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Myctophum aurolaternatum Garman, 1899. To 11.5 cm (4.5 in) SL (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Indo-Pacific; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Nakabo in Nakabo 2002); northern Baja California (29��46���N, 115��42���W) (Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California) to Chile (Peque��o 1989). Depth: surface to 342 m (1,122 ft) (min.: Hulley in Smith and Heemstra 1986; max.: Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006b)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Pequeno R., G. (1989) Peces de Chile lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 24, 1 - 132.","Smith, M. M. & Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.). (1986) Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.","Castellanos-Galindo, G. A., Rubio Rincon, E. A., Beltran-Leon, B. & Baldwin, C. C. (2006 b) Check list of stomiiform, aulopiform and myctophiform fishes from Colombian waters of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Biota Colombia, 7, 245 - 262."]}

Myctophum nitidulum Garman, 1899. Pearly Lanternfish. To 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SL (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Nakabo in Nakabo 2002) and east of Kuril Islands (Savinykh et al. 2004); off Brookings, Oregon (Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California) to Chile (Peque��o 1989). Mesopelagic (Hulley and Paxton in Carpenter and De Angelis 2016); depth: surface to 1,537 m (5,041 ft) (Orlov and Tokranov 2019), and perhaps to 4,268 ft (13,999 ft) (Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California). The latter record is based on a midwater trawl catch and the depth of capture may have been above the maximum tow depth, Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Savinykh, V. F., Baitalyuk, A. A. & Zhigalin, A. Yu. (2004) Pelagic fish new to the Pacific waters of the southern Kurils, migrants from the zone of the Kuroshio. Journal of Ichthyology, 44, 611 - 615.","Pequeno R., G. (1989) Peces de Chile lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 24, 1 - 132.","Carpenter, K. E. & De Angelis, N. (Eds.). (2016) The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bivalves, Gastropods, Hagfishes, Sharks, Batoid Fishes, and Chimaeras, Volume 3: Bony Fishes Part 1 (Elopiformes to Scorpaeniformes). Volume 4: Bony Fishes Part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, Rome, FAO.","Orlov, A. M. & Tokranov, A. M. (2019) Checklist of deep-sea fishes of the Russian northwestern Pacific Ocean found at depths below 1000 m. Progress in Oceanography, 176, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2019.102143"]}

Temperature is often an important variable influencing the vertical position of fish larvae in the water column. The same species may show different vertical distributions in areas with a strong near-surface seasonal thermocline compared to isothermal near-surface regions. In areas with a strong surface thermocline, tuna larvae show a significant preference for the near-surface warmer layers. Little is known regarding larval tuna vertical distribution in isothermal waters and on the vertical distribution of the associated larval fish assemblages. We conducted vertical stratified sampling using the same methodology and fishing device (MOCNESS) in the two major spawning areas of Atlantic bluefin tuna (BFT): western Mediterranean Sea (MED), characterized by a surface thermocline, and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) which lacks thermal stratification. Tuna larvae occupied the upper 30 m in both areas, but the average larval depth distribution was consistently deeper in the GOM. In the MED, vertical distribution of larval fish assemblages was explained by temperature, and species such as BFT, Thunnus alalunga, and Ceratoscopelus maderensis, among others, coexist above the thermocline and are separated from species such as Cyclothone braueri and Hygophum spp. (found below the thermocline). In the GOM, the environmental correlates of the vertical distribution of the larvae were salinity and fluorescence. Mesopelagic taxa such as Ceratoscopelus spp. and Cyclothone spp., among others, had a shallower average distribution than Lampanyctus spp., Hygophum spp., and Myctophum spp., Índices de abundancia de atun rojo: hacia estimadores basados en ecología larvaria., ATAME-IEO, ECOlogía trófica comparativa de LArvas de aTUN rojo atlántico (Thunnus thynnus) de las áreas de puesta del Medterraneo-NO y el Golfo de México., ECOLATUN, SI

Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque 1810 ���Spotted lanternfish Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque 1810 = * Myctophum humboldti humboldti (Raffaele 1889) by George et al. (1964: 12); subsequently recorded as Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque by Mouneimn�� (1977: 61); as Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque 1810 by Mouneimn�� (2002: 84���85); recently recorded as Myctophum punctatum by Bariche et al. (2007: 112); as Myctophum punctatum by Bariche et al. (2009: 3). Material in collection: AUBM. Distribution. North Atlantic to the Arctic region; Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara. Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 11 July 2012); Med. (LC: 16 November 2007). Capture and threats: Unknown. Occurrence: Common. Low priority for conservation action. Ophidiiformes, Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["George, C. J., Athanassiou, V. A. & Boulos, I. (1964) The fishes of the coastal waters of Lebanon. Miscellaneous Papers in the Natural Sciences. The American University of Beirut, 4, 1 - 24.","Mouneimne, N. (1977) Liste des poissons de la cote du Liban (Mediterranee orientale). Cybium, 3 (1), 37 - 66.","Mouneimne, N. (2002) Poissons marins du Liban et de la Mediterranee orientale. INCAM-EU / CNRS Lebanon, Beyrouth, 271 pp.","Bariche, M., Sadek, R., Al-Zein, M. S. & El-Fadel, M. (2007) Diversity of juvenile fish assemblages in the pelagic waters of Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean). Hydrobiologia, 580, 109 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 006 - 0461 - 0"]}

Unidentied Myctophum sp. (Figure 60) Material: 3 specimens in total. Anda2 (1) RGM 962176; AndaDeVos (2) RGM 962190, RGM 962347 Three juvenile Myctophidae have characteristics that are reminiscent of Myctophum. However, it was not possible to ascertain a species identification. Thy may overlap with other Myctophum species and therefore are not considered as a separate taxon., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

Myctophum spinosum (Steindachner, 1867) (Figure 59) 1995 Smale MJ, Watson G, Hecht T, p. 52–53, plate 24, fig. D1–D2 2013 Schwarzhans W & Aguilera O, p. 103, plate 3, fig. 12 Material: 1 specimen in total. AndaDeVos (1) RGM 962208. The specimen (OL:OH= 1.13) is well preserved, but the pointed antirostrum has been broken. It meets all criteria of the extant Myctophum spinosum. 47. Diaphus regani, RGM 962155, locality Roxas. (a) Medial face, (b) ventral profile, (c) lateral face. 48. Diaphus aff. garmani, RGM 962152, locality Anda5. (a) Medial face, (b) ventral profile, (c) lateral face. 49. Diaphus aff. garmani, RGM 962147, locality Anda2. (a) Medial face, (b) ventral profile, (c) lateral face. 50. Diaphus aff. garmani, RGM 962148, locality Anda2. (a) Medial face, (b) ventral profile, (c) lateral face. 53. Lampanyctus alatus, RGM 962205, locality Roxas. (a) Medial face, (b) ventral profile, (c) lateral face. 54. Lampanyctus alatus, RGM 962204, locality Roxas., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on pages 417-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

Myctophum selenops T��ning, 1928 (Figure 58) 2013 Schwarzhans W & Aguilera O, p. 103, plate 3, fig. 21 Material: 1 specimen in total. Anda2 (1) RGM 962207. The specimen has an equal length and height (OL:OH ratio 1.01), a rather rounded dorsal rim with a blunt predorsal angle and a slight postdorsal depression. The ventral rim is bent most strongly in its middle part, by which an extended ventral area is generated. The sulcus has a clear crista superior that makes an angle at the ostium-cauda transition. The ostium runs upwards toward its opening, while the colliculum of the cauda broadens at its posterior side, making it bend upwards. These properties meet the characteristics of the extant Myctophum selenops., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 417, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

Special issue: The Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2): Motivating New Exploration in a Poorly Understood Ocean Basin Volume 3).-- 14 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104841, Mesopelagic fishes of the southeastern Indian Ocean are represented by a high number of lanternfish species (Myctophidae). The horizontal distribution patterns of their larvae have been previously studied; however, research on larval feeding habits is non-existent. The goal of this study was to describe the diet and trophic-based strategies of the most abundant myctophid larvae off Western Australia through stomach content analysis. Samples were collected in autumn 2007 off southwestern Australia when this oligotrophic area was under the influence of the seasonal Leeuwin Current, and in autumn 2010 on the tropical continental shelf of northwestern Australia. The species investigated during these periods were Benthosema fibulatum, B. pterotum, B. suborbitale, Dasyscopelus asper, Diaphus “deep” and “slender” morphotypes, Hygophum hygomii, Lampadena luminosa, Lampanyctus alatus, Lampanyctus spp. and Myctophum sp. Generally, myctophid larvae showed a diurnal feeding pattern. Only postflexion stages in L. alatus, L. luminosa, B. pterotum, Diaphus “slender”, and Myctophum sp. preyed at dawn or during the night. The highest feeding incidence was found in L. luminosa and the Diaphus “deep” morphotype, while the lowest, in H. hygomii. Generally, larvae were zooplankton feeders with nauplii and copepodites being the most abundant dietary groups, except for B. suborbitale and Myctophum sp. where the small non-calanoid genus Oncaea was dominant. Soft organisms such as appendicularians were frequent items in most fish diets throughout their entire larval phase, and highly abundant in Diaphus “deep” morphotype. The wide prey-size spectrum indicates that the majority of the fish species were not size-specific feeders for most of their larval life. Nevertheless, B. suborbitale, B. fibulatum, and L. alatus preferred larger prey, ignoring the smaller items as they grew. Larval feeding patterns of similar genera from other ecosystems are discussed and compared with those in Western Australia, Ainhoa Bernal was the recipient of a PhD scholarship associated with the project CTM 2008-04489-C03-02 awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

Jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas , is a species endemic to the eastern Pacific. Its distribution ranges from the Gulf of Alaska to Chile. These squids are important components of the ecosystem, as they are prey to sharks, billfishes, and marine mammals, and active predators of myctophid fishes, other squids and crustaceans. In Ecuador, D. gigas is a potential resource for industrial and artisanal fisheries, but they are often by-catch in artisanal fisheries that use trammel net and gill-netting methods. Due to the importance of D. gigas as prey and predator, we performed this exploratory research to describe the composition of their diet and identify their most important prey. A total of 167 squids were sampled in Santa Rosa, Salinas, Ecuador from May to December 2014. Squids ranged between 17.5 and 52 cm ML, and our results showed an average size of 40 cm ML. According to the %IRI the diet was mainly composed of fish and squids. Two myctophids, Lampanyctus sp. and Myctophum sp., were important food resources. Our results showed that there was no difference between food resources, and the sex, size, and maturity of squids in our sample. Cannibalism also occurs on small to large D. gigas , and is influenced by availability of other prey in the surface waters during fishing activity.

Massive parallel sequencing allows scientists to gather DNA sequences composed of millions of base pairs that can be combined into large datasets and analyzed to infer organismal relationships at a genome-wide scale in non-model organisms. Although the use of these large datasets is becoming more widespread, little to no work has been done in estimating phylogenetic relationships using UCEs in deep-sea fishes. Among deep-sea animals, the 257 species of lanternfishes (Myctophiformes) are among the most important open-ocean lineages, representing half of all mesopelagic vertebrate biomass. With this relative abundance, they are key members of the midwater food web where they feed on smaller invertebrates and fishes in addition to being a primary prey item for other open-ocean animals. Understanding the evolution and relationships of midwater organisms generally, and this dominant group of fishes in particular, is necessary for understanding and preserving the underexplored deep-sea ecosystem. Despite substantial congruence in the evolutionary relationships among deep-sea lanternfishes at higher classification levels in previous studies, the relationships among tribes, genera, and species within Myctophidae often conflict across phylogenetic studies or lack resolution and support. Herein we provide the first genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of lanternfishes, and we integrate these data from across the nuclear genome with additional protein-coding gene sequences and morphological data to further test evolutionary relationships among lanternfishes. Our phylogenetic hypotheses of relationships among lanternfishes are entirely congruent across a diversity of analyses that vary in methods, taxonomic sampling, and data analyzed. Within the Myctophiformes, the Neoscopelidae is inferred to be monophyletic and sister to a monophyletic Myctophidae. The current classification of lanternfishes is incongruent with our phylogenetic tree, so we recommend revisions that retain much of the traditional tribal structure and recognize five subfamilies instead of the traditional two subfamilies. The revised monophyletic taxonomy of myctophids includes the elevation of three former lampanyctine tribes to subfamilies. A restricted Lampanyctinae was recovered sister to Notolychninae. These two clades together were recovered as the sister group to the Gymnoscopelinae. Combined, these three subfamilies were recovered as the sister group to a clade composed of a monophyletic Diaphinae sister to the traditional Myctophinae. Our results corroborate recent multilocus molecular studies that infer a polyphyletic Myctophum in Myctophinae, and a para- or polyphyletic Lampanyctus and Nannobrachium within Lampanyctinae. We resurrect Dasyscopelus and Ctenoscopelus for the independent clades traditionally classified as species of Myctophum, and we place Nannobrachium into the synonymy of Lampanyctus.

Fishes of the order Myctophiformes (Teleostei; Scopelomorpha) comprise over half of all deep-sea biomass, and are a critical component of marine ecosystems worldwide. Members of the family Myctophidae, within Myctophiformes, form the majority of species diversity within the order (∼250 species, 33 genera, 2 subfamilies), and are further known for their diverse bioluminescent traits, comprised of distinct cranial, postcranial, and caudal luminous systems that is perhaps the most elaborate among all vertebrates. These features make myctophids particularly compelling from both economic and scientific perspectives, yet no studies have sampled these fishes at a density appropriate for addressing any questions requiring a phylogenetic hypothesis as input. This study therefore presents a seven-locus molecular phylogeny of the order, sampling over 50% of all nominal myctophid species. This taxon sampling triples the representation of the next most comprehensive analysis, and reveals several new and well-supported hypotheses of relationships, in addition to supporting traditional hypotheses based on combined morphological data. This analysis shows that the slendertailed myctophids Gonichthys, Centrobranchus, Loweina, and Tarletonbeania are rendered non-monophyletic by a polyphyletic Myctophum; the enigmatic, monotypic genus Notolychnus valdiviae is nested within tribe Lampanyctini; the genus Diaphus is divided into at least two clades, with the suborbital (So) group recovered as monophyletic with strong support; and the genera Lampanyctus and Nannobrachium are recovered as non-monophyletic. These molecular results highlight the potential of myctophids as a premier model system for the application of modern comparative methods to studies of deep-sea evolution.

Representative fossils of three extant lanternfish (Myctophidae) genera (Bolinichthys, Lampanyctus, and Myctophum) from the collections of Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County were identified, based on a combination of osteological and photophore characters. These specimens come from the upper Miocene Modelo Formation (Mohnian-Delmontian) of California, and represent the first skeletal records of Bolinichthys (otherwise identified as otoliths from the Late Miocene of Italy) and Myctophum body fossils in North America, and confirm that both modern myctophid subfamilies exhibited a cosmopolitan distribution by the late Miocene.

To reveal evolutionary relationships and the rate of divergence of lanternfishes in the tribe Electronini (Myctophidae), analysis of sequence of cox 1 mtDNA fragment in three genera (12 species) of the tribe and in a closely related genus Myctophum (9 species) was performed. The results support the tribe monophyly; however, the divergence within it appeared to be not profound: genetic distances between genera and subgenera are smaller than between species within Myctophum and other genera of myctophids. In subgenera of Protomyctophum, species formation has obviously not completed since interspecies distances in them (0.5–4.7%) are comparable to estimates of intraspecific variation in other lanternfishes. Minimal genetic differences were found between species P. (Hierops) arcticum and P. (H.) subparallelum, whose ranges at the present time are isolated in the northern and southern hemispheres. After calibration of the molecular clock, the time of isolation of these two species can be dated to the Middle Pleistocene. Weak tribe diversification indicates its evolutionary youth, which can be related to the absence of efficient hydrographic barriers for isolation. The data obtained do not permit to consider tribe members as the most primitive in the family Myctophidae.

A unique specimen of Myctophum phengodes (family Myctophidae) from the South Atlantic is reported with three extraneous primary photophores along one side of the dorsal profile; all usual photophore series for this species are present. The supracaudal gland is encircled by a silvery band instead of a simple black band, a condition not observed in other species of Myctophum examined. Photophore patterns of myctophids are the primary method of determining species identification. Other myctophids have been found with small positional variations for a single photophore (usually only one side of the body), but are readily identifiable to species. While one specimen with extraneous photophores widely separated from and not part of typical series is not considered taxonomically significant, it is important to determine if this is a single abnormal individual or a unique population identifier.

We describe the day–night vertical distribution patterns of 18 species or types of myctophid fish larvae at the transforming stage based on discrete depth sampling from the surface down to 1000-m depth in the subtropical–tropical western North Pacific. A total of 551 transforming stage larvae were collected at the 19 sampling stations. Except for the Diaphus species and Notolychnus valdiviae, all of the transforming stage larvae (including genera Benthosema, Bolinichthys, Centrobranchus, Ceratoscopelus, Diogenichthys, Hygophum, Lampanyctus, Lobianchia, Myctophum, Symbolophorus, and Triphoturus) were collected in the lower mesopelagic zone from 600- to 900-m depth during both day and night, showing no diel vertical migration (DVM). On the contrary, the Diaphus species and N. valdiviae larvae undergo DVM during the transforming stage, occurring below 200-m layer during the daytime and migrating up to the upper 150-m layer at night, i.e., they show earlier adaptation to juvenile–adult behaviors. Most myctophid fish larvae are known to undertake substantial ontogenetic vertical migration (OVM) from the epipelagic to mesopelagic zones during their early life stage. Although considerable sampling effort was carried out in this study, transforming larvae, except for the above two migratory ones, were not collected in the epipelagic and upper mesopelagic zones, strongly suggesting that their sinking speed would be high. It would be advantageous for survival to spend their highly vulnerable transforming stage in the lower mesopelagic zone, where predation pressures are lower and physical conditions are more stable than in the upper layers.

The occurrence of fossil fishes in the Messinian diatomites of Gavdos Island (Greece) was recently observed. This fish fauna is dominated by the Myctophids, which constitute more than two thirds of the collected material. Among them, Myctophum (s. l.) licatae (Sauvage) is by far the most abundant, with more than 50% of the specimens. Although the mesopelagic components are overwhelmingly dominant, epipelagic fishes, like Syngnathus cf. albyi Sauvage, are also present. The composition of this fish fauna is indicative of a sedimentation influenced by the action of upwelling currents, an interpretation that is also suggested by the composition of the diatom flora. Pour citer cet article : J. Gaudant et al., C. R. Palevol 5 (2006) .

The feeding success of post larvae and juveniles of 2 myctophid fishes (Diaphus kapalae and Myctophum sp.) was compared between the free stream and a flow-disturbed region in the lee of Cato Reef in the south Coral Sea using particle-size analysis. Both taxa fed more successfully in the dis- turbed region than in the free stream, where uplifting resulted in up to 50% greater concentrations of small (250 to 1000 µm equivalent spherical diameter) prey items at depths between 30 and 70 m around the thermocline. Gut fullness in both taxa was significantly related to the concentrations of small-sized zooplankton (D. kapalae: r = 0.63, p < 0.05; Myctophum sp.: r = 0.55, p < 0.05). There were, however, dif- ferences in the sizes of food items consumed in the free stream and the disturbed region and between the 2 taxa of fishes studied. Non parametric multi-dimensional scaling analysis indicated that similar- sized individuals of D. kapalae and Myctophum sp. within a region consumed a different particle-size community, probably enabling them to co-exist. The taxonomic composition of the diets of the 2 taxa reflected the available prey items around the island. In an oligotrophic environment such as the south Coral Sea, island-induced disturbance appeared to be an important contributor to the pelagic food web.

Myctophum affine (Lütken, 1892) – Metallic lanternfish; ② This species is reported off the Azores, in the PECS area (65 NM northeast of the Marsala Seamount), Station 53, 33.0166º W, 34.9833º N (Murray & Hjort 1912)., Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515, {"references":["Murray J. & Hjort J. 1912. Depths of the Ocean. Macmillan and Co., London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6874"]}

Myctophum selenops Tåning, 1928 – Wisner’s lantern fish; ②, Romeirinho ③ There are records of M. selenops off the Azores, in the PECS area (110 NM northwest of the Atlantis Seamount, 45 NM SSW of the Oceanographer Fracture Zone and 54 NM southwest of the Hayes Fracture Zone), MAR- ECO – HamPelFish, No. 34849353, 31.8829º W, 35.4000º N, 29 Apr. 1979; MAR-ECO – HamPelFish, No. 34849350, 35.4830º W, 34.4830º N, 28 Apr. 1979; MAR-ECO – HamPelFish, No. 34849351, 35.4000º W, 34.3330º N, 28 Apr. 1979; MAR-ECO – HamPelFish, No. 34849352, 35.3670º W, 34.3499º N, 28 Apr. 1979; MNHN, No. 1980-1346, 35.4000º W, 34.3330º N, Apr. 1979; MAR-ECO – HamPelFish, No. 34849349, 39.4830º W, 33.0670º N, 27 Apr. 1979., Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

* &squ; Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque, 1810 – Spotted lanternfish; ①, Divertido, Escolarinho or Lobisomem ②, Romeirinho ③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

The study of otolith assemblages from the pre-evaporitic Messinian deposits allows the reconstruction of a fauna of 79 taxa of which 35 could be identified at the specific level. Three of these are new: Diaphus rubus, Myctophum coppa, and Uranoscopus ciabatta. The assemblages reflect mainly a neritic environment influenced by the oceanic realm. Analysis of the global present-day geographic distribution of 42 of the recognised Messinian genera indicates that 88% of these are still living in the Mediterranean, 98% in the Atlantic and 78% in the Indo-Pacific realm. These results are in good agreement with the evolutionary trends documented for the Oligocene and Miocene teleost fauna, specifically an increase in percentage of genera inhabiting the modern Mediterranean, a very high percentage of Atlantic and Indo-Pacific genera, and a slight fall of the importance of present-day Indo-Pacific genera from the Rupelian up to the Late Miocene. Analysing the composition of the Early Messinian fauna at the level of nominal species indicates that about 53% of the species represented in the assemblages are still living in the Recent Mediterranean, and that a significant number of these were already present in the Tortonian. It is interesting that these species are mainly neritic. This seems to confirm that the close affinity of the fossil assemblage with the present-day Mediterranean neritic fauna, which was already recorded at the genus level for the Rupelian fauna, persists during the Neogene and continues until the Pleistocene.

The stomach contents of 235 specimens of the squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (4·3–36·5 cm mantle length, ML) were examined. A detailed list of 60 species of prey, comprising young and adult squid, is given together with their frequency of occurrence and proportional contribution. The size and number of each food item was investigated. Three ontogenetic size-groups of S. oualaniensis were distinguished: I, fry and young (4–10 cm ML), micronektonic epipelagic plankton-eaters; II, transient critical size group (10–15 cm ML), converting from feeding on planktonic crustaceans and fish larvae to myctophid fishes; III, medium-sized (adult) nyctoepipelagic nektonic predators (15–36·5 cm ML), feeding primarily on myctophids and secondarily on squid. Myctophids (genera Symbolophorus, Myctophum and Hygophum) were the most abundant prey in the diet of adult S. oualaniensis from different parts of its distribution.

Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque, 1810 Sea of Marmara: 5800-107 (1 spc.); 5800-114 (1 spa), June 1959, M. Demir.

Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque, 1810 Sea of Marmara: 5800-107 (1 spc.); 5800-114 (1 spa), June 1959, M. Demir., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 38

(1929). LVII.—Notes on the Myctophid fishes of the genera Diaphus and Myctophum in the British Museum (Natural History). Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 4, No. 23, pp. 510-515.

The feeding ecology of 2 vertically migrating midwater fishes Hygophum benoiti and Myctophum punctaturn found stranded along the shores of the Straits of Messina was studied in order to reconstruct the ecological mechanisms involved in their stranding processes. Diet analyses revealed that both fishes fed mostly on copepods and euphausiids but also on a variety of other food items. Ontogenetic changes in the diet indicated that size selection determined prey choice in all stages in the life cycle of H. benoiti. M. punctatum, on the other hand, became opportunistic with age, adding new components to the diet without excluding prey items eaten by smaller individuals. At the species level, prey choice involved selective feeding on more visible prey items such as bioluminescent copepods. The prey population primarily included surface and migrating sub-surface species. Knowledge of prey vertical distribution patterns in the Mediterranean Sea suggests active feeding by both predators in surface waters at night. The absence of deep water non-migrating elements in the diet implies that the current hypothesis of passive transport of species due to surfacing deep water masses in the Straits may not hold true for all stranded organisms. Alternative stranding mechanisms involving active trophic migrations are proposed for midwater species known to undergo strong diel vertical movements.

Descriptions and geographical ranges are given, and holotypes and paratypes and their disposition are designated, for eight new species, involving six genera, of the family Myctophidae from the eastern Pacific Ocean between the Americas and 160? W longitude: Protomyctophum (Hierops) chilensis, from the Peru Current off Chile, P. (H.) beckeri from the central tropical Pacific, Hygophum bruuni from the Peru Current off Chile, Myctophum selenoides from the Hawaiian area and southward to the equator, Loweina laurae from the eastern Pacific between about 30? N and 30? S, Diaphus rolfbolini from the warmer waters of the Pacific, Lampanyctus fernae and L. simulator from a narrow region of the North Pacific between about 30?-35? N, 135?-180? W.

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