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Background: Hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv, v for variant) amyloidosis with polyneuropathy is a rare disease caused by mutations in the transthyretin gene. In ATTRv amyloidosis, multisystem extracellular deposits of amyloid cause tissue and organ dysfunction. Patisiran is a small interfering RNA molecule drug that reduces circulating levels of mutant and wild-type TTR proteins. Prior to its regulatory approval, patisiran was available in Italy through a compassionate use programme (CUP). The aim of this study was to analyse the long-term outcomes of patients who entered into the CUP., Methods: This was a multicentre, observational, retrospective study of patients with ATTRv amyloidosis treated with patisiran. The analysis included change from baseline to 12, 24, 36 and 48 months in familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) stage, polyneuropathy disability (PND) class, neuropathy impairment score (NIS), modified body mass index (mBMI), Compound Autonomic Dysfunction Test (CADT), Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale and Norfolk Quality of Life-Diabetic Neuropathy (QoL-DN) questionnaire. Safety data were also analysed., Results: Forty patients from 11 Italian centres were enrolled: 23 in FAP 1 (6 in PND 1 and 17 in PND 2) and 17 in FAP 2 (8 in PND 3a and 9 in PND 3b) stage. In this population, the mean NIS at baseline was 71.4 (± 27.8); mBMI, 917.1 (± 207) kg/m 2 ; KPS, 67.1 (± 14.0); Norfolk QoL-DN, 62.2 (± 25.2); and CADT, 13.2 (± 3.3). Statistical analysis showed few significant differences from baseline denoting disease stability. No new safety signals emerged., Conclusions: Patisiran largely stabilised disease in patients with ATTRv amyloidosis., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Purpose: Hereditary transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis (ATTRv) is a dominantly inherited, adult-onset, progressive, and fatal disease caused by mutations in the transthyretin gene. Therapeutic agents approved for this disease include the TTR stabilizer tafamidis and the gene-silencing drugs patisiran and inotersen. Inotersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that suppresses the hepatic production of transthyretin. After European Medical Agency approval in 2018, an early-access program was opened in Italy, and in this article, we present the long-term outcome of a cohort of Italian ATTRv patients who received inotersen within this program., Methods: This is a multicenter, observational, retrospective study of patients affected by ATTRv that started inotersen during the early-access program. The primary end point was safety. Secondary end points included change from baseline in familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) stage, Polyneuropathy Disability, Neuropathy Impairment Scale, Compound Autonomic Dysfunction Test, Norfolk Quality of Life-Diabetic Neuropathy, troponin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, interventricular septum thickness, and body mass index., Results: In total, 23 patients were enrolled. No patient permanently discontinued the treatment because of thrombocytopenia, and no cases of severe thrombocytopenia were observed. Five patients discontinued the treatment permanently because of voluntary withdrawal (two patients), renal failure after infective pyelonephritis, not related to inotersen, drug-related hypotension, and amyloid-negative crescentic glomerulonephritis. In seven patients, dosing frequency was reduced to every 2 weeks due to recurrent thrombocytopenia. Considering the FAP stage, only two patients worsened, whereas the other 21 patients remained stable until the last follow-up available., Conclusions: The long-term safety profile of inotersen is favorable. Neurologic disease severity at baseline is the main factor associated with progression., (© 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Neurology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Neurology.)

Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) together with Guillan-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) are considered to form a continuous clinical spectrum of the same disease, possibly affecting the peripheral and/or central nervous systems, with monophasic symptoms. The frequency of overlapping clinical signs and the risk of recurrence are independent and very low, but no cases of GQ1b-seropositive recurrent MFS overlapping with GBS and BBE have been described so far. Here, we describe for the first time an atypical case of recurrent GQ1b-seropositive MFS overlapping GBS and BBE, 12 years after a previous GQ1b-seronegative typical MFS episode. Our case expands the clinical spectrum of recurrent MFS, and it should prompt clinicians to investigate the presence of anti-ganglioside antibodies in recurrent MFS even when these were negative in the previous episode, especially in those presenting with overlapping spectrum symptoms and a critically ill picture during the second episode., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: ATTRv amyloidosis is worldwide spread with endemic foci in Portugal and Sweden, Japan, Brazil, Maiorca, and Cyprus. A national Registry was developed to characterise the epidemiology and genotype-phenotype correlation of ATTRv amyloidosis in Italy and to allow a better planning of diagnostic and therapeutic services., Methods: Fifteen Italian referral centres for amyloidosis spread all over the country have contributed to the Registry., Results: Four-hundred-forty-seven subjects were enrolled, 187 asymptomatic carriers and 260 affected patients. Thirty-one different mutations were recorded. The seven most represented genetic variants were significantly different in terms of age at onset, clinical features and geographical distribution. National prevalence is 4.33/million with higher values in Southern Italy. Overall symptoms of polyneuropathy were present at disease onset in about half of the patients, symptoms of cardiomyopathy in a quarter of patients, the rest referring carpal tunnel syndrome, dysautonomia or lumbar spinal stenosis. 52.6% of patients were in FAP stage 1, 20.4% in stage 2 and 13.5% in stage 3, while 13.5% patients had no neuropathy, presenting only cardiological symptoms., Conclusions: We presented an epidemiological study based on collaboration among referral centres for ATTRv amyloidosis spread in all the Italian territory, using web-based Registry. It provided a detailed map of the regional distribution of the disease. The increased awareness of the disease among general practitioners and medical specialists has contributed to reduce the diagnostic delay and the rate of misdiagnosis. The Registry will allow to collect also future information about clinical and instrumental follow-up.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of bone scintigraphy in a large multicenter cohort of patients with cardiac amyloidotic involvement and Phe64Leu transthyretin (TTR) mutation., Background: Diagnostic accuracy of bone scintigraphy for transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis (TTR-CA) is considered extremely high, enabling this technique to be the noninvasive diagnostic standard for TTR-CA. Nevertheless, this approach has not been systematically validated across the entire spectrum of TTR mutations., Methods: A total of 55 patients with Phe64Leu TTR mutation were retrospectively analyzed and evaluated between 1993 and 2018 at 7 specialized Italian tertiary centers. Cardiac involvement was defined as presence of an end-diastolic interventricular septum thickness ≥12 mm, without other possible causes of left ventricular hypertrophy (i.e., arterial hypertension or valvulopathies). A technetium-99m (99mTc)-diphosphonate (DPD) or 99mTc-hydroxyl-methylene-diphosphonate (HMDP) bone scintigraphy was reviewed, and visual scoring was evaluated according to Perugini's method., Results: Among 26 patients with definite cardiac involvement, 19 underwent 99mTc-DPD or 99mTc-HMDP bone scintigraphy. Of them, 17 (89.5%) patients had low or absent myocardial bone tracer uptake, whereas only 2 (10.5%) showed high-grade myocardial uptake. The sensitivity and the accuracy of bone scintigraphy in detecting TTR-CA were 10.5% and 37%, respectively. Patients with cardiac involvement and low or absent bone tracer uptake were similar to those with high-grade myocardial uptake in terms of age, sex, and electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings., Conclusions: The sensitivity of bone scintigraphy (DPD and HMDP) in detecting TTR-CA is extremely low in patients with Phe64Leu TTR mutation, suggesting the need to assess diagnostic accuracy of bone scintigraphy to identify cardiac involvement across a wider spectrum of TTR mutations., (Copyright © 2020 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fabry disease (also known as Anderson-Fabry disease, angiocheratoma corporis diffusum, diffuse angiocheratoma) is a rare tesaurismosis linked to the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A, required for the physiological catabolism of glycosphingolipids. The related clinical signs show a multisystemic feature and define a degenerative and disabling pathology, whose approach requires a close multidisciplinary specialist collaboration. Currently, the renewed interest in the disease is aimed at the need to provide an early diagnosis, in order to early begin the enzyme replacement therapy and to slow down or avoid the establishment of irreparable organ damage. For this reason, the diagnostic suspicion becomes crucial and arises from the careful observation and research of the symptoms, together with the anamnesis and the overall clinical evaluation of the patient., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)

Coding mutations in TTR gene cause a rare hereditary form of systemic amyloidosis, which has a complex genotype-phenotype correlation. We investigated the role of non-coding variants in regulating TTR gene expression and consequently amyloidosis symptoms. We evaluated the genotype-phenotype correlation considering the clinical information of 129 Italian patients with TTR amyloidosis. Then, we conducted a re-sequencing of TTR gene to investigate how non-coding variants affect TTR expression and, consequently, phenotypic presentation in carriers of amyloidogenic mutations. Polygenic scores for genetically determined TTR expression were constructed using data from our re-sequencing analysis and the GTEx (Genotype-Tissue Expression) project. We confirmed a strong phenotypic heterogeneity across coding mutations causing TTR amyloidosis. Considering the effects of non-coding variants on TTR expression, we identified three patient clusters with specific expression patterns associated with certain phenotypic presentations, including late onset, autonomic neurological involvement, and gastrointestinal symptoms. This study provides novel data regarding the role of non-coding variation and the gene expression profiles in patients affected by TTR amyloidosis, also putting forth an approach that could be used to investigate the mechanisms at the basis of the genotype-phenotype correlation of the disease.

Background: Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is a hereditary disease with a complex genotype-phenotype correlation. We conducted a literature survey to define the clinical landscape of TTR amyloidosis across populations worldwide. Then, we investigated whether the genetically determined TTR expression differs among human populations, contributing to the differences observed in patients. Polygenic scores for genetically determined TTR expression in 14 clinically relevant tissues were constructed using data from the GTEx (Genotype-Tissue Expression) project and tested in the samples from the 1,000 Genomes Project., Results: We observed differences among the ancestral groups and, to a lesser extent, among the investigated populations within the ancestry groups. Scandinavian populations differed in their genetically determined TTR expression of skeletal muscle tissue with respect to Southern Europeans (p = 6.79*10 -6 ). This is in line with epidemiological data related to Swedish and Portuguese TTR Val30Met endemic areas. Familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy (TTR deposits occur primarily in heart tissues) presents clinical variability among human populations, a finding that agrees with the among-ancestry diversity of genetically determined TTR expression in heart tissues (i.e., Atrial Appendage p = 4.55*10 -28 ; Left Ventricle p = 6.54*10 -35 )., Conclusions: Genetically determined TTR expression varied across human populations. This might contribute to the genotype-phenotype correlation of TTR amyloidosis.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to follow the psychophysiological evolution of a self-paced voluntary skilled movement in hemiparetic subjects after ischemic stroke by means of a skilled performance task (SPT). The task consisted in starting a sweep of an oscilloscope trace by pushing one button with the left index finger (trigger point), and in stopping it within a central area on the oscilloscope screen, between 40 and 60 ms (correct performance) after the start of the sweep, by pushing the other button with the right index finger. A SPT yields a considerable amount of information on the electrophysiological components, which reflect pre-programming activity (Bereitschaftspotential--BP), control strategies (Skilled Performance Positivity--SPP) and behavioural response (Correct Performances). The study was also aimed at detecting any longitudinal changes in the psychophysiological pattern, as evaluated by the clinical examination and specific motility scales, that parallel motor recovery., Methods: Movement related potentials (MRPs) were recorded in 12 control subjects and 9 patients in the acute phase, before the start of neurorehabilitation (time 0), when the patients were able to execute an index finger press with the affected hand. The patients (mean age = 62.33 years, SD = 8.17) presented a mild to moderate central arm paresis caused by a first-ever unilateral supratentorial and subcortical ischemic lesion. The subsequent recordings were carried out respectively 3, 9 and 12 months later., Results: At the first recording, hemiparetic patients achieved a significantly lower percentage of correct performances and had a lower BP amplitude than controls (p < 0.001); SPP was absent. The number of correct performances did not improve significantly during the subsequent recordings. BP amplitude showed a mild increase in the second, third and fourth recordings (p < 0.05), while SPP amplitude revealed a slight improvement at the second and a marked improvement at the third and fourth recordings, when there was no longer a statistically significant difference from controls., Conclusions: Our findings point to an early recovery of pre-programming activity and a delayed improvement in control activity. The delayed development of control activity in the absence of procedural learning, i.e. skill learning through practice, forces patients to exploit attentional strategies to compensate for their procedural learning impairment. SPT shows that the efficacy of physical therapy aimed at motor ability recovery in hemiparetic patients does not keep up with the slow recovery process of an automatic motor level.

Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC) is characterized by abnormal involuntary movements precipitated by sudden movement. As a result, a possible impairment of cerebral organization of voluntary motor activity is hypothesized in PKC. We examined a 14-year-old boy affected by a sporadic form of PKC, adopting a multimodal psychophysiological approach, including P300, contingent negative variation (CNV) and a specific paradigm for the study of movement related potentials (MRPs). Recordings were made before and after phenobarbital therapy. No changes were observed in the non-motor parameters (P300 and early wave of the CNV), whereas the premotor CNV component and the electrophysiological components, reflecting the preprogramming activity of a voluntary motor act, showed selective modifications induced by the anticonvulsant therapy. Our PKC patient presents a disorder of temporal organization of a voluntary motor response to a stimulus. Both a clinical improvement and normalization of motor-related electrophysiological anomalies were observed during phenobarbital (PB) therapy.