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Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (DMAPS) sensors developed in the Tower Semiconductor 180 nm CMOS imaging process have been designed in the context of the ATLAS ITk upgrade Phase-II at the HL-LHC and for future collider experiments. The "MALTA-Czochralski (MALTA-Cz)" full size DMAPS sensor has been developed with the goal to demonstrate a radiation hard, thin CMOS sensor with high granularity, high hit-rate capability, fast response time and superior radiation tolerance. The small pixel size ($36.4\times 36.4$~$\mu$m$^2$) provides high spatial resolution. Its asynchronous readout architecture is designed for high hit-rates and fast time response in triggered and trigger-less detector applications. The readout architecture is designed to stream all hit data to the multi-channel output which allows an off-sensor trigger formation and the use of hit-time information for event tagging. The sensor manufacturing has been optimised through process adaptation and special implant designs to allow the manufacturing of small electrode DMAPS on thick high-resistivity p-type Czochralski substrate. The special processing ensures excellent charge collection and charge particle detection efficiency even after a high level of radiation. Furthermore the special implant design and use of a Czochralski substrate improves the sensor's time resolution. This paper presents a summary of sensor design optimisation through process and implant choices and TCAD simulation to model the signal response. Beam and laboratory test results on unirradiated and irradiated sensors have shown excellent detection efficiency after a dose of $2\times10^{15}$ 1 MeV n$_{eq}$/cm$^{2}$. The time resolution of the sensor is measured to be $\sigma=2$~ns.

An extensive numerical analysis of the scattering and transport properties of the power-law banded random matrix model (PBRM) at criticality in the presence of orthogonal, unitary, and symplectic symmetries is presented. Our results show a good agreement with existing analytical expressions in the metallic regime and with heuristic relations widely used in studies of the PBRM model in the presence of orthogonal and unitary symmetries. Moreover, our results confirm that the multifractal behavior of disordered systems at criticality can be probed by measuring scattering and transport properties, which is of paramount importance from the experimental point of view. Thus, a full picture of the scattering and transport properties of the PBRM model at criticality corresponding to the three classical Wigner-Dyson ensembles is provided., Comment: 15 pages and 17 figures

The MALTA family of Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (DMAPS) produced in Tower 180 nm CMOS technology targets radiation hard applications for the HL-LHC and beyond. Several process modifications and front-end improvements have resulted in radiation hardness up to $2 \times 10^{15}~1~\text{MeV}~\text{n}_{eq}/\text{cm}^2$ and time resolution below 2 ns, with uniform charge collection efficiency across the Pixel of size $36.4 \times 36.4~\mu\text{m}^2$ with a $3~\mu\text{m}^2$ electrode size. The MALTA2 demonstrator produced in 2021 on high-resistivity epitaxial silicon and on Czochralski substrates implements a new cascoded front-end that reduces the RTS noise and has a higher gain. This contribution shows results from MALTA2 on timing resolution at the nanosecond level from the CERN SPS test-beam campaign of 2021., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to Journal of Instrumentation (JINST). Proceedings of the 23rd International Workshop on Radiation Imaging Detectors IWORID 2022

We study the time dynamics of random density matrices generated by evolving the same pure state using a Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) of Hamiltonians. We show that the spectral statistics of the resulting mixed state is well described by random matrix theory (RMT) and undergoes a crossover from the GOE to the Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE) for short and large times respectively. Using a semi-analytical treatment relying on a power series of the density matrix as a function of time, we find that the crossover occurs in a characteristic time that scales as the inverse of the Hilbert space dimension. The RMT results are contrasted with a paradigmatic model of many-body localization in the chaotic regime, where the GUE statistics is reached at large times, while for short times the statistics strongly depends on the peculiarity of the considered subspace., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

A novel non-destructive methodology for operando observation of ion intercalation and the state of charge on battery electrodes is presented based on spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The potentiality of this technique for performing time-resolved measurements of (de-)lithiation processes on electrode materials has been demonstrated using thin film spinel LiMn$_2$O$_4$ as a cathode for Li-ion batteries. The chemical diffusivity of Li+ ions in this material has been determined by the time evolution of the Li insertion into the film, and in the light of these results, it has been possible to relate the controversial pseudo-capacitive behavior observed in this material to the nanostructure of the layer. The results presented here establish a new way for operando characterization of battery materials and devices providing a powerful tool for the understanding of ion diffusion mechanisms in a collection of electrochemical devices., Comment: Showcasing research journal cover

In a world being hit by waves of COVID-19, vaccination is a light on the horizon. However, the roll-out of vaccination strategies and their influence on the pandemic are still open problems. In order to compare the effect of various strategies proposed by the World Health Organization and other authorities, a previously developed SEIRS stochastic model of geographical spreading of the virus is extended by adding a compartment for vaccinated people. The parameters of the model were fitted to describe the pandemic evolution in Argentina, Mexico and Spain to analyze the effect of the proposed vaccination strategies. The mobility parameters allow to simulate different social behaviors (e.g. lock-down interventions). Schemes in which vaccines are applied homogeneously in all the country, or limited to the most densely-populated areas, are simulated and compared. The second strategy is found to be more effective. Moreover, under the current global shortage of vaccines, it should be remarked that immunization is enhanced when mobility is reduced. Additionally, repetition of vaccination campaigns should be timed considering the immunity lapse of the vaccinated (and recovered) people. Finally, the model is extended to include the effect of isolation of detected positive cases, shown to be important to reduce infections., Comment: Preprint main: 16 pages with 6 figures; Supplementary Information: 7 pages with 3 figures

We introduce a power-law banded random matrix model for the third of the three classical Wigner-Dyson ensembles, i.e., the symplectic ensemble. A detailed analysis of the statistical properties of its eigenvectors and eigenvalues, at criticality, is presented. This ensemble is relevant for time-reversal symmetric systems with strong spin-orbit interaction. For the sake of completeness, we also review the statistical properties of eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the power-law random banded matrix model for the corresponding systems in the presence and absence of time reversal invariance, previously considered in the literature. Our results show a good agreement with heuristic relations for the eigenstate and eigenenergy statistics at criticality, proposed in previous studies. With this, we provide a full picture of the power-law random banded matrix model corresponding to the three classical Wigner-Dyson ensembles., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

Interface-dominated materials such as nanocrystalline thin films have emerged as an enthralling class of materials able to engineer functional properties of transition metal oxides widely used in energy and information technologies. In particular, it has been proved that strain-induced defects in grain boundaries of manganites deeply impact their functional properties by boosting their oxygen mass transport while abating their electronic and magnetic order. In this work, the origin of these dramatic changes is correlated for the first time with strong modifications of the anionic and cationic composition in the vicinity of strained grain boundary regions. We are also able to alter the grain boundary composition by tuning the overall cationic content in the films, which represents a new and powerful tool, beyond the classical space charge layer effect, for engineering electronic and mass transport properties of metal oxide thin films useful for a collection of relevant solid state devices.

Accurate forecasting of the arrival time and subsequent geomagnetic impacts of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) at Earth is an important objective for space weather forecasting agencies. Recently, the CME Arrival and Impact working team has made significant progress towards defining community-agreed metrics and validation methods to assess the current state of CME modeling capabilities. This will allow the community to quantify our current capabilities and track progress in models over time. Firstly, it is crucial that the community focuses on the collection of the necessary metadata for transparency and reproducibility of results. Concerning CME arrival and impact we have identified 6 different metadata types: 3D CME measurement, model description, model input, CME (non-)arrival observation, model output data and metrics and validation methods. Secondly, the working team has also identified a validation time period, where all events within the following two periods will be considered: 1 January 2011-31 December 2012 and January 2015-31 December 2015. Those two periods amount to a total of about 100 hit events at Earth and a large amount of misses. Considering a time period will remove any bias in selecting events and the event set will represent a sample set that will not be biased by user selection. Lastly, we have defined the basic metrics and skill scores that the CME Arrival and Impact working team will focus on., Comment: special issue: Space Weather Capabilities Assessment