 2004, with the participation of accreditation bodies. Results from the study are presented in four sections: accreditation body standards, accreditation body organization, assessors and proficiency testing, and inter-laboratory comparisons. Research results for the countries were accessed using PLAA techniques and conformity/non conformity statements. The analysis verified that PLAA can provide low cost, rapid assessment of the key influencing factors in laboratory accreditation bodies.
- Published
- 2005
21. Support of laboratory accreditation in Central and Eastern Europe by preliminary assessment
- Author
-
Jovanović, Mića and Jovanović, Mića
- Abstract
The development of a competent and reliable network of accredited laboratories represents one, among other, important means of removal of technical barriers to trade. The achievement of the goal "tested once-accepted everywhere" should be supported by carefully planned actions. The paper presents a detailed description of a proposal to develop European Cooperation for Accreditation (EA) laboratory multilateral recognition agreements in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries by preliminary laboratory accreditation assessment. The proposed concept could be a valid supporting approach to EA procedures, removing the main obstacles that may be present in the accreditation bodies of CEE countries, prior to entering the formal evaluation process. The proposed technique is rapid and of low cost, yet it should give a broad overview of the accreditation body's level of development.
- Published
- 2004
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