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Il personal computer e? uno strumento fondamentale in ambito lavorativo per ricevere, creare, analizzare, modificare e trasmettere informazioni. Possiamo suddividere il computer in due parti:hardware e software. Quest'ultimo a sua volta puo? essere suddiviso in tre grandi gruppi, ossia i drivers, che si occupano di gestire le diverse periferiche (dischi, nastri, video, tastiera, etc.), il sistema operativo, che ha la funzione di coordinare (gestire ed allocare) le risorse della macchina (memoria, accesso alle periferiche, tempo di CPU, etc.), e infine il software applicativo che sono i programmi che vengono utilizzati (videoscrittura, posta, etc.). Per un utente normale il software applicativo e? la parte piu? importante in riferimento alla produttivita? perche? e? quella che permette di effettuare le operazioni descritte precedentemente. In questo documento verranno descritti i programmi base che possono soddisfare la maggior parte delle attivita? che un utente e? chiamato a svolgere. I criteri su cui si basa questa selezione sono essenzialmente tre: - programmi open source o in alternativa gratuiti; - programmi multipiattaforma ovvero programmi che possono essere eseguiti sui tre maggiori sistemi operativi, Windows, macOS e Linux; - programmi base in ambito ufficio. Ci sono diverse ragioni per utilizzare software libero, in primo luogo il contenimento dei costi informatici. Legge di conversione del 7 agosto 2012, n. 134 recante: «Misure urgenti per la crescita del Paese.». (GU n. 187 dell'11-8-2012 - Suppl. Ordinario n.171) ha modificato in maniera sostanziale l'art. 68 del CAD, Codice dell'amministrazione digitale (Decreto Legislativo 7 marzo 2005, n. 82 e sue successive modifiche ed integrazioni). In particolare le pubbliche amministrazioni devono acquisire programmi informatici o parti di essi a seguito di una valutazione comparativa di tipo tecnico ed economico tra le seguenti soluzioni disponibili sul mercato. Solo quando la valutazione comparativa di tipo tecnico ed economico dimostri l'impossibilita? di accedere a soluzioni open source o gia? sviluppate all'interno della pubblica amministrazione ad un prezzo inferiore, e? consentita l'acquisizione di programmi informatici di tipo proprietario mediante ricorso a licenza d'uso [1]. Il contenimento dei costi legati al software ha inoltre il vantaggio di liberare risorse per l'hardware. Non meno importante e? il fatto che lo sviluppo di codice aperto e? seguito da persone che "lavorano per voi" e non per un'azienda. Esistono numerosi programmi open source o gratuiti che svolgono piu? o meno le stesse funzioni ed ogni programma necessita di un periodo di apprendimento per poter usare le funzionalita? di base, di conseguenza e? facile, negli ambienti lavorativi trovare differenti software utilizzanti da differenti addetti. Questa situazione complica enormemente il lavoro dei referenti informatici in ambito CNR, negli istituti dove sono stati designati, che spesso vengono interpellati per risolvere problemi legati non solo alle reti informatiche o ai sistemi operativi ma anche a problemi relativi ai software applicativi. Una possibile soluzione consiste nel definire dei programmi di riferimento per ciascuna funzione svolta in ambito lavorativo in modo che, sia i referenti informatici, che i vari utenti, possano acquisire esperienza nella risoluzione dei problemi su un numero ristretto di software. In particolare il vantaggio per i referenti informatici e? la possibilita? di concentrarsi nell'approfondimento di pochi programmi usando piu? efficacemente il tempo lavorativo a loro disposizione. L'obiettivo di questa selezione di software e? quello di elencare programmi di utilita? comune, per le funzioni necessarie in ambito lavorativo, usabili da qualsiasi utente.

An investigation of carabid beetle communities of a managed spruce forest has been carried out in eastern Alps (Cadore, Veneto region, Italy) from May to September (2013). We positioned the pitfall traps across different sample units (i.e., forest stands), at an elevation between 800 and 1500 m asl, in order to collect carabid beetles. The study of the species composition and of the ecological structure of carabids assemblages allows to understand each structural parameters of communities and to analyse in detail how the ground beetle communities are influenced by the structure and the morphology of the forest and by the forest management. This type of information could be useful for understanding the impact of management activities in biological communities and for promoting good practice of sustainable forest management.

A crucial issue in urban environments is the interaction between urban trees and atmospheric pollution, particularly ozone (O3). Ozone represents one of the most harmful pollutants in urban and peri-urban environments, especially in warm climates. Besides the large interest in reducing anthropogenic and biogenic precursors of O3 emissions, there is growing scientific activity aimed at understanding O3 removal by vegetation, particularly trees. The intent of this paper is to provide the state of the art and suggestions to improve future studies of O3 fluxes and to discuss implications of O3 flux studies to maximize environmental services through the planning and management of urban forests. To evaluate and quantify the potential of O3 removal in urban and peri-urban forests, we describe experimental approaches to measure O3 fluxes, distinguishing laboratory experiments, field measurements, and model estimates, including recent case studies. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches and conclude that the combination of the three levels of investigation is essential for estimating O3 removal by urban trees. We also comment on the implications of these findings for planning and management of urban forests, suggesting some key issues that should be considered to maximize O3 removal by urban and peri-urban forests.

In questo lavoro viene investigata la rimozione di ozono dovuta alla apertura stomatica da parte di tre specie arboree: pioppo, leccio e pino, utilizzando una tecnica di misura che prevede di misurare la concentrazione di ozono in contatto con le foglie sia a stomi aperti che a stomi chiusi ed evidenziando così il contributo dell'effetto stomatico sulla sua distruzione.

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Public procurement is one the most influential means through which the state can effect behavioral changes in economy and society achieving multiple goals. Serving fresh, high quality fish, coming from sustainable aquaculture systems in public canteens can have positive effects on people health and wellbeing, local economies and the environment. Such a simple idea turns out to be a surprisingly complex affair in practice, requiring inputs of research, innovation, information and training at every stage of the supply chain. For this reason, the Italian National Research Council and the Italian Association of Fishermen carried out a pilot study to introduce fresh hamburgers and sausages from farmed rainbow trout in the menu of the main CNR campus. The barriers encountered during the experiment were examined and the consumers’ preferences and choices assessed.

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Public procurement is one the most influential means through which national and local governments can endeavor to modify behaviors and habits in the economy and the society. By assuring large, certain and lasting markets, public administrations can request sustainable changes from their suppliers, laying down the conditions for supervising the whole process and for empowering the consumers. Serving fresh, high quality fish coming from sustainable aquaculture systems in school and other public canteens should have positive effects on people's present and future health and well being, on the environment, on the local social and economic development. Still, such a simple idea turns out to be a surprisingly complex affair in practice, requiring inputs of research, innovation, information and training at every stage of the pipeline. This study describes a catering trial in the canteen of a public research institution of fresh hamburgers and sausages from farmed rainbow trouts, of which Italy is a major producer. The difficulties encountered during the experiment, both objective and subjective (i.e., those perceived by the different actors along the supply chain, including the consumers) are examined, and solutions envisaged to overcome the barriers are proposed; finally, the results of a preliminary survey on fish consumption in community canteens are analyzed.

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The power from multiple sources can be combined or distributed to separate outputs using a new generation of devices recently developed. A family of these is based on the splitting properties of a rectangular corrugated waveguide characterised by a proper length and fed with a beam in a suitable geometry. A prototype based on a couple of resonat-ing loops including these waveguide splitters has been measured at low power at 105 GHz. A report is given on the measurements, the align-ment and the tuning procedures. A study on optics and on input con-figuration is required in order to guarantee a minimum degradation of performances in real applications. Configurations with side-input cou-pling to the waveguide and astigmatic beams in input are presented. They may drastically reduce the overall waveguide length, without per-formance degradation. The possibility to split beam power in unequal ratios using waveguides with fractional length allows a spectrum of new applications for devices using rectangular corrugated waveguides, from non-3dB couplers to resonators coupling more than two channels.

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A spherical compact matched load, for high vacuum operation suited for short pulses (2MW. 0.1s.) precise measurement has been designed to test high power gyrotrons. In order to enhance the power handling capability of the load and to reduce the operation problems that may arise from an excessive reflection from the load a ray tracing code has been written to model the power distribution on the inner surface and the pattern of the reflected radiation. The outcome of this code has been used to select a more convenient profile for the spreading mirror of the load and to optimize a pre-load specially conceived to minimize the power reflected fraction.

The paper describes experimental work performed in this field on FTU tokamak, and it deals in particular with the implementation of a system for automatic detection of TM onset, and stabilizing reaction with ECH/ECCD. The system is composed by a particular arrangement of the 140 GHz, 2 MW ECH set-up, and a DSP-based (Digital Signal Processor) unit for the analysis of ECE and Mirnov data, and for the control of gyrotron power supplies. The detection/reaction system, successfully tested in the experiments described in the paper, is very fast since no mirror motion is foreseen. This might be a possible scheme for a fast reaction to "early warning" NTM suppression in fusion devices, in which the application of ECCD, localized on the O-point radial position, is performed as soon as the seed island is detected and much before it reaches saturation. ITER perspectives are discussed.

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We first describe the improved receiving system of the diagnostic experiment of mm-wave Collective Thomson Scattering being run on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) and then discuss some peculiar problems and new operating procedures related to the investigation of strong anomalous spectra of non thermal origin, many orders-of-magnitude stronger than the ion thermal feature, systematically observed in the experimentation and finally ascribed to a perturbation of the gyrotron that generates the probing beam. Arguments in favor of a possible more general valence of the solutions actuated for the specific case of FTU are finally given.

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High-frequency wave systems with high-power density launching capability have been the Preferred choice to heat the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) because of physics arguments (electron heating at very high density) and space constraints from the compactness of the machine design (8-cm-wide port). They do include an 8-GHz lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system, a 140-GHz electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system, and a 433-MHz ion Bernstein waves system (IBW). The technical aspects of these systems will be reviewed in this article. The main features of the design include the following: (a) a very compact conventional LHCD grill with a compact window to keep the vacuum on 48 (12 columns, 4 rows) individual waveguides allowing the maximum flexibility in spectra generation to be achieved; power handling up to approximate to10 kW/cm(2) has been achieved, (b) ECRH launchers designed as a quasi-optical system (implementing ITER relevant solutions) retaining the maximum flexibility in the equatorial launcher (poloidal/toroidal steerability) to exploit a variety of scenarios, (c) a two-waveguides launching array making the IBW experiment on FTU unique. Other technical aspects (sources, transmission lines, etc.) are also reviewed. The development of a new ITER relevant lower hybrid launcher, the passive active multijunction, is described.