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This study aimed to spatially assess the ecological state of the upper Siret River basin in Ukraine, along with its main tributaries, using physicochemical and microbiological indicators. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of anthropogenic activities on surface water quality in the region. The research spanned one year, with nine sampling points ranging from the Siret River sources in the Pokutsko-Bukovynian Carpathians to the Romania border crossing area. Notably, a significant portion of the upper basin lies within the Vyzhnytskyi National Nature Park. Physicochemical analysis involved measuring pH, water turbidity, and concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, and CI- ions. Microbiological analysis focused on total and fecal bacteria, specifically E. coli species. Results revealed a significant correlation between population density, the absence of centralized sewage treatment facilities in large settlements, and the level of surface water pollution in the Ukrainian segment of the Siret River basin. The upper part of the river network, where the Vyzhnytskyi National Nature Park is located, displayed the cleanest waters. Downstream, surface water pollution increased, particularly near certain points outside large settlements and tourist complexes (Myhove, Berehomet, and Storozhynets). Our findings highlight the importance of using microbiological indicators to monitor the ecological state of Danube sources in the Eastern Carpathians.

The article is devoted to the influence of terrain, landscapes, and meteorological conditions on the establishment of air quality monitoring points in the relevant territory of the Lviv region. The main factors affecting the distribution of the concentration of pollutants in atmospheric air during the design of air monitoring stations have been determined. It was established that the level of the surface concentration of pollutants increases with an increase in the power of the emission source, the density, and size of impurity particles, and decreases with an increase in the height and radius of the orifice of the emission source, the temperature of the emission, and the rate of release of impurities from the source.

In this paper, the porous structure of three types of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) carbons was synthesized and investigated. The first carbon was obtained from pure β-CD, the second carbon was synthesized from β-CD using the KOH activator, and the third carbon was synthesized from pure β-CD with additional ultrasonic treatment in the non-cavitation mode at the last stage. It was found that the carbon from pure β-CD has a micromesoporous structure with a small specific surface area (~35 m2/g). Activation with KOH causes a significant increase in the specific surface area (~654 m2/g) due to an increase in the content of micropores with an average size of 1,25 nm. The ultrasonic treatment causes mechanical grinding and oxidation of the carbon surface. It has been shown that such treatment increases the mesopore content and significantly changes the mesopore size distribution. It has been established that the oxidation of the β-CD carbon surface after ultrasonic treatment causes an increase in its hydrophilicity of up to 83,1%. The increase in hydrophilicity will allow more efficient use of synthesized carbon and composites based on it in solving the problems of environmental safety in water environments.

The extensive nature of natural resource use in the Siret River basin in recent years has led to a significant depletion of its water resources and deterioration of the ecological state of surface waters. The following paper presents the results of assessing the degree of water pollution of the Siret River. A number of biotic water quality indices were used for this purpose. In particular, the Trent Biotic Index (TBI) and the Biological Monitoring Working Party Index (BMWP), both of which use the density ratio of different macroinvertebrate taxa in the aquatic communities, and the Pantlé and Bucca saprobility index, which uses the absolute density and saprobility of indicator species of aquatic organisms. A comprehensive assessment of the aquatic ecosystem of the watercourse was carried out using the water pollution index (WPI). The biological indices were calculated on the basis of data on zooperiphyton communities formed on an artificial fibre media of the «VIYA» type. The «VIYA» fibre carrier was used for more accurate determination of the species composition and quantitative characteristics of zooperiphyton communities in the studied river sections. The TBI index ranged from 5 to 6 (which corresponds to a water quality assessment of «satisfactory»). The BMWP index ranged from 8 (very poor) to 32 (good), and the saprobicity index from 1.52 to 1.95 (good water quality). The WPI index at the control sites in the Siret River ranged from 4.6 (which corresponds to a water quality assessment of «polluted») to 8.1 (which corresponds to a water quality assessment of «extremely polluted»). Significant differences in the results of the assessment by different biotic indices indicate that these indices cannot be used as indicators for an exhaustive assessment of water quality using zooperiphyton. They can only be used as relative indicators for comparing the state of water pollution at different locations. The values of hydrochemical indicators of water quality at two observation posts of the river were analysed. The maximum permissible concentrations of nitrite ions, ammonium ions and suspended solids in the control sections of the river were found to be exceeded.

Today, Ukraine is far from European standards, and the country's waste management system remains confronted with environmental and technogenic problems, with 7 % of the territory occupied by landfills. Most settlements in Ukraine do not have solid waste management programs or sanitation schemes. Landfills, and especially municipal solid waste dumps, are significant contributors to air, water, and soil pollution. The objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of landfills, to translate them from a descriptive and abstract plane to a mathematical plane, and to identify the sanitary protection zones currently utilized for landfills. The subject of this study is the municipal waste landfill of the Zhytomyr territorial community (Ukraine), a typical Ukrainian landfill operated with minimal environmental protection measures.The authors used an original approach to assess the environmental hazard of a municipal waste landfill, taking into consideration the values of absolute indicators of water pollution for specific physicochemical characteristics; maximum permissible concentrations of the studied indicators; distance from the landfill boundary; the amount of excess of the absolute indicator of pollution compared to the MPC; and the intensity of odor in the landfill. The calculated pollution indicators served as the basis for an integrated assessment of the environmental hazards posed by the municipal waste landfill.The study revealed that the Ot indicator (evaluation of the environmental hazards of municipal waste landfills) depends exponentially on the landfill boundary. Based on the value of Ot, environmental zoning was carried out: according to the calculations and taking into account the monitoring of the environmental condition in the landfill's impact zone, the authors recommended the parameters of environmental zoning on the basis of the Ot value.The purpose of this study is to clarify the sanitary protection zones that are currently used for landfills and solid household waste disposals.The research materials can also be used to create databases on landfills, enabling the development of a plan to manage them as sources of heightened environmental risk.

Mesophilic anaerobic digestion of broadleaf cattail suspensions using the inoculum sampled from yeast residues digester was studied experimentally. Two-parameter lab-scale experiment was realized using the suspensions with total solids (TS) content 5 wt% and 10 wt% and with inoculum TS based fractions 0.05 and 0.2. Maximum specific biogas yield was obtained for suspension with TS 10 wt% and inoculum fraction 0.2. Biogas output intensified with increasing both TS content and inoculum mass fraction, and the effect of inoculum was stronger. Thermo-gravimetric analysis showed the increasing of the content of thermally unstable components in digestate with an increase of inoculum content.

The urgent problems related to environmental and climate factors, the solution of which requires the involvement of highly qualified and narrow-profile specialists capable of solving and developing effective measures to minimize the negative effects of global warming, were analyzed. The analysis demonstrates that today in Ukraine, there is an urgent need to train climate management specialists due to the global nature of this problem. The main aspects and advantages of the participation of Ukrainian universities in the joint project Erasmus+ KA2 “Synergy of educational, scientific, managerial and industrial components for climate management and climate change prevention” (Climan), which promotes the implementation of multi-level education and professional training on climate services, climate change adaptation and mitigation at the local, national and regional levels are presented. The important particularities and innovative results of the project implementation in higher education institutions in Ukraine, which involve creating climate management centres based on educational institutions, developing interdisciplinary training modules Climate Management, and training qualified climate managers, were described.

Results of experimental pilot-scale study of aerobic pre-treatment of the leachate of the Hrybovychi municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill (Ukraine) in batch reactor mode and in semi-continuous mode are presented. The dependencies of key pollution indicators, namely biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, pH, suspended solids, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), during a 30-day periodical aeration process were obtained. The first 15 days treatment was in the batch reactor mode treating an initial volume of raw leachate. The second 15 days treatment was in a semi-continuous reactor mode: 400 L of aerobically pre-treated leachate were pumped to the next treatment stage and consequently the same volume of raw leachate was added in the bioreactor tank. Aerobic biological treatment of Hrybovychi landfill leachate using the developed method achieved significant treatment effects, namely 55.3% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 27% of COD, 70.2% of BOD5 and 66.5% of BODtot. Time dependences of TKN, COD, BOD5, and BODtot are well fitted by simple exponential trends, which correspond to first-order reactions. Landfill leachate, aerobically pre-treated in the pilot-scale treatment unit, can be discharged for final treatment to the bio-plateau or to the wastewater treatment plant.

The waste of foundries of machine-building plants -spent moulding mixtures was studied. The expediency of using spent mixtures of foundry production as a siliceous component of foam concrete mixtures has been proven. The spent mixtures were studied for their foaming ability. The foam properties are determined. The effect of concrete mixture components on the pore-forming ability of foam agents was investigated. Of the six foaming agents studied in the work, saponified tree resin was found to be the most effective. The technological parameters for the preparation of aerated concrete mixture have been developed. The average density of foam concrete in the dry state and its limit of compressive strength were used as criteria forresource evaluation of used moulding mixtures of foundry production. Foam concrete products of non-autoclavehardening with an average density of not less than 900 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of not less than 4.5 MPa were obtained.

The article considers the problem of rationing wastewater discharge in terms of environmental risk management, caused by the pollution of waterbodies. The cases of using a simple indicator of water quality in the form of concentration of a substance, as well as a complex indicator of water quality are considered. The relevance of using a complex indicator is caused by the similar effect of various substances on the ecosystem and man. For both cases algorithms for determining the permissible composition of wastewater, ensuring compliance with the established standards of natural water quality in the control points of the water body with a given probability have been developed. In the case of using complex indicators in order to unambiguously solve the problem of rationing wastewater composition, permissible concentrations of substances are finally determined by solving the optimization problem. The optimization criterion is the minimum cost of water treatment. The method of ecological standardization of wastewater composition suggested in the article is applicable for the case of normal probability distribution of a substance in wastewater according to data of field measurements.

In modern conditions of urban areas development, the importance of protection against noise is increasing. Measures to reduce noise levels in the city's districts should be comprehensive and combine both organizational and architectural-construction and engineering-technological measures. To determine the most optimal combination of countermeasures, it is necessary to initially identify the sources of noise, determine their features and parameters. A complete basis for development of a set of noise reduction methods and means can be mapping of noise levels, which visually allows to determine the intensity and direction of sound spreading. One of the districts of Zhytomyr, which is isolated from other parts of the city and is characterized by a developed infrastructure and heavy traffic, was chosen for noise measurements. Measurements were performed in areas characterized by uniformity of placement, coverage of all functional areas and ability to measure the noise level both at the source of its formation and within the residential area. Based on statistical processing of the experimental data cartographic models of spatial spread of noise pollution are developed. According to the results of the research, zones with different levels of noise pollution were identified. The created map allows to choose the most optimal measures to reduce noise exposure, taking into account the characteristics of each residential area. The design noise level was determined taking into account the measures and noise map was created. The estimated efficiency of the developed measures allows to reduce the total noise level inside the district by 7-8 dB.

The paper analyzes the problem of soil cover contamination of the urban ecosystem with heavy metals. The work is based on the authors own long-term monitoring studies. The main sources of soil contamination are identified – industrial enterprises and motor transport. The content of total and mobile forms of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Zn in the soils of the city territory was found out. The concentration factors (Cf) of heavy metals and their total contamination indexes (TCI) were determined. The highest Cf values for the total form of heavy metals belong to zinc (up to 25.1). At 61.1% of the study sites, the Cf values of zinc are above 9.0. At 83.3% of the sites, the Cf values for the total form of copper content are in the range of 6.0 - 22.1. The results of the studies indicate high average Cf values for lead and chromium at the majority of the sites. The highest maximum and average Cf values for the mobile form for all heavy metals were found at test-site No.4. As a result of the studies, it was found that the average values of the total contamination indexes for the total form of heavy metals exceed the permissible level by 1.6-2.7 times. For the mobile form of heavy metals, the average values of the TCI are within the permissible limits, except for test-site No.4, where an excess of 3.7 times is recorded. It is found that the soils of the northern and southern parts of the city are the most contaminated, the least contaminated are soils of the eastern part of the city.

The article is devoted to the study of the prospects of using compost with sewage sludge in the raw material for the recultivation of disturbed lands. A special installation was used for bio-composting, which allowed controlling of the process parameters. The results of bio-indication of composts obtained under different conditions of compositions of the raw material mixture are given. Based on the analysis of the results of bio-indication, the optimal composition of the raw material mixture using “fresh” and “old”sewage sludge is established. An analysis of the parameters of the bio-indication process was carried out for this compost of optimal composition, which makes it possible to develop recommendations for the implementation of the process in industrial conditions.

The role of fibrous carrer in the formation of microbiocenosis, which provides purification of aquatic environments, has been studied. The prospects of using the fibrous carrer "Vija" for cleaning the watercourses of mountainous areas have been studied. The species composition as well as the kinetics of periphyton formation on fibrous carrer have been established. The species composition of the microbiocenosis, which is formed on carrer in the mode of active aeration of landfill filtrates and the prospects of using the method of aerated lagoon for filtrate treatment have been studied.

We have carried out research on multi-stage handling of polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene household waste. The method has been developed for both their safe utilization in manufacturing technologies and the use of encapsulated mineral fertilizers. The technical feasibility of implementing all stages of plastic waste processing has been defined: separate collection, creation of a film-forming composition, encapsulation of granular fertilizers. Our study has confirmed the safe biodegradation of polymer shell residues in the soil environment after the dissolution of the fertilizers. The proposed method of handling of these wastes is a method of their safe utilization.

The use of polluted water bodies for recreation poses a risk of infectious diseases. This fact necessitates the need to take into account bacteriological indicators to determine the danger of recreational water use. The aim of the article is to develop a new method for assessing the potential risk to population health during recreational water use. A new method for assessing the potential risk to population health during recreational water use has been proposed, which combines the identification of potential risk according to chemicals and bacteriological indicators. A new classification of water hazard levels according to the values of risk to population health has been developed. The value of the potential risk to the population health during the recreational use of 6 beaches in the urbanized territories of the city of Kharkiv and its suburbs (Ukraine) was obtained. It is established that bacteriological contamination has the probability of a very large impact on public health (hazard class 5). To compare the methods of assessing the risk to population health during recreational water use, the hazard index (NI) was determined according to the chemical indicators of the quality of water bodies in the city of Kharkiv. The use of the assessment of the potential risk to population health for the environmental regulation of the discharge of pollutants into a water body with wastewater is justified.

The food industry is one of the industrial activities that uses a large amount of water and the high content of dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in production effluents is their characteristic feature. The treatment technology of such industrial effluents is a combination of different technologies and treatment methods blocks depending on the parameters of wastewater. The choice of efficient, environmentally friendly and energy efficient biotechnology of wastewater treatment will allow its successful application in most food industries. Treated effluents can be considered as a source of water for watering plants in the area to reduce the overall use of water in the process, and as a prospect of returning to the overall process for use, for example, for washing vegetables and fruits. The physico-chemical parameters of industrial waters of food industry enterprises were analyzed and their impact on the environment was monitored. On the basis of the perspective technologies review of the food industry wastewater treatment the technological scheme for effective treatment of industrial wastewater was offered.

Energy strategies of most developed countries include the sustainable development of all types of renewable energy, including energy generation from biomass. Co-digestion of sewage sludge and plant biomass has a number of synergetic effects leading to increasing of the digestion rate and output of biogas. The range of potentially effective co-digestion of sewage sludge with plant raw materials is considered on the example of the full-scale estimation study for Lviv WWTP, Ukraine. Substitution of the 25% of dry organic matter of sewage sludge by the same amount of plant raw matter can increase total output of the methane at the biogas station about on 5.8%.

The article describes the main stages of professionalwork, scientific priorities, and educational activities of Professor Tsitsino Turkadze. The main results of joint research with a special international consortium for coordination of similar researchon municipal solid waste management -determining the waste composition as function of economic, social, and seasonal changes; assessing future material and contaminant flows, considering different scenarios; quantifying and assessing the material resources and reserves from landfills.The article discusses the educational activities carried out in the high school to implementing modern research results in higher education programs and teaching.

The article deals with the study of the prospects for the use of mineral fertilizers encapsulated in PET forbioremediation. This increases efficiency, prevents environmentalpollution from undigested plants with plant nutrients, and minimizes the number of application operations. In addition, it disposes of a significant portion of PET waste, the uncontrolled accumulation of which poses a threat to the environment. The basic technological schemes of preparation of a film-forming composition and encapsulation of fertilizers are offered. The kinetic parameters of the process of release of batteries of granulated ammonium nitrate encapsulated with a film based on modified PET are determined.

Monitoring studies were carried out on the territory of the Lviv wastewater treatment plants. The volumes of accumulated stocks of the sludge site were determined, its qualitative and quantitative indicators were identified, and the presence of limiting factors was established. Based on the obtained data, 2-D models characterizing the vertical and horizontal accumulation of elements were created. Bioindication studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of using sewage sludge as a growth substrate. Modeling was performed to determine the potential area of reclaimed land

Experimental lab-scale results on the efficiency of two-stage aerobic-reagent technology of leachate pre-treatment for different age leachates on examples of medium-to-old age leachate of Chervonohrad MSW landfill and young-to-medium leachate of Hrybovychi MSW landfill (Lviv region, Ukraine) are presented in the paper. Kinetics of aerobic pre-treatment of leachates is approximated using the simple exponential model and two-parameter modified exponential model. Optimal dosage of aqueous reagent solutions of polyacrylamide, aluminium sulphate, iron (II) sulphate and hydrogen peroxide are obtained experimentally. Treatment effects at optimum dosage reach 95.9% by ammonium nitrogen and 90.2% by COD allowing discharge of pre-treated leachates to WWTP.

The paper presents the results of research to assess the degree of transformation of forest ecosystems in the area of influence of the Zhytomyr landfill (Ukraine) - one of the typical Ukrainian landfills, which is operated with minimal implementation of environmental protection measures. The study was conducted to identify the relationship between the condition of plantations and the functioning of municipal solid waste landfills. In the study of the estimation of the transformation degree of forest ecosystems in the area of influence of the municipal solid waste landfill in Zhytomyr, it was established that in the studied areas there was a decrease in bonitet by I-II classes, completeness by 0.1-0.2 units, growth by 13-35% in comparison with background values. On the basis of the research of the condition of pine plantations by categories of vital activity of trees the integral indicator was calculated – the index of the condition of forest stands, which characterizes the degree of their damage in the event of aerial pollution of soil and groundwater. It was determined that the maximum values of the index of forest stands condition were observed in the area closest to the landfill (2.88 units), ie, these are severely weakened stands, the minimum in the control (1.28). Based on the results of the studies, it was established that Scots pine is a convenient and acceptable bioindicator for assessing the state of the environment in the area of influence of municipal landfills provided that its distribution is uniform on the territory and it is available for research. The sanitary condition of pine plantations deteriorates with the approach to the source of pollution. According to the established indices of the condition of pine plantations, a regression analysis was performed and a mathematical dependence was determined, which most accurately describes the change of these indicators with the distance from the landfill boundary. The approach used for bioindication studies of conifers can be recommended for implementation in practice as a method for assessing the transformation of the environment in the area of influence of municipal solid waste landfills.

The main ways of disposal of sewage sludge in the European Union and Ukraine are considered. The main problems of sludge utilization in Ukraine are identified. Research has been conducted on the possibility of using a substrate based on sewage sludge for biological reclamation of disturbed lands. Determined the quality of the sludge from Lviv WWTP. The best substrate composition for biological land reclamation is determined by using bioindication. It is established that the use of settled sludge observed inhibition of plant growth and development. Adding additional components to the substrate, in the form of sorbents, makes it possible to increase the content of sewage sludge. Positive changes in plant growth and development have been observed when using a soil-based substrate, sewage sludge and sorbent.

The results of an experimental study of efficiency of the cavitation treatment of a fuel mixture, based on A-95 gasoline and distilled water, for automobile internal combustion engines are presented. Cavitation treatment of this fuel mixture at a percentage of water/gasoline of 17/83 % allows increasing the cost of gasoline up to 15-20 % when operating engines on flat and sloping sections of roads and in traffic jams. Due to the cavitation treatment, the engine power is reduced by only 6/7 %. The design of the created automobile electromagnetic vibrating cavitator is described. Its application will not only save fuel, but increase the completeness of combustion of water-gasoline fuel mixture, i.e. improve the environment, as well %.

The paper presents the results of research on the implementation of monitoring of the landfills influence on the atmospheric air using bioindication methods on the example of the Zhytomyr landfill (Ukraine) - one of the typical Ukrainian landfills, which is operated with minimal environmental protection measures. A comprehensive study of atmospheric air pollution in the landfill area was carried out using a human sensor system and an integral assessment using bioindication (lichens were chosen as bioindicators). The study revealed a reliable exponential dependence for modeling the relationship between the distance from the source of gas formation (solid waste landfill in the city of Zhytomyr) and the intensity of odor. The level of atmospheric air pollution was also determined based on the assessment of the projective coverage of the tree trunk with lichens. The research revealed an exponential dependence for modeling the relationship between the distance from the landfill boundary and the total coverage of the tree trunk with lichens. The results of the analysis confirmed the correctness of the use of the aforementioned method. The relationship between the results obtained by the lichen indication method and the strength of the odor from the landfill was evaluated. Based on the results of calculating the relative values of the assessment of atmospheric air pollution by the method of coverage of the tree trunk with lichens and the strength of the odor, a regression analysis was carried out and mathematical relationships were determined, that most accurately describe the change in these indicators with distance from the landfill boundary. It is proved that both tested methods can be used in Ukrainian realities to monitor the state of atmospheric air in the area of influence of municipal landfills, depending on the purpose of research. The analysis of the research results confirmed the significance of the results of the obtained assessment of the impact of the Zhytomyr solid waste landfill on the state of atmospheric air. The materials of these studies can find further application for the formation of databases of knowledge of landfills, which will allow to develop a strategy for managing them as an object of increased environmental hazard.

An impact of poultry farms on the environment caused by ammonia emission from chicken manure has been studied. A negative impact minimisation method by adding natural sorbents to the bedding composition has been proposed. The optimum natural adsorbents compositions (clinoptilolite and palygorskite) for adding to the bedding as well as the optimum mixture ratio of these adsorbents to chicken manure mass have been determined. The optimum conditions for obtaining granulated organic-mineral fertiliser of prolonged action based on this composition have been studied. In the result of the research data analysis a technological scheme for organic-mineral fertiliser production based on chicken manure and a mixture of natural adsorbents have been proposed.

The study of the composting process is a very urgent task. The rapid growth in food production leads to the formation of waste, which should be safely disposed of in a natural way – composting. Composting the vegetable component of food waste can significantly reduce the proportion of waste falling into landfills and utilize the food waste from the hotel and restaurant industry. Additional enrichment of the compost mixture of food waste with the «Baikal EM» microbiological additive accelerates the maturation process and enhances the efficiency of the finished compost. Such compost does not contain viable weed seeds or pathogenic microflora and can be used as a fertilizer. In contrast to the control, a sufficient level of germination index is observed for the studied samples and they are not phytotoxic. The finished compost can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture for growing crops. The results obtained indicate that the index of germination of radish seeds increases along with the duration of fermentation of the composted mixture. Communities of microorganisms contained in the «Baikal EM» additive accelerate the natural process of composting, taking an active part in the destruction of the components of the vegetable mixture. The pH value of the finished compost, both under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions, is close to neutral indicators. High values of CO2 emissions from reactors were recorded in the second week under thermophilic and for 3 weeks under mesophilic conditions. The finished compost that fermented under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions can be used as fertilizer, but considering that additional energy is required to create thermophilic conditions, it is advisable to compost the food waste mixture with the addition of the microbiological additive «Baikal EM» under mesophilic conditions.

The prospects of using sewage sludge from Lviv wastewater treatment plants for biological reclamation have been assessed. Based on the results of the monitoring of determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of sewage sludge accumulated in silt fields, the dependences of the distribution of sanitary-microbiological and ecological-chemical characteristics of the accumulated sludge are constructed. Agroecological laboratory researches of an estimation of possibility of use of sewage sludge in a mix with natural sorbents as a substrate for cultivation of plants are carried out.

The article deals with global experience reclamation of land disturbed due to mining and man-made processes . The experience of Ukraine in carrying out biological reclamation of disturbed lands as a result of mining operations is analyzed. Directions of land reclamation in the world are defined. It is determined which plant species are best used for biological reclamation of disturbed lands.

This work is dedicated to development of scientific technologies of wastewater purification of different industrial enterprises from chrome ion by the way of adsorption with the help of bentonite from Cherkasy field in dynamic conditions. Perspective and efficacy of bentonite clays application for wastewater purification are confirmed by their advantages over other sorbents, that is: they win in accessibility, cost, and possibility of regeneration and multiple usages. The level of wastewater purification during adsorption with a stationary sorbent layer under static conditions and under conditions of perfect mixing at different concentrations of chromium ions (III) and quantities of the dosed sorbent was determined. The significant difference in the purification level ranges from 70÷87 % and is more dependent on the stock concentration of chromium ions. It has been found that the purification time of the same volumes of solutions for low concentrations is almost two times shorter under constant stirring, and of the same level at the stock concentrations of 1500mg/dm3. The technological schemes of wastewater purification from heavy metal ions contamination were developed.

The article deals with the main methods of nutrient removal from wastewater, as well as presents promising technologies and techniques. Struvite was characterized by a complex phosphorus fertilizer. The influence of struvite on the processes of germination of cultivated plants was investigated. The possibility of creating a growth substrate as an inexpensive and effective alternative to the disposal of the man-made wastes that contain an organic component was identified. The composition of the growth substrate was selected to ensure its functional properties. The growth substrate was tested by bioindication. Subsequently, the modification of the substrate by adding natural sorbents.

The article describes the steps for organizing and conducting ecological monitoring of surface water in order to move Ukraine to the European standards in the field of water use and protection. The main water users-pollutants of the Western Bug River basin in the Lviv region were identified. The results of the water samples taken from the control bodies in 2018 were analyzed. A promising way to improve the work of the water basin management of the Western Bug River is proposed.

The work is devoted to the research of the enzymatic destruction process of solid waste of the primary winemaking enterprises the introduction of advanced technology of their utilization and creation of optimally balanced feed additive. The processing of grapes produces waste, the storage and accumulation of which in environmental components leads to the loss of valuable resource in the composition of waste and leads to the creation of increased levels of environmental hazards. Enzymatic degradation of cellulose in the composition of waste by the cellulase enzyme through the microorganisms' action is the basis of the biotechnological process. To implement this process, it is necessary to determine the main parameters and modes of the bioconversion process, investigation of which the study is devoted. The basic characteristics of the enzymatic degradation process were determined and data were obtained for the technology improvement of solid waste utilization of the wine industry enterprises. Comparative analysis of bioconversion of different types of waste proves that the cellulose enzymatic degradation is the most effective for the grape pomace in the waste, allows us to obtain valuable feed additive and reduce the environmental danger level.

The hydrogenation process in oil and fat production is accompanied by the formation of a large amount of waste, the main of which are spent catalyst and spent sorbent. Bioconversion of lipids through the use of immobilized enzyme preparations expands the possibilities and is one of the most powerful resource potentials of environmental biotechnology. Bioconversion of lipids through the use of immobilized enzyme preparations expands the possibilities and is one of the most powerful resource potentials of environmental biotechnology. The adsorption methods are most effective, which is due to the ease of the binding process, the low cost of the carrier and the absence of toxic substances. Immobilization of adsorption provides a large surface area, which is important for lipolytic enzymes performing catalysis at the interface. In most cases, adsorption slightly reduces the activity of lipases and, which is extremely important, does not affect their specificity. It was shown that the use of activated carbon with a grain size of 2.0-2.8 as a carrier for immobilization of lipase, leads to maximum preservation of the initial lipolytic activity. The weight ratio of carrier/ enzyme, optimal in terms of preservation of lipolytic activity, was 1 g of biopolymer carrier per 500 mg of lipase (1: 0.5) with preservation of 36.33% of the initial activity of the native enzyme. From the obtained experimental data, it follows that the rational conditions of immobilization of Rhizopus japonicus is GM 1.5, temperature 25 ° С, duration of immobilization 15 minutes, the size of particles of activated carbon as a matrix is 2.0-2.8 mm. The lipolytic activity of the enzyme immobilized under these conditions is preserved by more than 30% compared with the native, which is a high indicator of the preservation of activity.

The research of physical and chemical properties of landfill leachates and migration of its hazardous components into hydrosphere and biosphere is a current problem in the global context. The object of the research is landscape-changing factors of the Lviv municipal landfill (Ukraine). It was defined that the biggest part of oil products accumulates in the leachates at the south-western side of the landfill (23.6 mg/dm3) and it is 2.36 times higher than the value of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) (10 mg/ dm3); the most salted leachates with chlorides and sulfites are those accumulating at the foot and at the northwestern side; phosphates content of the investigated samples of the leachates was the highest at the foot of the landfill and it was 12.8 mg/dm3, which exceeds the MPC (10 mg/dm3) by 1.28 times; high concentration of ammonium nitride was discovered in the leachates at the foot (76.1 mg/dm3) and at the northwestern side (46.3 mg/dm3), which exceeds the MPC (30 mg/dm3) by 2.53 and 1.54 times, accordingly; the highest indicators of total iron are typical for basins nearby (at the foot - 68.2 mg/dm3, at the northwestern side – 56.3 mg/dm3) and exceed the MPC norms (2.5 mg/dm3) by 27.28 and 22.52 times, respectively. According to certain indicators, the content of hazardous components in the leachates, which accumulate at the foot and at the northwestern side, exceeds the MPC and is several times higher than in the natural basins at the distance of 800 and 1200 m.

ABSTRACT This work is dedicated to development of scientific technologies of sewage water clarification of different industrial enterprises from chrome and nickel ions by the way of adsorption by bentonite from Cherkasy field in dynamic conditions. Perspective and efficiency of application of bentonite clays for clarification of sewage water are confirmed by their advantages before other sorbents, that is: they win in accessibility, cost, and possibility of regeneration and multiple usages. The researches proved expediency of usage the bentonite clays for clarification of sewage water from chrome (III), zink (ІІ) and nickel(II) ions. The static activities have been determined and isotherms of adsorption of nikel, zink and chrome ions have been built. As the most optimal method reset of spend sorbent, deposition by gravity is chosen. Dosage of flocculants allows accelerating the process and increasing the degree of deposition. The basic parameters of the precipitation process of the used sorbent are established. The technological schemes of drain water purification from heavy metal ions contamination were developed; as well as the following sedimentation and regeneration of sorbents.

The paper analyzes the advanced technologies of wastewater treatment with a high content of organic pollutants and ammonium ions. Two different bi-stage scenarios for the treatment of such effluents are proposed. The first scenario includes the pretreatment in aerated lagoons and the final stage at the wastewater treatment plants after appropriate dilution with municipal sewages. The second scenario also includes the first stage in aerated lagoons with a tertiary treatment at the plant for cyanobacteria cultivation with the use of obtained biomass for biofuels production. The effects of the aeration periodicity on the leachate treatment efficiency and also on the composition of microbiocenosis in the aerated lagoons were investigated. Leachates of the Lviv landfill of municipal solid waste (MSW) were used in experimental investigations. Lviv landfill of MSW was used for domestic and industrial wastes deposition for almost six decades, since the 1960's. It was found that the highest effect of ammoniacal nitrogen removal was obtained in the mode of periodic aeration, with the cycle duration of two hours including the one-hour aeration. It is found that microorganisms extracted from the leachates of the Lviv MSW landfill are prospective for the new biotechnologies of treatment of the highly concentrated wastewaters, since this microbiocenosis is resistant to the widespread pollutants, in particular to heavy metal ions.

In work the exchange capacity and the selectivity of different ion-exchange products regarding the ammonium ions in purification processes were measured; the regenerative preparation compounds influence on efficiency of conduction of ion-exchange products regeneration was learnt. The adsorption processes were adapted to known technological schemes of sewage and polluted surface water purification that was polluted with ammonium ions. There were measured the technological aspects of water purification by using adsorption on natural dispersed sorbents. The technological schemes of drain water purification from ammonium ions were developed. The method of simultaneous removal of highly concentrated nitrogen and phosphorus was analyzed by physical and chemical precipitation, forming struvite, a by-product of magnesium ammonium orthophosphate hexahydrate. The analyses were done at various molar ratios of magnesium and phosphate ions and at various pH values. The comparative thermal analysis of chemical precipitation products and pure struvite was performed. The optimal conditions were identified to experience the maximum efficiency of simultaneous removal of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate ions from wastewater, forming MgNH4PO4·6H2O.

Розглянуто вплив використання відновлюваних джерел енергії на величину річної потреби кінцевої енергії і первинної невідновлюваної енергії, на прикладі громадських будівель. Проаналізовано кілька варіантів технічно можливих рішень із постачанням будинків невідновлюваними і відновлюваними джерелами енергії для опалення, гарячого водопостачання та освітлення. Представлено структуру попиту на енергію на ці цілі і взаємозв'язок між показниками попиту на корисну, кінцеву та невідновлювану первинну енергію. Результати зіставлено із енергетичними стандартами, які є обов'язковими за польськими нормативними технічно-будівельними вимогами. Розрахунки виконано відповідно до європейських стандартів і обов'язковою до застосування у Польщі методологією оцінки енергетичної ефективності будівлі.

Monitoring of work of the aeration tanks of operating town treatment plants is done. Based on the obtained results a conclusion has been drawn that sewage water is improperly treated from ammonium nitrogen. The velocity of the aeration process, depending on the concentration of dissolved oxygen and ammonium nitrogen, is investigated. The obtained investigation data became the basis for modeling the aeration process in industrial conditions depending on the required initial concentration of ammonium nitrogen.