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Biofuels are considered as one of the best viable and inexhaustible alternatives to conventional diesel fuel. Alcohols have become very important and popular in the present scenario due to their peculiar fuel properties and production nature. This study examines the effect of n-amyl alcohol and exhaust gas recirculation of 10% and 20% on various engine characteristics of common rail direct injection (CRDI) compression ignition engine. The proportion of n-amyl alcohol varies from 5% to 25% in 5% step (by volume). The obtained results show that diesel/n-amyl alcohol blends decrease the mean gas temperature and cylinder pressure, which is 1.88% and 4.25% less at 75% load for n-amyl alcohol (25%) with conventional diesel fuel. The duration of combustion has shown a hike of 4.66 °CA for 25% n-amyl alcohol (at 75% load) compared to conventional diesel fuel. However, the cumulative heat release rate improved by 12.95% higher for 25% n-amyl alcohol at 75% load due to the extended delay in ignition. While n-amyl alcohol was used, the emission of nitrogen oxide emissions decreased considerably. However, the hydrocarbon (HC) (7–9%) and carbon monoxide (CO) (6–8%) emissions are increased due to inferior fuel properties like high latent heat evaporation of n-amyl alcohol. Compared with other blends, n-amyl alcohol (5%) produced results comparable to conventional diesel fuel, which is 3.6% higher in BSFC, 2.37% higher BTE, and 33.33% higher CO emissions 18.18% more in HC emission, and 17.55% less NOx emission. Without further modification, we can use 25% n-amyl alcohol in the combustion ignition engines. From this evidence, we can summarize that n-amyl alcohol is a biofuel that is both renewable and sustainable, and also it considerably reduces harmful nitrogen oxide emissions. The performance, if needed, can be improved by changing the parameters of the engine.

The main objective of this present novel work is to investigate the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel derived from the tamarind seed through the transesterification process as potential alternative feedstock for the diesel engine. The physio-chemical properties of tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME) were evaluated experimentally and compared with the base fuel. Test fuels were prepared in 3 concentrations such as B10 (10% tamarind seed oil and 90% diesel), B20 and B30.Experiments were conducted at a constant speed, the injection timing of 23° crank angle and compression ratio 17.5:1 with varying load conditions to investigate the diesel engine characteristics. TSME 20 shown better thermal efficiency (34.41%) over diesel which is 1.17 % higher and also it produces lower emissions of CO, HC, and smoke opacity. N-Amyl alcohol (NAA) is used as a fuel additive for the optimum blend of TSME20; added in 5% and 10% concentration on the volume basis. From the analysis of experimental data, the use of fuel additives significantly reduces the smoke opacity by 29.49 % for TSME20 NAA 10% blend in addition to the reduction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emissions; however, the specific fuel consumption and the oxides of nitrogen were marginally increased.

Semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries often produce waste alcohol mixtures. This study discusses a reactive distillation process of a mixed alcohol feed containing n-amyl alcohol and n-hexanol to react with acetic acid to produce useful esters. In an earlier paper (Lee et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009 48, 7186–7204), optimal design of the same Type-III mixed-alcohol reactive distillation process containing n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol was developed. In that paper, the indirect sequence containing a reactive distillation column with heavier amyl acetate bottom product and a second column to produce butyl acetate gives the lowest total annual cost. In this study, with different mixed alcohol feed (although of the same reaction type), it is found that an alternative direct sequence design is much more economically favorable with 34% reduction in total annual cost as compared to the indirect sequence. The reason for the seemingly contradictory results can be explained by differences in relative volatili...

Nano-TiO2 powder was synthesized by the continous-orderly-controlled-explosive nucleation method [1]. The experiment has effectively degenerated the n-amyl alcohol gas, and investigated its influencing factor by using the Nano-TiO2 photocatalytic activity[2]. When the initial density of the n-amyl alcohol gas is 1714.7mg/m3, the TiO2 calcination temperature is 450°C, the dosage of catalyst is 9.98g. The experiment reacts 40 minutes later, degeneration rate of the n-amyl alcohol achieves above 98%, and the degeneration rate increases constantly with the extension of reaction time. This study provides a solution for the environment pollution problem which the n-amyl alcohol produces.

The magnetic-poly(divinylbenzene-4-vinylpyridine) [m-poly(DVB-4VP)] microbeads (average diameter: 180–212 μm) were synthesized by copolymerizing of divinylbenzene (DVB) with 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and by mixing this copolymer with Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The resultant material was characterized by N 2 adsorption/desorption, ESR, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and swelling studies. After functionalized with sulfonic acid, m-poly(DVB-4VP-SO 3 H) was characterized by FT-IR and TGA analysis. The results showed that both of Fe 3 O 4 and –SO 3 H are bonded to the polymer successfully. N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of synthesized samples had the hysteresis behaviour associated with mesoporous materials (pore diameter: 3.73 nm). Sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous m-poly(DVB-4VP-SO 3 H) has been demonstrated to have higher reactivity than commercially available solid acid catalysts for the conversion of propionic acid to methyl ester. The apparent activation energy was found to be 38.5 kJ mol −1 for m-poly(DVB-4VP-20%SO 3 H). The catalyst showed negligible loss of activity after four repetitive cycles.

Kinetics of heterogeneous catalysed esterification of propionic acid with n-amyl alcohol was studied with a microporous cation-exchange resin catalyst, Dowex 50Wx4, in a stirred batch reactor to synthesise amyl propionate. Effects of various parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst loading, and reaction temperature on reaction rate were investigated. The equilibrium conversion of propionic acid increased with in catalyst loading and reaction temperature. Stirrer speed had virtually no effect on the reaction rate under the experimental conditions. The apparent activation energy was found to be 43.167 kJmol−1 for the formation of amyl propionate and the equilibrium constant, which is independent of temperature ranging from 318 to 348 K, was found to be 4.05. It was also observed that the initial reaction rate decreased with water concentrations and increased with that of acid and increased with that of alcohol linearly. The reaction was found to occur between an adsorbed acid molecule and a molecule of alcohol in the bulk and it was concluded that the reaction mechanism can be represented by Eley-Rideal model.

Manufacturing processes in the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries often produce alcohol mixture byproducts. Therefore, the esterification of alcohol mixtures may be an important step in re...

Esterifications of n-amyl alcohol with propionic acid catalyzed by macroporous (Amberlyst-15) and microporous (Dowex 50 W and Amberlite IR-120) polymeric ion-ex6hange resins were carried out between 333-348 K. When these catalysts were used as commercially available, Amberlyst-15 was observed to be the most effective catalyst with respect to rate constants, but after drying it became the less effective one. The reaction rate increased with increase in catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Stirrer speed and different mesh sizes had virtually no effect on the rate under the experimental conditions. The effect of divinylbenzene content was examined for the micro porous resin Dowex 50 W, and the results showed that the propionic acid conversion decreased as the divinylbenzene content was increased. The rate data were correlated with a second-order homogeneous reaction model. The apparent activation energies, reaction enthalpies and entropy values were calculated for each catalyst. Reaction monitoring is simple and fast by volumetric method and the reproducibility of this method was the order of +/- %2.54.

Vapor-liquid equilibria were measured for the three binary systems made of methyl ethyl ketone with acetone, methyl acetate, or n-amyl alcohol at 100 kPa of pressure by the dew-point-bubble-point temperature apparatus previously proposed by the authors was modified in the present study. Combining the experimental dew-point and bubble-point temperature curves, vapor-liquid equilibria were obtained without using any analytical instrument

Esterlesme reaksiyonlarının dönüsümlerinin yavas bir reaksiyon hızıyla vetersinir reaksiyonların varlıgıyla sınırlı oldukları bilinmektedir. Reaksiyon hızınıarttırmak için katı asit katalizatörlerinin kullanımı homojen asit katalizatörlere göresahip oldukları avantajlar nedeniyle oldukça dikkat çekmektedir. Tasıyıcı iyon olarakkatalizatör iyonunu içeren iyon degistirici reçineler kullanılarak homojen katalizkabullenmesi yapılabilir. Çünkü reaksiyon mekanizması ve kinetik mertebe homojenkatalizinkiler seklinde belirlenmistir.Bu çalısmada, metil alkol ile asetik asit ve n-amil alkol ile propiyonik asitarasındaki esterlesmeler model reaksiyon olarak seçilmistir. Çalısmanın amacı, ikincimertebe homojen reaksiyona göre korele edilmis hız sabitlerine baglı olarak her birmodel reaksiyonu analiz etmede kullanılan volumetrik, kromatografik ve refraktometrikmetodların tekrarlanabilirlik sıralamasını belirlemektir. Ayrıca karıstırma hızı,katalizatör konsantrasyonu, tanecik büyüklügü, divinilbenzen içerigi, sıcaklık, mol oranıve farklı katalizatör gibi reaksiyon hızını etkileyen önemli degiskenler çalısılmıstır.Makro gözenekli (Ambelyst-15) ve mikro gözenekli (Dowex 50W, Amberlite IR-120)reçine katalizatörleri için aktivasyon enerjileri, reaksiyon entalpi ve entropi degerlerihesaplanmıstır.Bu yöntemlerin duyarlılık sıralaması söyle belirlenmistir: volumetrik >kromatografik > refraktometrik. Ayrıca kurutulduktan sonra katalizatör olarakkullanılan reçineler arasında Dowex 50Wx2' nin mikro gözenekli olmasına ragmen enetkili reçine oldugu bulunmustur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Esterlesme, kinetik, iyon degistirici reçineler, propiyonik asit, namilalkol, asetik asit, metil alkol. Conversions for the esterification reactions have long been known to be limitedby a slow reaction rate and the existence of reversible reactions. To accelerate thereaction rate, the use of solid acid catalysts has received great attention because ofhaving advantages compared to homogeneous acid catalysts. Homogeneous catalysiscan be accepted by using ion-exchange resins containing the catalyst ion as their counterions. Because the reaction mechanisms and kinetic orders have been determined asthose of homogeneous catalysis.In the present study the esterifications of acetic acid with methyl alcohol andpropionic acid with n-amyl alcohol were chosen as model reactions. The aim of thisstudy is to find that the reproducibility order of volumetric, chromatographic andrefractometric methods used in analysis of the each model reaction according to rateconstants correlated with a second-order homogeneous reaction. Furthermore, theimportant variables such as stirring speed, catalyst concentration, particle size,divinylbenzene content, temperature, mole ratio, different catalysts affecting the rate ofthe reaction were studied. The apparent activation energies, reaction enthalpies andentropy values were calculated for macroporous (Amberlyst-15) and microporous resin(Dowex 50W, Amberlite IR-120) catalysts.The sensitivity order of these methods was determined as follows: volumetric>chromatographic > refractometric. In addition that Dowex 50Wx2 was found the mosteffective one among the resins used as catalysts after being dried, although it is amicroporous resin.Key Words: Esterification, kinetic, ion exchange resins, propionic acid, n-amylalcohol, acetic acid, methyl alcohol. 167

Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for water-1-propanol-n-amyl alcohol and water-1-propanol-n-amyl acetate ternaries were measured at T=298.2 K. The UNIFAC model was used to correlate the experimental data. A comparison of the extracting capabilities of the solvents was made with respect to distribution coefficients and separation factors.

The title compound [(μ-O){Fe(C1)(bpy) 2 } 2 ] 2 Cl 2 0.7 C5H 11 OH (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl) crystallizes in orthorhombic system with the space group Pnna (No. 52). Crystal data: a = 16.892(2) A, b = 17.656(2) A, c = 16.552(2) A, V = 4936.6(12) A 3 , Z = 4, d calc = 1.286 g.cm -3 . The full-matrix least-squares on F 2 was refined for 1804 reflections with (I > 2σ(I)) and 213 parameters to R1 = 0.0912. A crystallographic 2-fold symmetry is present in the cation, in which the bridging oxygen atom lies on the 2-fold axis and bonded to two Fe atoms. Each iron(III) center has a distorted octahedral geometry with the bpy ligands attached in cis fashion. The Fe-O, Fe-Cl and Fe-N distances respectively are 1.790(2)A, 2.323(3)A and 2.143(8) A-2.279(9)A. Fe-O-Fe angle and the Fe... Fe separations are 167.6(6)° and 3.559(2) A, respectively.

n-Amyl alcohol, dissolved in corn oil, was administered to rats by oral intubation at dose levels of 0 (control), 50, 150 or 1000 mg/kg body weight/day for 13 wk. The treatment had no demonstrable effect on body-weight gain, food and water consumption, haematological values, serum and urine analyses, renal function, organ weights or histopathology. The no-untoward-effect level was 1000 mg/kg/day. which is about 2000 times the estimated maximum likely intake by man.

The adsorption of n-amyl alcohol on the (111) and (100) faces of silver has been investigated. Some adsorption parameters have been estimated. It is shown that the (100) face adsorbs organic molecules more strongly.

Vapor-llquld equHMwn data for the blnary 8ystems ethylene glycol (1,?4hanedbl) wlth n-amyl alcohol (1-pentanol) and ethylene glycol wlth Isoamyl alcohol (3-methyi-l-bulanol) have been measured at 100 mmHg (13.33 kPa) by ushg a reclrculatbn stll a8 propowd by Rbck and Sleg. From these data, Uquld-phare activity coetfldents were flttod by wing the MarguJes, van Laar, Wilson, and UNIQUAC equations. Vapor-prereure meawr(MIBnts of the pure substances were carrled out, and the data were correlated wlth the Antolne equatlon. The Wnaty data were used for the determlnatlon of UNIFAC parameters.

An empirical equation relating sound velocity to temperature and pressure ia given for n‐amyl alcohol together with the coefficients for the equation. The change in velocity with the addition of CH2 groups is shown for five primary alcohols.