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The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship among the depression, physical condition, daily living activities, and sleep state among old people at elderly care facilities. The subjects include old people aged 65 or older residing at an elderly care facility. At elderly care facilities, the depression of old people was related with the state of vision, mastication ability, quality of sleep, and sleep state. The degree of relation was high in the group with a poor vision, the one with a bad condition of teeth, the one that considered their quality of sleep to be poor, and the one with somnipathy. Their depression had negative correlations with age and positive ones with mastication ability and assessment of quality of sleep. At elderly care facilities, the depression of old people was highly connected with the state of vision, mastication ability, sleep state, and hearing ability. In short, the depression of old people at elderly care facilities is highly connected to the health state perceived individually. The findings point to the importance of close interest in individual health state and management of old people in poor vision, mastication ability in healthcare and nursing intervention.

Summary What is known and objective Sarpogrelate is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype 2A antagonist that inhibits platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of a sarpogrelate controlled-release formulation (CR) with those of the immediate-release formulation (IR). The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of CR sarpogrelate was also evaluated. Methods A randomized, open-label, 3-period, 3-treatment crossover study was conducted in 50 healthy male subjects. Subjects were allocated into one of six sequence groups. In one period, a 100-mg IR formulation was administered three times at 6-h intervals, and in the other two periods, a 300-mg CR formulation was administered once to fasting and once to fed subjects. Each period was separated by a 7-day washout period. Serial blood samples were collected up to 24 h after the first drug administration in each period. The plasma concentrations of sarpogrelate were analysed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods. Results and discussion After the administration of the IR formulation, the plasma concentration reached a peak at 0·48 h and the drug was eliminated with a half-life (t1/2) of 0·7 h. After administration of the CR formulation, the plasma concentration reached a peak at 0·5 h and the drug was eliminated with a t1/2 of 3·23 h. The geometric mean ratios (CR/IR) for sarpogrelate area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and the maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) were 1·2040 (90% confidence interval (CI): 1·0992–1·3188) and 0·9462 (90% CI: 0·8504–1·0529). When CR was administered to fed subjects, the time to peak concentration was prolonged to 3·97 h and t1/2 was shortened to 1·45 h. The geometric mean ratios (fasting/fed) for sarpogrelate AUC and Cmax were 0·8573 (90% CI: 0·7687–0·9561) and 0·6452 (90% CI: 0·5671–0·7341). What is new and conclusion After the administration of CR and IR formulations of the same daily dose of sarpogrelate hydrochloride, the overall systemic exposure was slightly higher for the CR than for the IR formulation, whereas peak concentration was comparable between the two formulations. Food reduced the bioavailability of sarpogrelate CR.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential effects of the determinants of life satisfaction among the elderly and a variety of health, economic, leasure activity, social support and psychological variables were comprehensively examined as determinants of life satisfaction among the elderly. The sample of this study was composed of 347 old people participating in the leasure activity programs operated by 10 facilities for the aged in Seoul. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed employing structural equation modelling technique as a main data analysis method. It was found that subjective health condition, subjective economic level, productive and consumptive leasure activities, spouse and children support, self-esteem and extraversion had positive effects on life satifaction among the elderly. The theoretical and practical implications of this study were discussed and the directions for future research were suggested.

Although significant progress has been made in the development of vacuum-deposited small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), one of the most desired research goals is still to produce flexible displays by low-cost solution processing. The development of solution-processed OLEDs based on small molecules could potentially be a good approach but no intensive studies on this topic have been conducted so far. To fabricate high-performance devices based on solution-processed small molecules, the underlying nature of the produced films and devices must be elucidated. Here, the distinctive characteristics of solution-processed small-molecule films and devices compared to their vacuum-deposited counterparts are reported. Solution-processed blue OLEDs show a very high luminous efficiency (of about 8.9 cd A–1) despite their simplified structure. A better hole-blocking and electron-transporting layer is essential for achieving high-efficiency solution-processed devices because the solution-processed emitting layer gives the devices a better hole-transporting capability and more electron traps than the vacuum-deposited layer. It is found that the lower density of the solution-processed films (compared to the vacuum-deposited films) can be a major cause for the short lifetimes observed for the corresponding devices.

The radiation-induced coloration of bulk amorphous films of five photochromic diarylethenes was studied with the aim of developing reusable, sensitive color dosimeters. Although amorphous films of bisbenzothienylentene derivatives 3 , 4 and 5 exhibited only weak coloration upon γ-irradiation, intense coloration was observed for the film containing 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene 1 having diphenylphenyl substituents. The color was stable in the dark, but disappeared upon irradiation with visible light. The sensitivity remained at 80% of the initial value even after 10 cycles.

The radiation-induced coloration of bulk amorphous films of five photochromic diarylethenes was studied with the aim of developing reusable. sensitive color dosimeters. The films contain an extremely high concentration ofdiarylethenes. The most intense coloration was observed for the film containing 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl )perfluorocyclopentene having 3-phenyl-4-diphenylyl substituents. The color disappeared upon irradiation with visible light. The coloration increased linearly with an increase in the absorbed dose up to 3000 Gy. The relative sensitivity of radiation-induced coloration among the five derivatives qualitatively agreed with the sensitivity of photo-induced coloration from UV light (254 nm) irradiation.

Photochromic diarylethene derivatives containing 2,4-diphenylphenyl substituents formed stable amorphous solids and showed reversible solid-state photochromism. Refractive indices of the amorphous films changed reversibly with the photochromic reactions as much as Δn = 0.028 at 817 nm. Changes in both absorption band and static polarizability contributed to the large refractive index modulation.

A dithienylethene derivative having bulky substituents, 1,2-bis(5-(2,4-diphenylphenyl)-2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a) was synthesized in an attempt to prepare photochromic amorphous films. 1a formed a stable bulk amorphous state at room temperature and the glass transition temperature was observed at 82°C. The conversion ratio from 1a to the closed-ring isomer (1b) upon irradiation with 303 nm light was as high as 73% in the amorphous film. Rewritable photon-mode near-field optical recording was demonstrated with the amorphous thin film of 1b.

1,2-Bis(2-methyl-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene derivatives having 2,4-diphenylphenyl substituents at 6 and 6 ′ positions of the benzothiophene rings showed reversible photocyclization reactions and fluorescence spectral changes upon alternate irradiation with UV and visible light in the amorphous state. Both di- and mono-substituted derivatives, compounds 1a and 2a, formed stable amorphous state at room temperature and their glass transition temperatures were 127 and 88 °C, respectively. The closed-ring isomer of the di-substituted derivative 1b exhibited red fluorescence at 650 nm.

Fluorescence switching performance of photochromic diarylethenes has been studied. A bisbenzothienylethene having m-terphenyl substituents underwent reversible photochromic reactions in the amorphous solid state and exhibited fluorescence intensity change and shift of the emission band with the photochromic reaction. A diarylethene connected with a fluorescent 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene unit through an adamantyl unit shows reversible fluorescence intensity change with the photochromic reactions of the diarylethenes.

1,2-bis (2-methyl- 1-benzothiophen-3-yl) perfluorocyclopentene derivatives having styryl substituents at 6 and 6′ positions of the benzothiophene rings were synthesized. The mono-substituted derivative was crystal, while the di-substituted one formed amorphous state below the glass transition temperature(Tg) of 60°C. Reversibe photocyclization reactions were observed in the amorphous state.

Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) was employed to synthesize high quality centimeter scale graphene film at low temperatures. Monolayer graphene was obtained by varying the gas mixing ratio of hydrogen and methane to 80:1. Using advantages of MPCVD, the synthesis temperature was decreased from 750 °C down to 450 °C. Optical microscopy and Raman mapping images exhibited that a large area monolayer graphene was synthesized regardless of the temperatures. Since the overall transparency of 89% and low sheet resistances ranging from 590 to 1855 Ω/sq of graphene films were achieved at considerably low synthesis temperatures, MPCVD can be adopted in manufacturing future large-area electronic devices based on graphene film.

It is a great challenge to develop solution-processed, polymeric hole-injection layers (HILs) that perform better than small molecular layers for realizing high-performance small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes (SM-OLEDs). We have greatly improved the injection efficiency and the current efficiency of SM-OLEDs by introducing conducting polymer compositions composed of polyaniline doped with polystyrene sulfonate and perfluorinated ionomer (PFI) as the HIL. During single spin-coating of conducting polymer compositions, the PFI layer was self-organized at the surface and greatly increased the film work function. It enhanced hole-injection efficiency and current efficiency by introducing a nearly ohmic contact and improving electron blocking. Our results demonstrate that solution-processed polyaniline HILs with tunable work functions are good candidates for reducing process costs and improving OLED performance.

We report a new Iridium(III) complex and the study of its optical, electrochemical and electroluminescence properties. The crystal structure shows an octahedral environment around Ir(III) center. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate the contribution of the d-orbitals of Ir and the π-orbitals of the cyclometalating and ancillary ligands toward HOMO, whereas LUMO is concentrated on only the cyclometalating ligand. These complexes emit in the sky blue color region from an admixture of triplet metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (3MLCT) and ligand π-π* states. A maximum external (ηex) quantumefficiency and luminance efficiency of 2.4% and 5.5 cd/A at 0.12 mA/cm2 was obtained from the device consisting of a 5% doped polymeric and low molecular host. A maximum brightness of 10,200 cd/m2 at 14.8 V was obtained from the device.

1,2-Bis(2-methyl-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene derivatives having diphenylethenyl substituents at 6- and 6′-positions of the benzothiophene rings were synthesized. The mono and disubstituted derivatives formed an amorphous state and the glass transition temperatures were observed at 67 °C and 92 °C, respectively. Reversible photocyclization reactions were observed in the amorphous state.

1,2-Bis(2-methyl-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene derivatives having 2,4-diphenylphenyl substituents at 6 and 6′ positions of the benzothiophene rings were synthesized. Both mono- and di-substituted derivatives, compounds 1a and 2a, formed amorphous states at room temperature and their glass transition temperatures were observed at 88 °C and 127 °C, respectively. Remarkable spectral shift of the fluorescence from 650 nm to 450 nm was observed for the amorphous film of closed-ring isomer 2b upon visible (λ > 450 nm) light irradiation.

1,2-Bis(2-methyl-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene derivatives having diphenylethenyl substituents at 6- and 6′-positions of the benzothiophene rings were synthesized. The mono and disubstituted derivatives formed an amorphous state and the glass transition temperatures were observed at 67 °C and 92 °C, respectively. Reversible photocyclization reactions were observed in the amorphous state.

We report efficient tandem white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) by using bathocuproine:Cs2CO3∕MoO3 as an effective interconnecting layer. We utilized two primary colors of sky blue and orange fluorescent emitters to obtain efficient white electroluminescence. Although single WOLEDs using two adjacent emitting layers showed a maximum current efficiency of 7.96cd∕A with Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.28, 0.34), the tandem WOLED device made by stacking two single color OLEDs in series demonstrated doubled maximum current efficiency of 17.14cd∕A with CIE coordinates of (0.28, 0.41). The stacking of different single color OLEDs in series instead of double stacking of WOLEDs can be useful to achieve highly efficient WOLEDs because it can reduce the number of layers of the devices.

Bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes [Ir(F2ppy)2ZN] (FZN), [Ir(F2CNppy)2ZN] (FCZN), [Ir(DMAF2ppy)2ZN] (FDZN) and [Ir(MeOF2ppy)2ZN] (MeOFZN) (F2ppy = 4′,6′-difluoro-2-phenylpyridinate, F2CNppy = 5′-cyano-4′,6′-difluoro-2-phenylpyridinate, DMAF2ppy = 4′,6′-difluoro-4-dimethylamino-2-phenylpyridinate, MeOF2ppy = 4′,6′-difluoro-4-methyl-2-phenylpyridinate and ZN = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-N-carboxamide) emitting in the sky blue region were synthesized. We studied the effect of the ancillary ligand ZN and the substituents on the cyclometalating ligands on the crystal structures, photophysical and electrochemical properties and the frontier orbitals. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results indicate that in FCZN and FDZN the cyclometalating ligands show negligible participation in the HOMO, the ancillary ligand ZN being the main participant along with the Ir(III) d-orbitals. MeOFZN exhibits the maximum photoluminescence quantum efficiency and radiative emission rates along with the dominant low frequency metal–ligand vibrations and maximum reorganization energy in the excited state. All the substituted complexes show more polar characteristics than FZN, FCZN possessing the highest dipole moment among the complexes. The performances of the solution-synthesised organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) of FZN, FCZN and FDZN doped in a blend of mCP (m-bis(N-carbazolylbenzene)) and polystyrene are studied.

We have developed a high performance fluorescent host material, 6-anthracene-9-yl-2,3-di-p-tolyl benzo[b]thiophene (ATB), for blue organic light-emitting diodes. ATB formed a stable amorphous solid state film with a high glass transition temperature (Tg=116°C). The multilayer devices fabricated using ATB as a blue host material showed higher power efficiency (6.4lm∕W at 1000cd∕m2) than the conventional device using 2-tert-butyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (TBADN) (4.3lm∕W at 1000cd∕m2). The half lifetime of the ATB device (6480h at 1000cd∕m2) was also enhanced compared to the TBADN device (5341h at 1000cd∕m2).

Novel nondestructive readout methods for near-field optical recording has been demonstrated with an amorphous photochromic film. Large refractive index change of an amorphous photochromic layer of 1,2-bis(5-(2,4-diphenylphenyl)-2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl) perfluorocyclopentene induced by the photochromic reactions is detected by the use of a guided-wave mode and a substrate radiation mode with near-IR laser light. The modulation amplitude in the reflected light intensity before and after the photo-bleaching reaction was as high as 20%.