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Anthropogenic activities have increasingly subjected freshwater ecosystems globally to various pressures. Increasing land use activities have been highly linked to deteriorating freshwater ecosystems and dwindling biodiversity. For sound management and conservation policies to be implemented, relations between land use, environmental, and biotic components need to be widely documented. To evaluate the impacts of land use on biotic components, this study analyzed the diatom and macroinvertebrate community composition of the Eastern Highlands (Zimbabwe) streams to assess the main spatial diatom and macroinvertebrate community variances and how environmental variables and spatial factors influence community composition. Diatom and macroinvertebrate sampling was done in 16 streams in protected areas (national parks) and impacted sites (timber plantation and communal areas). Water (pH, phosphorus, and ammonium) and sediment (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc) and habitat (substrate embeddedness, and habitat) variables differed significantly with land use. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the protected area had the best water quality, particularly marked by high pH levels and low phosphorus concentrations among environment types. Heavy metals were high in the communal areas, although mercury was higher in the national park. Significant differences were observed in diatom metrics, specifically dominance and evenness, with no significant differences observed in macroinvertebrate metrics across land uses. Diatoms differed in terms of composition in response to land use. Results provide an important scientific reference for land use optimization and guidance for the formulation of policies to protect freshwater resources in African Highland streams. Management and conservation initiatives in the Eastern Highlands are further recommended as this study detected high levels of mercury in the protected area, implying high levels of illegal mining., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no conflict or financial interests exist for the manuscript., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Riverine systems in developing countries continue to be degraded by anthropogenic pressures such as urbanisation. The responses of biota in watersheds surrounding a drainage divide may provide critical information that is required to protect the ecological condition of riverine systems. This study assessed the spatial variation of selected environmental variables together with macroinvertebrate communities in upper reaches of riverine systems across different land use categories of the Bulawayo region. Based on an a priori selection criterion, studied sites were grouped following an urban-wastewater disturbance gradient comprising of (i) heavily polluted city sites, (ii) moderately disturbed rangeland sites and (iii) less disturbed sites of the buffer areas of protected wildland. Most of the studied environmental variables and the macroinvertebrate community assemblages were significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05) different and degraded within the city areas. In this study, the variance of environmental variables known to be associated with organic pollution like increased nutrients, embeddedness by particulates, salinity, COD, conductivity, turbidity and reduced dissolved oxygen was found to be related with the variation of macroinvertebrate communities across the studied sites. Besides affirming the effectiveness of macroinvertebrate-based bioassessment approaches, the results of our study demonstrate that an aggressive riverine protection policy that prohibits the discharge of poor-quality urban effluents and preservation of the less disturbed riverine systems needs to be part of the larger urban planning and regulatory framework in urbanising watersheds.

Water pollution is a critical management issue, with many rivers and streams draining urban areas being polluted by the disposal of untreated solid waste and wastewater discharge, storm water and agricultural runoff. This has implications for biodiversity, and many rivers in the developing world are now considered compromised. We investigated benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and composition in relation to physico-chemical conditions of the water column and sediments. The study was conducted in an Austral catchment subject to both urban and agricultural pollutants in two different seasons. We assessed whether sediment characteristics were more important drivers of macroinvertebrate community composition than water column characteristics. We expected clear differences in macroinvertebrate community composition and in the associated community metrics due to distinct flow conditions between the two seasons. A combination of multivariate analyses (canonical correspondence analysis (CCA)) and biological indicator analysis were used to examine these patterns. Chironomidae was the most abundant family (>60%) in the upper mainstem river and stream sites. Stream sites were positively associated with CCA axis 2, being characterised by high turbidity and lower pH, salinity, phosphate concentration, channel width and canopy cover. Canopy cover, channel width, substrate embeddedness, phosphate concentration, pH, salinity and turbidity all had a significant effect on macroinvertebrate community composition. Using CCA variation partitioning, water quality was, however, a better predictor of benthic macroinvertebrate composition than sediment chemical conditions. Furthermore, our results suggest that seasonality had little effect on structuring benthic macroinvertebrate communities in this south-eastern zone of South Africa, despite clear changes in sediment chemistry. This likely reflects the relative lack of major variability in water chemistry compared to sediment chemistry between seasons and the relatively muted variability in precipitation between seasons than the more classic Austral temperate climates., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study explores diatom community dynamics in a highly modified semi-arid temperate region river system characterised by inconsistent river flow. Various water and sediment environmental variables were assessed using a multi-faceted analysis approach to determine the spatio-temporal drivers of benthic diatom communities in the river system. Overall, the diatom community was generally dominated by pollution tolerant species, reflecting the anthropogenic intensity and activities on the river system. Diatom community composition was found to be largely determined by water column chemistry variables particularly nutrient concentrations in comparison to sediment chemistry and physical variables. Strong seasonal diatom species composition was also observed and this was driven by strong seasonal variations in nutrient loads and metal concentrations, a result of the variable water flow across the two seasons. However, the greater temporal variation in communities was observed in the smaller systems with the mainstream river system being more homogenous over time. In addition, diatom community composition and environmental variables were found to be different and more pronounced between streams and mainstream sites, than between canals and streams. The study highlights the complex interaction between water column, sediment and physical variables in determining the diatom species composition in small river systems. It also highlights the importance of river flow inconsistency as an indirect variable that alters primary drivers such as nutrient concentrations in the water column and heavy metal levels in the sediment., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The effects of heavy metal pollution on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in tropical streams draining ultramafic systems have not been explored, despite a pressing need for ecological risk assessment to protect and manage aquatic ecosystems in these areas. The objective of this study was to examine benthic macroinvertebrate community composition in relation to metal concentrations in stream sediments and other physico-chemical variables in the Manyame River system, which drains part of the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling and community composition analysis, sediment collection, processing and metal analysis and assessment of other variables in the water column were done once at 55 sampling sites: 12 urban, 30 communal (i.e. sparsely populated rural areas, with livelihoods centred around subsistence agriculture) and 11 Great Dyke sites. Canonical correspondence analysis and partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA) were used to determine the importance of sediment heavy metal concentrations in explaining benthic macroinvertebrate community composition in comparison with other factors. Water quality ranged from very poor for urban locations due to sewage pollution, to good in communal locations. Significantly high concentrations of metals (ANOVA, p<0.05) and high magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio were recorded in sediments for the Great Dyke site locations. The Mg/Ca ratio, Ca 2+ , Cr 3+ and K + were found to be important metals structuring benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the study streams, with metals explaining a larger percentage (58.0%) of the total variation explained compared to other variables (35.9%). However, taxa richness, diversity, evenness, percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera Trichoptera related metrics were higher at some Great Dyke sites than at communal sites. Thus, measures of taxa richness, diversity and %EPT may provide misleading information when assessing heavy metals in moderately polluted environments as in this study. Assessment of tropical streams draining ultramafic systems that are heavy metal-contaminated should also include benthic invertebrate community structure analysis, as it is possible that common endpoints, such as %EPT, may not identify impacts to aquatic communities., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Elucidating the confounding influence of multiple environmental factors on benthic diatom communities is important in developing water quality predictive models for better guidance of stream management efforts. The objective of this study was to explore the relative impact of metal pollution and hydromorphological alterations in, addition to nutrient enrichment and organic pollution, on diatom taxonomic composition with the view to improve stream diatom-based water quality inference models. Samples were collected twice at 20 sampling stations in the tropical Manyame Catchment, Zimbabwe. Diatom, macroinvertebrate communities and environmental factors were sampled and analysed. The variations in diatom community composition explained by different categories of environmental factors were analysed using canonical correspondence analysis using variance partitioning (partial CCA). The following variations were explained by the different predictor matrices: nutrient levels and organic pollution - 10.4%, metal pollution - 8.3% and hydromorphological factors - 7.9%. Thus, factors other than nutrient levels and organic pollution explain additional significant variation in these diatom communities. Development of diatom-based stream water quality inference models that incorporate metal pollution and hydromorphological alterations, where these are key issues, is thus deemed necessary., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The study evaluated the response of macroinvertebrate assemblages to changes in water quality in different land-use settings in Manyame catchment, Zimbabwe. Four land-use categories were identified: forested commercial farming, communal farming, Great Dyke mining (GDM) and urban areas. Macroinvertebrate community structure and physicochemical variables data were collected in two seasons from 41 sites following standard methods. Although not environmentally threatening, urban and GDM areas were characterised by higher conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, magnesium and hardness. Chlorides, total phosphates, total nitrogen, calcium, potassium and sodium were significantly highest in urban sites whilst dissolved oxygen (DO) was significantly higher in the forested commercial faming and GDM sites. Macroinvertebrate communities followed the observed changes in water quality. Macroinvertebrates in urban sites indicated severe pollution (e.g. Chironomidae) whilst those in forested commercial farming sites and GDM sites indicated relatively clean water (e.g. Notonemouridae). Forested watersheds together with good farm management practices are important in mitigating impacts of urbanisation and agriculture. Strategies that reduce oxygen-depleting substances must be devised to protect the health of Zimbabwean streams. The study affirms the wider applicability of the South African Scoring System in different land uses.