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Antibiotic and disinfectant sensitivities of opportunistic bacteria, isolated from the oral cavity of normal subjects and orthodontic patients, were under study. The findings evidence that oral microflora of patients with orthodontic conditions is more rich in microorganisms that can induce pyoinflammatory diseases than that in health. Among the isolated opportunistic bacteria strains were found that were resistant to both: antibiotics and disinfectants. Antibiotic sensitivities of the microorganisms isolated from normal subjects and patients were found virtually the same, whereas the strains isolated from the patients have shown a higher sensitivity to disinfectants. The authors emphasize that effective prevention of pyoseptic complications in the maxillofacial area involves not only bacteriologic monitoring and studies of the microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics, but analysis of the bacterial sensitivity to disinfectants as well.

Activity of oxidation-reduction enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase was studied in staphylococci isolated from healthy persons and patients as well as from the air and implements of medical institutions. The isolates were resistant either to antibiotics or to chloramine B or to the both. The results showed that development of resistance to antibiotics and chloramine B in the staphylococci was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase. In the strains resistant only to chloramine B the activity of the enzymes was practically at the same level as in the strains resistant only to antibiotics. In the strains resistant to both antibiotics and chloramine B, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase did not practically differ from that in the strains resistant either to antibiotics or to chloramine B.

Phagocytic reaction with respect to antibiotic and chloramine B sensitive and resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy persons and patients, air and stock of medical institutions was studied on albino mice. It was shown that the staphylococcal isolates included strains simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine, sensitive to antibiotics and resistant to chloramine, resistant to antibiotics and sensitive to chloramine and simultaneously resistant to antibiotics and chloramine. Activity, intensity and completeness of phagocytosis by leucocytes from mouse abdominal cavity exudates with respect to the staphylococcal strains sensitive to antibiotics and resistant to chloramine, resistant to antibiotics and sensitive to chloramine and simultaneously resistant to antibiotics and chloramine were lower than the values of the phagocytic reaction with respect to the isolates simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine. This suggested that not only antibiotic resistance of microbes but also their resistance to disinfectants could be referred to complicating factors of hospital infections.

Biochemical activity of the guinea pig leucocytes phagocyting live antibiotic sensitive and resistant bacteria was studied in vitro. The results of the study showed that the leucocytes which had absorbed live Staph. aureus and E. coli sensitive and resistant to be benzylpenicillin and levomycetin respectively differed in increased contents of nucleic acids. The increase was due to higher contents of RNA. The activity of dehydrogenases, acid and alkaline phosphatases was markedly inhibited. The use of oxygen and lipase activity did not differ from the control in the experiments with phagocytosis of both Staph. aureus and E. coli. The activity of peroxidase and catalase in the experiments with phagocytosis of E. coli did not differ from the control, while in the experiments with phagocytosis of Staph. aureus it increased. The data testified to the fact that the enzymatic activity of the phagocytes changed when they absorbed the objects of phagocytosis, the changes in the biochemical activity being dependent on the nature of the antigen and its state.

The effect of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline on phagocytosis by leukocytes of abdominal cavity exudate, activity of lysozyme and beta-lysines in the blood serum, content of nucleic acids and activity of succinate dehydrogenase and phosphatase (total and acid) in the liver cells was studied on albino mice infected by staphylococci. It was shown that the treatment of the animals with benzylpenicillin and tetracycline for 5 days affected the cellular and nonspecific humoral defence and activity of succinate dehydrogenase and phosphatase. A decrease in the indices of the phagocytosis, activity of lysozyme, beta-lysines, succinate dehydrogenase and phosphatase was observed. Tetracycline had a more pronounced inhibitory effect. Neither benzylpenicillin, nor tetracycline had an effect on the content of nucleic acids in liver cells.

The effect of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline on the activity, intensity and completion of phagocytosis with the leucocytes of the peritoneal exudate, on the activity of lysozyme and beta-lysins of the blood serum, on the content of nucleic acids, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and total and acid phosphatase in the liver and kidney cells was studied experimentally on noninfected albino mice. The study showed that administration of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline to the animals for 5 days induced a decrease in the activity of the cell and humoral defence and the activity of the above enzymes in the liver and kidney cells. The content of the nucleic acids did not change under the effect of the antibiotics.

Changes in activity of beta-lysins in blood serum were studied in the time course on albino mice infected with staphylococci and treated with rifampicin, lincomycin and inactivated staphylococcal vaccine administered in combination or alone. It was shown that staphylococcal infection lowered activity of the serum beta-lysins in the animals and therapeutic use of inactivated staphylococcal vaccine stimulated beta-lysin activity. Therapeutic use of rifampicin or lincomycin under the same conditions lowered activity of beta-lysins. The inhibitory effect of rifampicin was less pronounced. Combined use of the antibiotics and the vaccine promoted an increase in activity of beta-lysins as compared to the use of the antibiotics alone.

Changes in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), total and acid phosphatase (TP and AP) were studied in treatment of laboratory animals with rifampicin, lincomycin and with inactivated staphylococcal vaccine used alone or in combinations. It was shown that immunization of the animals with inactivated staphylococcal vaccine under conditions of experimental staphylococcal infection promoted stimulation of the enzyme activity. Rifampicin and lincomycin used for the treatment of such animals lowered the activity of the enzymes. The suppressing effect of the antibiotics increased with an increase in the period of their use. It should be noted that the inhibitory effect of rifampicin on the activity of SDH, TP and AP was less pronounced than that of lincomycin. The combined use of the vaccine and antibiotics for the treatment of the animals promoted an increase in the enzyme activity as compared to the use of the antibiotics alone. Sometimes the activity of SDH, TP and AP reached the control levels in such animals or the levels observed in the animals treated with the vaccine alone. Stimulation of the enzyme activity was more pronounced when the vaccine was used in combination with rifampicin.

The time course of changes in the activity, intensity and completeness of phagocytosis with leukocytes of the peritoneal exudate was studied on mice with experimental staphylococcal infection treated with rifampicin, lincomycin and inactivated staphylococcal vaccine used alone or in combination. It was shown that immunization of the animals with inactivated staphylococcal vaccine promoted stimulation of the phagocytic defense. Rifampicin and lincomycin applied therapeutically induced a decrease in the activity, intensity and completeness of phagocytosis. It should be noted that rifampicin had a less pronounced inhibitory effect than lincomycin. The combined use of vaccine and antibiotics with therapeutic purposes promoted an increase in phagocytosis as compared to the use of the antibiotics alone. The combined therapy sometimes resulted in completeness of phagocytosis making it reach the control values (the 10th and 15th days, rifampicin and vaccine). It should be noted that a more pronounced stimulation of the activity, intensity and completeness of the phagocytosis was observed with the use of the combination of rifampicin and the vaccine.

Strains of staphylococci, klebsiella, proteins, blue pus bacillus and enterobacteria resistant not only to antibiotics but also to chloramine, a disinfectant, were isolated from the test material samples obtained from patients with different purulent-inflammatory processes. The following strains are revealed among the test microorganisms: sensitive simultaneously to antibiotics and chloramine; sensitive to antibiotics but resistant to chloramine; sensitive to chloramine but resistant to antibiotics; simultaneously resistant both to antibiotics and chloramine.

Five hundred and twenty seven strains of Staphylococcus aureus with massive contamination of at least 10(3) when estimated quantitatively were tested for their sensitivity to antibiotics and chloramine B. The staphylococcal strains were isolated from patients, air and stock of rooms in medical institutions, from medical personnel and healthy persons having no long-term contacts with hospital media i. e. from pregnant women and workers of confectionery plants. Among the isolates there were strains simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine B (16.6 per cent), sensitive to antibiotics but resistant to chloramine B (5.5 per cent), resistant to antibiotics but sensitive to chloramine B (63.1 per cent) and resistant to antibiotics and chloramine B (15.3 per cent). Staphylococci resistant simultaneously to antibiotics and chloramine B were isolated from the persons of all the groups and from the air and stock of the rooms in the medical institutions. This showed the necessity of controlling sensitivity or staphylococci circulating in hospital media not only to antibiotics but also to disinfectants for providing more efficient prophylaxis of intrahospital infections.