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The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is in the process of modernization, which it expects to achieve by 2035. This requires a national indicator to gauge the progress and level of the country’s modernization drive. This working paper provides an indicator that assesses the progress in the PRC’s modernization journey, and applies this modernization indicator—structured on thematic categories, subcategories, and intersection—to the PRC’s performance, which is then compared with countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the G20. The paper also examines four major policy implications of this modernization for the PRC, which will be more durable and successful if coupled with effective division of labor and synergy with stakeholders.

This paper provides a new and simple methodology to examine the relative size of the shadow economy to the official one using the quantity theory of money identity. We measure the shadow economy size in Korea annually. The Korean government has implemented various transparency policy measures to identify the tax source in commercial transactions. We find significant evidence that credit card encouragement and the cash payment receipt system have a negative effect on the shadow economy size.

Two kinds of new piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid M (PIPEABPM ) were synthesized and their combustive properties of Pinus rigida plates treated with PIPEABPM were tested in comparison with the previously synthesized chemicals. Pinus rigida specimens were painted in three times with 15 wt% PIPEABPM solutions at the room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). As a result, the combustion-retardation properties were partially increased by due to the treated PIPEABPM solutions in the virgin Pinus rigida. Especially, the specimens treated with PIPEABPM showed both the lower peak heat release rate (HRR ) (173.48~145.36) s and total heat release rate (THRR) (73.0~55.2) MJ/m than those of virgin piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP)-plate. Compared with virgin PIPEABP-plate, the specimens treated with the PIPEABPM showed low combustive properties. However the specimens treated with PIPEABPM showed both the shorter time to ignition (TTI) (58~18) s and the time to flameout (Tf) (564~456) s than those of virgin PIPEABP-plate by increasing the thermal conductivity.

We study Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit tests for evaluating distributional hypotheses where unknown parameters need to be fitted. Following the work of Pollard (1980), our approach uses a Cramér–von Mises minimum distance estimator for parameter estimation. The asymptotic null distribution of the resulting test statistic is represented by invariance principle arguments as a functional of a Brownian bridge in a simple regression format for which asymptotic critical values are readily delivered by simulations. Asymptotic power is examined under fixed and local alternatives and finite sample performance of the test is evaluated in simulations. The test is applied to measure top income shares using Korean income tax return data over 2007–2012. When the data relate to estimating the upper 0.1% or higher income shares, the conventional assumption of a Pareto tail distribution cannot be rejected. But the Pareto tail hypothesis is rejected for estimating the top 1.0% or 0.5% income shares at the 5% significance level. A supplement containing proofs and data descriptions is available online.

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Medium Density Fibreboards (MDFs) treated with chemicals of the bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDAP), N,N-dimethylethylenediaminomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (DMDEDAP), piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP), and methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MPIPEABP). MDFs were painted in three times with 15 wt% solution of the bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid and alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids at the room temperature, respectively. After drying MDF treated with chemicals, combustive properties and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contents were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1), test for flame retardant (NEMA Notice No. 2012034), and gas chromatography (KS M ISO 11890-2), respectively. It was indicated that the MDFs treated with chemicals showed the longer time to combustion time (CT) = (442~492) s than that of virgin plate by reducing the burning rate except for CT treated with DMDAP. In adition, the MDFs treated with chemicals showed both of the higher char area (44.33~61.33) kg/kg and char length (10.33~11.67) cm than those of virgin plate. Especially, the MDFs treated with chemicals showed the higher mean volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (0.188~0.333) g/L than that of virgin plate within the prescribed limits. Thus, It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated chemicals in the virgin MDF.

This study was performed to test combustive properties of medium density fibreboard (MDF) plates treated with piper- azinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP), methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MPIPEABP), and N,N-dimethyle- thylenediaminomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MDEDAP). MDF specimens were painted three times with 15 wt% solution of the alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids at room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined using the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). As a result, combustion-retardation properties increased due to the treatment of bare MDF with alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acid solution. Especially, the specimens treated with chemicals showed the ignition (TTI) (148 s∼116 s) was retarded and the flameout (Tf) (633 s∼529 s) time increased, while the total heat release rate (THRR) (61.1∼67.0) MJ/m 2 was lowered than those of using virgin plate by reducing the burnig rate. Compared with virgin MDF plate, the specimens treated with the alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids showed low combustive properties. However the specimens treated with bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDP) showed the higher peak heat release rate (PHRR) (185.08 kW/m 2 ) than that of the virgin plate.

In 2002, variable annuities were introduced in South Korea and have shown enormous success since then. They are life-insurance products with investment guarantees. Variable annuities allow policyholders to allocate premiums into a wide range of investment vehicles such as stocks, bonds, money market instruments, or some combinations of them. Due to the investment guarantee which is called guaranteed living benefits (GLBs), the benefit is always the greater of (1) the account value of the policyholder investment and (2) the guaranteed amount. Life insurance companies set aside reserves for the guarantees in the general account. Just as the account value depends on the performance of investments, VA lapses also rely on the performance of investments. For example, policyholders will not terminate the contracts when account value is way lower than the guaranteed amount. Considering that lapses determine the total benefit of VAs that a insurance company should pay, calculating risk margin for lapse is a key issue in the VA business. In this study, risk margin for VA lapses is estimated with Wang transform suggested by Wang (2000, 2002).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate oral health status using oral health index in the elderly population and determine methods for improving oral health status.The date collected from ‘The fifth korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2010’ was analyzed in this study. The subjects included in this study were 712 elderly people, aged 65 years or older and who had completed the oral examination, health questionnaires and nutrition examination. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS 19.0 for Windows. We determined Frequency analysis and multiple regression analysis.General characteristics and oral health behaviors showed differences in number of teeth associated with as male, the lower age, as dong, the higher education level, the lower smoking, the more use oral health goods, in DMFT associated with the lower age, the lower income level, the higher education level, in FS-T associated with as female, the higher income level, the more use brushing, in T-Health associated with as male, the lower age, as dong, the lower smoking, the more use oral health goods, in CPI associated with as male, the lower age, as dong, the lower smoking, the more use oral health goods. In conclusion, oral health behavior have effect on oral health index, in order to improve the quality of life and promote oral health of the elderly, oral health education system should be organized. Local governments should be supported active and various oral health program for the elderly.

The objective of the present study is to review and introduce R&D strategy, progress and plan focused on marine geological storage in Republic of Korea. Marine geological storage of CO 2 is to transport and to store CO 2 captured from major point sources into the offshore geologic formations. The present project focused on an investigation into potential CO 2 storage in the Korean continental shelves. This technology development plan is to meet Korean Government's CCS demonstration plan to explore and secure the CO 2 storage sites which have >1MtCO 2 /year capacity in 2015 and to start CO 2 injection of >1 MtCO 2 /year in 2017. We have carried out comprehensive R&D project on CO 2 storage in marine geological formations since 2005. From 2011, core technologies related to the demonstration of CO 2 offshore geological storage have been developed. Under this multidisciplinary project, our research topics can be categorized into 4 parts: 1) screening, selection and characterization of storage sites, and development of DB (especially focused on the offshore sediments), 2) design of offshore transport infrastructure including CO 2 pipeline, carrier and floating temporary storage, 3) development of technologies for CO 2 leak prevention during the transport, injection and storage processes, and 4) modeling and monitoring of subsurface CO 2 behavior, and establishment of marine environmental monitoring and management framework.

In the present study, we have developed an optimal heat supply algorithm which minimizes the heat loss through the distribution pipe line in a group energy apartment. Heating load variation of a group energy apartment building according to the outdoor air temperature was predicted by a correlation obtained from calorimetry measurements of all households in the apartment building. Supply water temperature and mass flow rate were simultaneously controlled to minimize the heat loss rate through the distribution pipe line. A group heating apartment building located in Hwaseong city, Korea, which has 1473 households, was selected as the object building to test the present heat supply algorithm. Compared to the original heat supply system, the present system adopting the proposed control algorithm reduced the heat loss rate by 10.4%.

In this study, BaNb2O6 thin films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by MOCVD using ultrasonic nebulization and their deposition characteristics and electrical properties were investigated. The composition of thin films was controlled by changing the molar ratio of Ba/Nb source in the source solution and the deposition temperature. The BaNb2O6 single phase thin films could be prepared using a source solution with the concentration of 0.07 mol/l Ba-source and 0.105 mol/l Nb-source at the substrate temperature of 350°C. The dielectric constant of the film was about 86. The current density was 6.740 × 10−7 A/cm2 at −10 V and 1.075 × 10−6 A/cm2 at +10 V. Also, the remanent polarization was 0.302 μC/cm2 and the coercive force was 31.523 kV/cm.

An active apatite drainage system has been developed at the Goro abandoned mine, comprising a grit cell, a reaction cell, and a precipitation pond. Leachate from an abandoned adit and tailing ponds is collected in a pipeline and is transported to the apatite drainage system under the influence of the hydraulic gradient. The results of a laboratory experiment performed in 2004 indicate that the reaction cell requires 38.8 ton/year of apatite and that precipitate will have to be removed from the precipitation pond every 3 months. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a laboratory test on the efficiency of limestone and apatite in removing arsenic from ARD (acid rock drainage), and to evaluate the suitability of materials for use as a precipitant for the leachate treatment disposal system. The laboratory tests show that the arsenic removal ratios of limestone and apatite are 67.4%-98.3%, and the arsenic removal ratio of apatite is inversely proportional to its grain size. The arsenic compounds are assumed to be Johnbaumnite and Ca-arsenic hydrate. Therefore, apatite and phosphorous limestone can be used as a precipitant for the removal of arsenic, although it is difficult to remove arsenic from ARD when it occurs in low concentrations.

Pb(Mg1/3,Nb2/3)O3-BaTiO3 thin films were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by MOCVD using ultrasonic nebulization and the effects of BaTiO3 mole fraction on the crystal phase of the films were investigated. We could make the films of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 and its solid solutions with BaTiO3 with stoichiometric compositions by this method. 0.95PMN-0.05BT film made at 375°C then annealed at 700°C had nearly perovskite single phase. The dielectric constant was about 143.8. The current density was 5.15 × 10−9 A/cm2 at +10 V, and 5.35 × 10−7A/cm2 at −10 V.

Natural gas, a fossil fuel contained mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest alternative fuels. It can be used in the form of compressed gas(CNG) or liquefied natural gas(LNG) to cars and trucks. And, dedicated natural gas vehicles are designed to run on natural gas only, while Bi-fuel vehicles can also run on gasoline or CNG, especially, bi-fuel can be defined as the simultaneous combustion of two fuels. In this study, converted gasoline marine system to CNG Bi-fuel system which is made up of injector, regulator, tank and ECU is converted. And estimated the fuel system and engine power compared the result with gasoline engine is estimated. As a result, CNG engine shows low exhaust emissions but maxium power is 7% reduced compared to gasoline engine.

To improve performance of the main landing gear for helicopters, a semi-active control landing gear is introduced in this paper. An MR damper based on commercial finite element electromagnetic field analysis of an electromagnet has been adapted the shock absorber. Force control algorithm (which maintains constantly the sum of air spring force and damping force as internal forces) which keep the sum of air spring force and damping force constant during landing, has been used for the controller, applied to control the semi-active landing gear. A series of drop simulations using ADAMS has been done with the passive, sky-hook control type, and force control type landing gears. The result of each simulation has been compared to evaluate the landing performance of the proposed force control type landing gear.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the ignition spark timing conversion influences the engine performance of LPG/Gasoline Bi-Fuel engine. We propose the control system which can advance the ignition spark timing in LPG fuel mode more than used in gasoline fuel mode. In order to investigate the engine performance during combustion, engine performance are sampled by data acquisition system, for example cylinder pressure, pressure rise rate and heat release rate, while change of the rpm(1500, 2000) and the ignition timing advance(5°,10°,15°,20°) As the result, between 1500rpm and 2000rpm, the cylinder pressure and pressure rise rate was increased when the spark ignition was advanced but pressure rise rate at 20° was smaller value. Also, the heat release rate at 1500rpm was increased but it was lower around 20° at 2000rpm. Key Words : LPG(Liquefied Petroleum Gas), Bi-Fuel Engine, Ignition Timing Advance, Cylinder Pressure, Pressure Rise Rate, Heat Release Rate * 교신저자 : 박명호(parkmh@kangwon.ac.kr)접수일 09년 01월 06일 수정일 (1차 09년 05월 07일, 1차 09년 06월 10일, 3차 09년 07월 16일) 게재확정일 09년 07월 22일

This study proposes the strategic marketing directions for the segmented markets by automobile repurchasing customers in Korea, and demonstrates the corporate brands' competitive relationships by lifestyle types based on customers' brand choice behavior. With the empirical findings, the lifestyle types can be classified into four different patterns, such as "reasonable leader," "reality-complacent," "guidance fulfillment," and "economical-information oriented." The salient nature of each lifestyle group and useful marketing strategies are as follow: 1) Reasonable leader typed customers preferred big size Korean brand automobiles to foreign brands. It was noted that a number of brand switchers are included in this group. Marketing managers thus need to take challenges focusing on their marketing activities to promote the short-term performance. 2) Reality-complacent respondents prominently preferred popular and aged brands. It could be argued that managers need to focus their marketing interest more strongly on current customers rather than to exercise aggressive marketing strategies. 3) Guidance fulfillments are willing to take role as opinion leaders in automobile markets in Korea, and tend to be much more emotional. In this market, stimulating customers' sensory could be much more important. Therefore, automobile company needs to emphasize product design and style more than the product quality for this group of customers. 4) Economical-information oriented type of customers show a similar disposition to guidance fulfillments, but this group tends to consider economical aspects more important. For this group, emotional marketing approach with economical aspects considered would be useful strategy.

We study Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit tests for evaluating distributional hypotheses where unknown parameters need to be fitted. Following work of Pollard (1979), our approach uses a Cramer-von Mises minimum distance estimator for parameter estimation. The asymptotic null distribution of the resulting test statistic is represented by invariance principle arguments as a functional of a Brownian bridge in a simple regression format for which asymptotic critical values are readily delivered by simulations. Asymptotic power is examined under fixed and local alternatives and finite sample performance of the test is evaluated in simulations. The test is applied to measure top income shares using Korean income tax return data over 2007 to 2012. When the data relate to the upper 0.1% or higher tail of the income distribution, the conventional assumption of a Pareto tail distribution cannot be rejected. But the Pareto tail hypothesis is rejected for the top 1.0% or 0.5% incomes at the 5% significance level.

This paper analyzes the consumption function induced by liquidity constraints under perfect foresight in continuous time, obtaining an analytical expression for the inverse consumption function. Liquidity constraints have dramatic effects on consumption, even long before the constraints bind.

Today every nation faces serious problems of energy supply. Reasonable technologies to make use of coal (including coke) can not only help the mining-related economy which is showing a downward trend but also may fit in with the governmental energy policy. In this research, we aim to supply heating systems in factories, homes, and farms with a substitute fuel by developing coke/waste tire compound fuel with high efficiency for rational use of energy and for recycling of industrial products. A coke/waste boiler was used for this experiment, and different kinds of fuel were experimented including coke, waste tire, coke/waste A and coke/waste B. Four kinds of exhaust gas were also sampled by a gas analyzer, including CO, CO2, NO and NO2 at different temperatures.

We studied the influence of the plasma-treatment on MgO film in plasma display panels by XPS, SEM and AFM analysis. With the plasma-treatment, adsorbed contaminants on MgO surface were removed and the surface topography was changed smoothly. We observed that the breakdown and sustained voltages of plasma-treated panels are stabilized more rapidly than those of non-treated panels.

Recently, the demand for advanced technology of high precision and high efficiency processing of hard materials such as inconel is increasing with progress of industrial goods. However, the machinability of inconel is very inferior to the other conventional industrial materials and the machining technology for inconel involves many problems to be solved in machining accuracy, machining efficiency, etc. Therefore it is needs to establish the machining technology. The purpose of this study is to develop an advanced ultrasonic vibration machining technology for inconel, using the 60KHz and 75KHz high frequency, amplitude about 8 and 4, respectively. As the result, this new ultrasonic vibration machining is reasonable and suitable for the high efficient. accuracy machining method of inconel.

The glass compositions of PbO‐SiO2‐B2O3 system and P2O5‐PbO‐ZnO system for the transparent dielectric materials for front panel and P2O5‐ZnO‐BaO and SiO2‐ZnO‐B2O3 for the reflective dielectric materials for back panel of PDP (Plasma Display Panel) were investigated. As a result, transparent dielectric materials for front panel showed good dielectric properties, high transparency, and proper thermal expansion matching to soda lime glass substrate. And the reflective dielectric layers for back panel were prepared from two series of parent glass and oxide filler. It was found that these glass‐ceramics are useful materials for dielectric layers in PDP device, as they have similar thermal expansion to soda‐lime glass plate, high reflectance, and low sintering temperature. In particular, the addition of BPO4 and TiO2 as fillers to SiO2‐ZnO‐B2O3 system is considered to be the most effective for acquiring good properties of lower dielectric layer for PDP device.

A new projection lens for high definition TV has been developed. The lens is designed to correct color aberration with diffractive optical element (DOE) and to realize the large numerical aperture (NA) lens. We have been able to improve the optical performance and brightness significantly without increasing the number of elements. The new projection lens has high brightness, high resolution and low manufacturing cost. This paper describes the design and fabrication of the hybrid projection lens with DOE for 56-inch high definition CRT projection TV.

LGE developed and demonstrated a 60-inch AC Plasma Display panel with 1365×768. This is the first 60-inch full color AC PDP in the world. The Sol-gel method for MgO layer, Green sheet for dielectric layer, and photolithography for electrodes and phosphor layer have been used to fabricate a 60 inch panel. Selective Erase driving scheme was employed to display color images. Its luminance is about 550 cd/m2 and contrast ratio is 500:1.

A Spindt type 3-in. diagonal field emission display (FED) panel has been successfully manufactured using Mo-tip field emitter array with 300/spl times/300 pixels. Electron emission and electron stimulated outgassing characteristics are investigated simultaneously during display operation.

This paper describes a practical echo signal synthesis model by highlight distribution for underwater simulated target. At high frequencies all the echo components can be regarded as the summation of an individual echo from certain equivalent scattering centers, as such an underwater target can be characterized by highlights distributed within a spatial target structure. The proposed model is compared with the characteristics of the random distributed model and equivalent interval highlight model, and analyzed for the relative target strengths, echo-elongation effect, and target time spread loss etc. The results confirm that the proposed model can be efficiently used in various real systems related to the echo signal synthesis for acoustic countermeasures engineering.

The thin film of getter materials is deposited on 3.5/spl times/4.5 cm soda glass plate. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the feasibility of thin film getters for in situ pumping of impurity gases, known as H/sub 2/O, CO, and O/sub 2/ etc., in the field emission display (FED) panel. Zr and Ti based metal alloys are prepared by simple magnetron sputtering method. Many elements and their alloys have been tested under tight restrictions of cathode and hermetic sealing processes, i.e. acceptable activation temperature lower than 350/spl deg/C to protect from cathode damage and minimizing getter degradation during sealing process. The Ti/Zr thin film getter is activated at relatively low temperature (300/spl deg/C) and is shown to act as a possible in situ pump for FED.

A new volcano-type triode field emitter array has been fabricated on a glass substrate using titanium nitride as the emitter material. It is based on the process development for the formation of uniform emitters over large areas using reactive ion etching and the sputtering method. In this study, the effects of the ratio of volcano emitter size to gate hole size on the emission characteristics were investigated with a fixed emitter–gate distance of 1.0 μm and compared with computer simulation results using a finite element method. As the ratio of volcano emitter size to gate hole size decreased, especially from a ratio of around 0.5 to 0.4, the anode current significantly increased. This behavior may result from the increase in the maximum electric field on a tip with a decrease in the ratio as is expected from computer simulation.