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It is important to develop effective treatments to prevent the progress of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Cheonwangbosimdan has been widely prescribed for palpitation, anxiety, insomnia, and memory decline. We aimed to obtain clinical trial data concerning the safety and efficacy of Cheonwangbosimdan for mild cognitive impairment.This clinical trial would be a single-center, double-blinded, parallel-arm, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Forty-eight participants with mild cognitive impairment would be randomly allocated evenly to the placebo or Cheonwangbosimdan groups. Participants will be educated on self-management and exercise at baseline and will receive the trial medication (Cheonwangbosimdan group, Cheonwangbosimdan; placebo group, placebo) once daily for 24 weeks. Primary outcome would include the changes in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale scores at the end of the intervention. Secondary outcomes would include the changes in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale scores at 12 weeks following the first intervention and changes in the scores of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale-3, the European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five Level scale, Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Korean Activities of Daily Living, and Geriatric Depression Scale at 12 and 24 weeks following the first intervention.The results of our trial would provide clinical trial data concerning the usefulness, safety, and efficacy of Cheonwangbosimdan in the management of mild cognitive impairment.Clinical Research Information Service (Date: November 26, 2021; Registration No. KCT0006787; https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do?search_lang=Esearch_page=MpageSize=10page=undefinedseq=20869status=5seq_group=20869).

Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate state between normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease, which is the world’s most common form of dementia. It is important to identify early and easily available interventions to delay the progression of MCI to Alzheimer’s disease. Acupuncture has been reported to improve the clinical outcomes of MCI treatment. Acupuncture is a complex intervention, involving both specific and non-specific factors associated with therapeutic benefits. Therefore, we intend to obtain basic data for developing an optimal acupuncture treatment for MCI by comparing the effects of different acupuncture treatment methods on cognitive function in MCI patients. Methods This study will be a prospective, outcome-assessor-blinded, parallel-arm, single-center (DongShin University Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital, Republic of Korea), randomized controlled clinical trial. Thirty-two participants with MCI will be randomized in equal numbers to four groups (basic acupuncture (BA), acupoint specificity (AS), needle duration (ND), or electroacupuncture (EA)) and receive acupuncture treatment once per day, 3 days/week for 8 weeks. The BA and ND groups will receive acupuncture treatment for 30 and 20 min, respectively, at Baihui (GV20), Sishencong (EX-HN1), Fengchi (GB20), and Shenting (GV24). The EA group will receive electroacupuncture treatment at the same acupoints for 30 min. The AS group will receive acupuncture treatment at GV20, EX-HN1, GB20, GV24, and Taixi (KI3) for 30 min. The outcome measured will be scores on the Korean version of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale—cognitive subscale, the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale, the Korean Activities of Daily Living scale, the Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale, and the European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five Level scale. All scores will be recorded before intervention, 8 weeks after the first intervention, and 12 weeks after completing the intervention. Discussion Four acupuncture protocols will be assessed and compared as potential MCI treatments. This study is expected to provide data to be used in developing an optimal acupuncture method for MCI treatment. Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service, KCT0003430. Registered on 16 January 2019. http://cris.nih.go.kr). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3670-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Dangguixu-san (DS), a herbal extract, is widely used in Korean medicine to treat pain and swelling caused by ankle sprain. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effects of DS on ankle sprains. Accordingly, we assessed the efficacy and safety of DS for the treatment of acute lateral ankle sprain (ALAS). Methods This study was a multicenter (two Korean hospitals), randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio that included a per-protocol analysis and sub-analysis based on symptom severity. Forty-eight participants (n = 28 at Semyung University Korean Medicine Hospital in Chungju; n = 20 at DongShin University Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital) with grade I or II ALAS that occurred within 72 h before enrollment were randomized to a DS (n = 24) or placebo (n = 24) group. Both groups received acupuncture treatment once daily for 5 consecutive days and the trial medication (DS/placebo capsule) three times a day for 7 consecutive days. Primary (visual analog scale [VAS] scores for pain) and secondary (Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores [FAOS], edema, and European Quality of Life Five-Dimension-Five-Level Scale [EQ-5D-5L] scores) outcome measures were recorded at baseline (week 0), the end of the intervention (week 1), and 4 weeks after treatment completion (week 5). Results Forty-six participants completed the trial (n = 23 each). Changes in VAS scores, FAOS Symptom/Rigidity, and FAOS Ache from week 1 to week 5 showed significant differences between the two groups. Sub-analyses showed significant differences in changes of FAOS Ache (week 0 to week 5) and VAS scores, total FAOS, and EQ-5D-5L scores (week 1 to week 5) between the two subgroups (grade II). There were no adverse events and significant negative changes in clinical laboratory parameters in both groups. Conclusions Overall, the results of this study are in favor of DS combined with acupuncture and suggest that DS combined with acupuncture is a safe treatment with positive long-term effects in terms of pain reduction and symptom alleviation in patients with grade I or II ALAS. Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service KCT0002374. Registered on July 11, 2017; retrospectively registered.

Additional file 1. CONSORT 2010 Checklist.

Additional file 1.

Additional file 2. Revised Standards for Reporting Intervention in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA).

Background This study investigated the effects of acupuncture at Sobu (HT8) and Haenggan (LR2) on scopolamine-induced, cognitively impaired rats. Methods Scopolamine-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups; normal, control, HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2 and sham group. Cognitive impairment was induced by scopolamine, in control, and then in HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2 and sham groups. Acupuncture treatment was performed at HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2, and a random acupoint, respectively, every other day for 2 weeks. After each treatment, behavior change was observed and the rats were sacrificed. The change in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Results Latency time to target in Morris Water-Maze test for the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant decrease compared with control (p

Biocontrol efficacy of Myrothecium roridum against the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita , was evaluated in pot experiments on tomato. When treated with the culture filtrate of M. roridum , egg hatching was significantly reduced. Inhibition rate of egg hatching was dose dependent, which increased with the increment of concentration of culture filtrate. Three days after treatment the highest rate of 78.9% was observed with 10 mL of original culture filtrate of M. roridum . The number of root galls was reduced with the treatment of the culture filtrate. Significant difference was observed between treatment and non-treatment. However, biocontrol efficacy was not dose-dependent, ranging from 67.5% to 74.3%. M. roridum caused inhibition of mobility of second-stage juveniles of M. incognita at all concentrations tested. The rate showed positive correlation with concentrations of the culture filtrate, showing the highest rate of 82.6% in 4% of the culture filtrate.

SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: Recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents (DOCX 368 kb)

The pest species occurring on the aboveground parts of Phalaenopsis orchids were studied for a period of two years (Aug. 2013 to June 2015) at 9 Phalaenopsis farms in Korea. In total, 10 species of insect pest were identified : Tenuipalpus pacificus Baker, Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, Frankliniella intonsa Trybom, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Pseudococcus dendrobiorum Williams, Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, Coccus hesperidum L., Limax marginatus . T. pacificus occurred in most of the farms surveyed in this study (6). The observation frequency of T. pacificus and F. intonsa were highest, they were observed in 10 out of 96 surveys. Although P. longispinus was only observed to occur on two farms, their observation frequency (9 observations, 9.4%) and density (2-289 per 20 plants) were high. Thus, it seems that T. pacificus, F. intonsa, and P. longispinus are the major pests affecting Phalaenopsis orchid farms in Korea.

An insect parasitic mite was found on a larva from Japanese apricot seed. The mite was identified as Pyemotes moseri Yu et Liang (Acarina: Pyemotidae) new to Korea. The host larva was identified as Eurytoma maslovskii using mitochondrial DNA sequencing analysis. We conducted preliminary study on its reproduction and parasitization capacity in laboratory condition. A mated female mite reared on Eurytoma maslovskii larva. We counted and sexed newborn progenies and then eliminated them during periodical observations. To test parasitization capacity, a PCR tube containing mass reared P. moseri and Japanese apricot seeds (assumed bear larva of E. maslovskii) placed in a stainless bath filled with potting soil. One month later, we surveyed the seeds whether the E. maslovskii larva parasitized by mite or not. We repeated this experiment three times with five replications each. Average life span (days from parasitization to the end of reproduction) of gravid females was 24.4 days (n=8). A gravid female reproduced 104.0 female progenies (n=8). Although there were more than seven Japanese apricot seeds per bath containing larva or pupa, we found parasitization only in two seeds.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the improvement after the Korean medical treatment about a severe hematuria patient after ureterolith lithotripsy. Methods : This study was carried out on 60 year-old female patient who suffered from severe hematuria. We diagnosed a severe hematuria patient after ureterolith lithotripsy as kidney deficiency and blood deficiency pattern in the symptom-differentiation system of Korean medicine and applied herbal medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion to the patient. Results : After Korean medical treatment, we observed improvement of the symptom process by Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), hematologic findings and urinalysis. Blood count of blood and urine had been in the normal range, and NRS of three symptoms had dropped below 0.5. Conclusions : We concluded that Korean medical treatment was an effective treatment for a hematuria patient after ureterolith lithotripsy.

This study was conducted to assess the occurrence and damages by thrips on greenhouse-cultivated fig in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, Korea. We identified the collected species as Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, and F. intonsa Trybom. The density of thrips in the greenhouses during the summer months was monitored using yellow sticky traps; T. tabaci showed the highest density, followed by F. occidentalis and F. intonsa. The damages by thrips were characterized by stunted plant growth because of delayed discoloration of the pericarp, and development of rough fruit surface. Stereomicroscopic observation on the fruit flesh revealed the growth of gray mold at the damaged area, as well as the dead bodies and exuviae of thrips. The rates of fig fruit damages per month, were 18.2%, 9.7%, 2.9%, and 1.3% in July, August, September, and October, respectively.

The area of greenhouse horticulture has increased dramatically since the early 1990s in Korea. However, area per farmer still very small and diverse pest species occurs in greenhouse abundantly because of its protected condition. To manage pests, farmers use many pesticides frequently. Incessant and improper use of chemicals provoked pesticide resistance in pest and poisoning of farmers. In this study, we investigated the efficiencies of automatic dry fog sprayer for controlling two aphid species, Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae, in greenhouse horticulture. When doors and side windows were completely closed in automatic dry fog sprayer treatment greenhouse, aphids were controlled similar level with conventional spraying method (percent control: 61.0~94.1%). However, when half of the doors and side windows of the greenhouse were opened, aphids were controlled poorly (percent control: 36.0~54.4%).

The mixture (MX) of acetic acid (AA) and lactic acid (LA) was examined for its effectiveness in the control of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus contaminated in cymbidium culture medium. Nematode mortality in vitro was nearly 100% in AA and MX at the concentrations of 5.0-1.0% (pH 2.6 – 4.2) and in LA only at 5.0% (pH 3.5), but lowered at concentrations of 0.5-0.1% (pH 5.1-6.9) more significantly in LA than AA and MX. MX of most concentrations caused higher nematode mortality than the average response to AA and LA. All treatments of MX (0.5% and 0.25%), fosthiazate (standard and double concentrations) and culture dilution of Paenibacillus polymyxa GBR-1 (107colony-forming units/ml) reduced significantly the nematode populations in the cymbidium culture medium, compared to non-treatment control, with no significant difference among the treatments. No phytotoxicity occurred in all treatments. pH of the medium with the time after treatment and growths of 2-year-old cymbidium were not significantly different among treatments. Considering the safety and price of the organic acids, use of MX in the processes for culturing cymbidium may be a practically reliable and eco-friendly way in the control of the quarantine nematode in cymbidium.

In grape vineyards, whitish spots in a cloud shape have been often observed on the fruit surface recently. However, the cause of the halo spot symptom was unknown, hindering countermeasures to be properly designed for the control. A small hole in the middle of the formless halo spot remained as a scar formed by oviposition of the thrips. It became later a suberized scab, which is separated from the epidermal cells on the surface either to be retained on or to be detached from it as time proceeds. Such a symptom is distinguished from the feeding damages caused by thrips or true bugs occurring on the grape fruits. With DNA extracted from the egg-shell found in the hole, molecular diagnosis by amplifying an ITS2 region with universal primers and subsequently digesting the PCR product by an restriction enzyme (RsaI) revealed that the egg was laid by Frankliniella occidentalis. In addition, a mitochondrial COI sequence confirmed that the halo spot symptom was formed by its oviposition. This study provides accurate information on the peculiar damage symptom caused by oviposition of F. occidentalis that could be useful in the control strategies for this pest in vineyards.

Thermal barrier coating. Thermal fatigue. Exposure time. Thermal fatigue test is one of the most widely used method to evaluate the durability of thermal barrier coating (TBC). However, thermal fatigue test can be concluded in totally different results according to the test variations. Especially, Exposure time of thermal fatigue test can affect the delamination life cycle of TBC. In this study, using the same test equipment which Kim et al. used, thermal fatigue tests were performed with different holding time at high temperature, and the test results by Kim et al. and those by this study were compared. In addition, delamination map was come to perfection from the test results to define more accurate thermal fatigue life.

 The major species of fungus gnats which caused the severe damage in shiitake farm were identified as a Bradysia difformis, B. alpicola, and Camtomyia cortocalis on oak log beds cultivation. The B. difformis occurred early in the middle of March while B. alpicola and C. cortocalis appeared since the beginning of May. The occurrence rate for adults of B. difformis showed highly at the end of July (11.9~1,774.2 in dong-myeon and 0.4~2,583.3 in pungse-myeon) in 2012 and mid-June (10.7~4,650 in dong-myeon and 36.8~4740 in pungse-myeon) in 2013. The counting numbers on the traps for B. alpicola reached highest peak in the middle of June (2.1~63.2 in dong-myeon and 1.0~21.7 in pungse-myeon) and the end of May (0.8~163.7 in dong-myeon and 0.5~280.5 in pungse-myeon) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The number of C. cortocalis showed high record in the middle of May in 2012 (0.6~4.7) and in the middle of June (2.1~17.3) in 2013 in dong-myeon whereas showed the peaks in the middle of May (0.6~4.7) in 2012 and in the late of May (1.3~17.6) in 2013 in pungse-myeon. The fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom by fungus gnats were severely damaged from mid-June to late-July and the damage rate were 0.625.5% (2012) and 0.7~30.5% (2013) in dong-myeon and 1.5%~21.6% (2012) and 1.9~36.8%(2012) in pungse-myeon. To investigate the control effect for fungus gnats by Hypoaspis aculeifer, H. aculeifer (30 mixutre of nymph and adult per m) were treated to oak log beds shiitake cultivation for six times (May 2 and 28, June 25, July 10 and 25 and August 28). The occurrence rate of adults and damage rate of fruiting bodies of 3 major species reduced 79.3% (adult numbers) and 74.8% (fruiting bodies) in dong-myeon and 64.1% (adult numbers) and 65.5% (fruiting bodies) in pungse-myeon, respectively, compared to non-treatment. Accordingly, H. aculeifer effectively controlled the fungus gnats on shiitake mushroom and can be used as good control agent.

Fungus gnats are usually found in mushroom farm and have recently become important pest because they can cause severe damage and reduce the production on shiitake mushroom. Usually shiitake mushrooms are cultivated on both oak bed logs and in the artificial sawdust beds in greenhouses. Using yellow sticky trap, the dipteran species in shiitake mushroom farm were collected from May to September in Kyonggi-do and Chungcheong-do in 2013. To identify the main species of fungus gnat on the shiitake farm in Korea, the collected samples were determined the sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) by DNA barcoding. The phylogeny based on maximum likelihood analyses from COI sequence showed that Bradysia difformis and B. alpicola were main species of shiitake bed log and Scatopsidae sp. and B. difformis were dominant species of sawdust beds.

A survey of pest occurrence and status of farmer`s pest management was conducted at 45 cymbidium farms in 10 major cultivation areas in Korea. The pest species collected from the cymbidium farms were identified as follows: Tetranychus urticae Koch, Frankliniella intonsa Trybom, Pinnaspis aspidistrae Signoret, Incilaria confusa Cockarel, Halyomorpha brevis Walker, Myzus persicae Slzer, and Aphis gossypii Glover, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, Thrips flavus Schrank, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman. The two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae, was the key pest in cymbidium production, occurring on 45 farms, followed by scales (20 farms), slugs (6), thrips (8), aphids (5), and stinkbug (1). PCR-RFLP of the rDNA ITS2 region revealed that two thrips species, Thrips flavus Schrank and Thrips tabaci Lindeman, occur on cymbidium farms. Therefore, it is necessary for the cymbidium farmers to establish an integrated pest management system to meet quarantine standards.

The grape rust mite, Calepitrimerus vitis, was identified from grapevines firstly in Korea. In the spring of 2011, symptoms characterized by the retarded growth of young shoots and flower buds in the grapevine were reported by local farmers in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi province of Korea. A large number of the small, white, and longitudinal mites were observed both on the twig surfaces and the overwintering buds. The mite was identified as Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae) by morphological observations under both a microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nationwide surveys in 2011–2012 were conducted to figure out the distribution of the mite, revealing that the mite was widely distributed in the grape production area in Korea both in greenhouse and in open field vineyards. Interestingly, the mite density was much higher in Hwaseong, a middle-west coast of Korea, with several hundred mites per overwintering bud. However, no significant damage was observed from the sprouting season to the harvest time, except for the retarded growth of shoot and flower buds in the early season. The morphological characteristics of C. vitis with SEM micrographs and the survey results in major grape production areas in Korea are reported herein.

The plume fruit moth, Grapholita dimorpha Komai, a fruit tree pest occurring in the northeast Asia, was firstly reported to infest apple in Korea in 2009, but its direct damage to other fruit trees has been poorly studied. In this study, we investigated shoots and fruits of both peach and plum trees and compared their damage rates by G. dimorpha to those by G. molesta, a congeneric species. In order to discriminate the two moth species, we developed a molecular diagnosis method using species-specific primer sets on different PCR conditions and distinguished the two species collected from the damaged shoots or fruits. The shoots and fruits of peach were infested mostly by G. molesta. However, in plums, the shoots were damaged by G. molesta and the fruits mostly by G. dimorpha. In addition, these two species showed a clear difference in host preference in fruit damage, where 92.5% of the Grapholita moths collected in peach fruits were identified as G. molesta, but 97.0% of the moths in plum fruits were G. dimorpha. The difference of the damage between the two fruit trees may give important information for monitoring of the two moth species in these orchards.

Two root mealybugs, Ripersiella multiporifera Jansen and Rhizoecus albidus Goux, were collected on imported Dracaena plants (Dracaenaceae) and Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran (Cactaceae) grown in greenhouses in Korea. Both species were probably introduced into greenhouses via the plant trade. Therefore, it reiterates the need to focus attention on the detection of root mealybugs at the ports of entry to prevent their introduction and establishment in the Korean environment. In this paper, additional information for the two species is provided with diagnoses, photographs along with host plant and distribution data for accurate species identification.

Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain on the green peach aphid Myzus persicae and its parasitic wasps (e.g., Aphidius colemani, Aphidius gifuensis and Diaeretiella rapae) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Infective juveniles (IJs) of S. carpocapsae Pocheon strain had low infectivity against nymph and adult stages of M. persicae, showing 2% and 6.7% of mortality, respectively. Application of the EPNs had little effect on mummies caused by the three parasitoid species, allowing them to remain intact. No IJ invaded the host, regardless of EPN application rate. The parasitoid emergence from mummies ranged from 80% to 85% in the presence of EPN while 79–86% was recorded in the absence of EPN. However, the presence of the IJs reduced oviposition by the three parasitoid species, decreasing the rate up to 59% when the nematodes were applied before parasitoid release, while little difference in oviposition was observed when nematodes were applied af...

A greenhouse soil infested with an obligate nematode parasitic bacterium, Pasteuria penetrans, was used to test the effect of temperatures on the endospore attachment to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria, juveniles (J2). Freshly hatched J2s were inoculated to the soil in petri dish and incubated under different temperatures of 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, and 35℃ for 7 days. The endospore attachment rates were 100% in all the temperatures, while the number of endospores attached per J2 was highest in 25℃ with 28.3 endospores/J2 followed by 20.2, 18.6, and 13.6 in 30℃, 20℃, and 35℃, respectively. When the soil was pre-treated under different temperatures before the J2 inoculation, the endospore attachment rates significantly decreased from 60% in room temperature to 25.0, 31.7, 8.3, 5.0, and 0% after the soil incubation in -30℃, 4℃, 40℃, 50℃, and 100℃ for 10 days, respectively. The endospore numbers attached per J2 were 3.5, 4.3, 1, 1, and 0 when the soil was pre-treated in -30℃, 4℃, 40℃, 50℃, and 100℃, respectively, which were lower than 5.3/J2 of room temperature treated soil. The P. penetrans isolate in the soil showed nematode species-specific endospore attachment characteristics with 100% attachment rate only on M. arenaria J2s while the rates were 0% on M. hapla and M. incognita J2s.

Galvanizing Department, POSCO Kwangyang Works, Kwangyang, Korea(Received November 20, 2012; Revised January 11, 2013; Accepted January 15, 2013)Recently Digital TV industry has drastically been moving the illuminating system, which causes an obvious product change from PDP and LCD to LED model to provide high-definition image. Due to strong competition in the digital industry, TV manufacturers make a great efforts to reduce production cost by using low-priced materials such as steels instead of aluminum and plastic etc.In this paper we have developed a new low-priced electrogalvanized steel sheet, which has a black resin composite layer, to substitute conventional high-priced PCM steel and plastic mold for rear cover panel in the digital TV. The black resin composite was prepared by mechanical dispersion of the mixture solution that consists of high solid polyester resin, melamine hardener, black pigment, micronized silica paste, polyacrylate texturing particle and miscellaneous additives. The composite solution was coated on the steel sheet using roll coater followed by induction furnace curing and cooling. Although the coated layer has a half thickness compared to the conventional PCM steels having 23thickness, it exhibits excellent quality for the usage of rear cover panel. The new steel sheet was applied to test products to get quality certification from worldwide electronic appliance customers. Detailed discussion provides in this paper including preparation of composite solution, roll coating technology, induction curing technology and quality evaluation from customers.Keywords:Digital TV, Composite, PCM steel, Plastic, Black Resin Coated Steel

*****Horticultural & Herbal Crop Environment Division, NIHHS, RDA, Suwon 441-440, Korea.**Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea.***Protected Horticulture Research Station, NIHHS, RDA, Busan 618-300, Korea.****Department of Horticultural Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Suwon 441-440, Korea.ABSTRACT : Damages of medicinal crops by thrips and identification of thrips species were investigated by periodic sur-veys on major medicinal crops, Platycodon grandiflorum, Schizandra chinensis, Codonopsis lanceolata, Lycium chinense,Bupleurum falcatum, Ledebouriella seseloides, Angelica gigas, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Liriope platyphylla, Atractyloides sp.,once or twice a month in Suwon, Eumseong, Jecheon, Pyeongchang, Chyungyang from May to October in 2012. Thrips andtheir damages were found at all of the medicinal crops investigated, mostly occurring at early growing stages of each medic-inal crop and causing apical meristem region withered, thereby inhibiting the growth of plants. For species identification ofthrips collected from each medicinal crops, DNA from each individual was extracted and ITS2 and COI regions were ampli-fied by PCR. As a result, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips tabaci, and Megalurothrips distalis have been identified as dominantspecies on medicinal crops in open field, whereas Frankliniella occidentalis was restricted to Lycium chinense in which pro-tected cultivation. This study suggests that the occurrence of thrips species on medicinal crops seems to be affected by hostspecificity and environmental factors such as cultivation types.Key Words : Medicinal Crops, Thrips, PCR, Identification, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips tabaci, Megalurothrips distalis

Clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) are economically important pests of fruit trees, such as apple, peach, and grape in Korea. Larvae feed on the phloem and cambium within tree branches of host plants. In this study, the seasonal fluctuation in male catches of four clearwing moths, Synanthedon haitangvora, S. bicingulata, Nokona regalis, and Glossosphecia romanovi, were monitored with the respective sex pheromone traps in Suwon for three years. In apple orchards, S. haitangvora males were captured from May to October, with two peaks in early June to middle June and late August to early September. Similarly, S. bicingulata males were trapped from May to October, with two peaks in late May and late August to middle September in peach orchards. In vineyards, N. regalis males were captured from late May to middle June with one peak in late May to early June, while G. romanovi males were trapped from early June to late July with one peak in late June to early July.

The life table of the Striped Fruit Fly, Bactrocera scutellata, was analyzed by using adult longevity and fecundity of B. scutellata at seven constant temperatures (15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, ) with 65% RH and 16L:8D in the laboratory. The highest values of longevity were observed at with the values of 138.0 days for male and 131.2 days for female, respectively. Females of B. scutellata did not oviposit under and larvae of B. scutellata could not survive to adulthood over . The highest value of total fecundity was observed at (111.4 eggs) and daily fecundity per female was observed at approximately 1.0. The parameters of the life table were calculated by using the data from eggs to adults of B. scutellata at 4 different temperatures. Net reproduction rate () was highest at (52.27). The intrinsic rate of increase () and the finite rate of increase per day () were highest at (0.07 and 1.07), respectively. The doubling time () was shortest at (with 10.02). The mean generation time (T) was shortest at (50.39).

Pathogenicity of Rhabditis blumi Sudhaus against major cruciferous insect pests was evaluated in the lab and greenhouse. In Petri-dish tests against the insects, including Artogeia rapae L., Mamestra brassicae L., and Plutella xylostella L., insect mortality by R. blumi and its associated bacteria was dose and time dependent, which increased with dose (0–80 dauer juveniles/larva) and time increments. Pathogenicity against fourth-instar larvae was higher than the rate of corresponding third-instar larvae. The highest insect mortality rate was observed in fourth-instar larvae of P. xylostella, followed by A. rapae, and M. brassicae, with mortality rates of 93.5, 88.2, and 77.8 %, respectively. Lethal dose values at 50 % (LD50) of R. blumi were 25.7 dauer juveniles/larva on P. xylostella; 28.0 dauer juveniles/larva on A. rapae; and 40.6 dauer juveniles/larva on M. brassicae, respectively. In greenhouse tests, P. xylostella larvae were most susceptible to nematodes, with insect reduction rate of 88.0 %. The rate varied with vegetable species and persistence time of live nematodes on vegetable leaves after spraying. Nematodes established in cadavers showed positive correlation with nematode dose, whereas nematode persistence on the leaf was inversely related to hours after treatment.

Surveys were conducted on the occurrence of nematodes in the root systems of 1-3-year old Cymbidium hybida Swartz cultivated for export in Korea. The most frequently detected plant-parasitic nematode was Ditylenchus sp. with 4.7, 43.7, and 49.7/200 cc growth medium in 1, 2, and 3 year-old cymbidiums, respectively. And the densities of non-parasitic nematodes, dorylaimids, were 35.3, 70.5, and 155.8/200 cc growth medium in 1, 2, and 3-year-old cymbidiums, respectively. Three-year-old cymbidiums collected from Siheung, Ansan, and Gimpo had low densities of Aphelenchus sp. and Aphelenchoides sp. with under 40 individuals/pot, and the dorylaimid densities were 56-824/pot. To evaluate the effects of nematicides on Ditylenchus sp. in cymbidium, Emamectin benzoate EC, Fosthiazate SL, and Cadusafos CS were tested at two farms in Ansan and Gimpo. Emamectin benzoate EC showed control effects of 75.7 and 89.5%, whereas Fosthiazate SL and Cadusafos CS showed 27.2 and 65.3% and 30.1 and 90.5% control effects in the tests.

The striped fruit fly, Bactrocera scutellata, damages pumpkin and other cucurbitaceous plants. The developmental period of each stage was measured at seven constant temperatures (15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and ). The developmental time of eggs ranged from 4.2 days at to 0.9 days at . The developmental period of larvae was 4.2 days at , and slowed in temperatures above . The developmental period of pupa was 21.5 days at and 7.6 days at . The mortality of eggs was 17.1% at and 22.9% at , Larval mortalities (1st, 2nd, 3rd) were 24.1, 27.3 and 18.2%, respectively, at , Pupal mortalities were 18.2% at and 23.1% at . The relationship between developmental rate and temperature fit both a linear model and a nonlinear model. The lower threshold temperatures of eggs, larvae, and pupae were 12.5, 10.7, and , respectively, and threshold temperature of the total immature period was . The thermal constants required to complete the egg, larval, and pupal stages were 33.2, 118.3, and 181.2 DD, respectively. The distribution of each development stages was described by a 3-parameter Weibull function.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L. var) in the early transplanting stage. The changes of welsh onion biomass, yield loss, and T. tabaci density were investigated according to the inoculation periods of T. tabaci. In the early transplanting stage of welsh onion, the yield loss (%) increased with increasing inoculation periods: 17.0, 53.3, 38.4, and 80.8% yield loss in 5, 10, 15, and 20 d inoculation periods, respectively. The relationship between Cumulative Insect Days (CID) of T. tabaci and yield loss (%) of welsh onion was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of T. tabaci on welsh onion was estimated to 30 CID per plant based on the yield loss 12% (an empirical gain threshold 5% + marketable rate 93% of welsh onion). ET was calculated to 24 CID, which corresponds to 80% of EIL. Until a more defined EIL-model is developed, the present results should be useful for T. tabaci management in early growth stage of welsh onion. The effect of T. tabaci attack on the yield of welsh onion in late growing season (120 days after transplanting) was also examined. The yield of welsh onion increased at a low population density of T. tabaci and decreased at higher densities, showing a typical over-compensatory response.