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Since the first discovery of the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, the virus quickly spread throughout the world and became a pandemic. The virus has continued to pose challenges, with new variants emerging and evolving, necessitating ongoing adaptation and response from governments, healthcare systems, and communities worldwide. Various drug regimens were introduced with immediate implementation and there is a need for the study of Review of Quality Control aspects of drugs employed in COVID-19 treatment is critical for ensuring their safety, efficacy, and reliability. With the proliferation of pharmaceutical interventions aimed at combating the pandemic, such as antiviral, immunomodulators, and repurposed medications, a thorough review is essential. Harnessing immune modulators, monoclonal antibodies, and antiviral agents like the ritonavir (RTN)/nirmatrelvir (NTV) combination, molnupiravir (MLP), and favipiravir (FVP) presents a multifaceted approach to combating COVID-19. These pharmaceutical interventions offer diverse mechanisms of action aimed at suppressing viral replication, mitigating immune responses, and enhancing the body's ability to combat the virus Improving analytical methods to achieve precise and sensitive quantification of these drugs is paramount for advancing quality control measures. The study delved into a variety of analytical techniques for assessing the concentrations of antiviral drugs utilized in COVID-19 treatment. The techniques covered by these methods include Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS) or Ultraviolet detectors (HPLC-UV), High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) or Ultraviolet detectors (TLC-UV), and Micellar Liquid Chromatography (MLC). With regard to sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency in measuring drug concentrations, each of these methods has special benefits. The TLC and HPTLC techniques offer reasonably easy sample preparation at a reasonable price, whereas the RP-HPLC, HPLC-MS/MS, UHPLC-MS/MS, and UPLC-UV techniques offer more sensitivity and precision, especially in complex sample types. Furthermore, precise identification and quantification of pharmacological molecules at low concentrations are made possible by the application of UV and mass spectrometric detection. The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the RP-HPLC method and validate the chosen medications. The results of the study will be further examined, and the development of a novel RP-HPLC method will be optimized. These analytical techniques can be refined to satisfy legal specifications and guarantee accurate anti-COVID-19 medication quantification. Here, we focus on clarifying modern, straightforward, fast, accurate, and eco-friendly analytical techniques that demonstrate great sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy for the analysis of anti-COVID-19 medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find the efficacy of task oriented balance training and blindfold balance training to improve postural balance in patients with Parkinson's disease. Materials and Methods: A comparative study was done with 20 samples. The study was conducted in kriston clinic. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks. Both male and female individuals with Parkinson's disease in concern about falling, instability and balance problem, between the age group of 50-55 were included. PD with other neurologic diagnosis, severe impairments, cardiac problem, uncooperative are excluded. The measurements were taken using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Berg balance scale (BBS). Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and outcome measures, 20 subjects with Parkinson disease (PD) were divided into two groups. Group A-10 subjects were treated by using Blind folded balance training and Group B-10 subjects were treated by using Task Oriented balance training. Before the onset of treatment protocol, the technique was explained to the patients and informed concern was taken from the patients. The baseline measurements were taken by using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Berg balance scale (BBS). The procedure was done by performing Blind folded balance training for 4 times a week for 8 weeks for group A and Task Oriented balance training is performed for 4 times a week for 8 weeks for group B. After the study, pre and post test measurement were taken and compared using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Berg balance scale (BBS). The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using IBM SPSS VERSION 20.0 SOFTWARE. The collected data were analyzed and tabulated with the descriptive and inferential statistics. For the descriptive statistics, the mean and standard deviation were calculated and for the inferential statistics, the parametric variables were treated with t-test. The results were tabulated and the results were plotted accordingly. Results: On comparing pre test and post test values within the Group A and B on Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Berg balance scale (BBS) shows significa nt difference in mean values at p< 0.005. Conclusions: This study concluded that blindfolded balance training is effective in improving Balance in Parkinson's disease patients with balance impairment, when compared to task oriented balance training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sepsis is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in hospitals. Bloodstream infections (BSI) affect approximately 2% of all hospitalized patients and 70% of patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units. Detection of BSI is one of the most important tasks performed in the microbiology laboratory. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate direct antimicrobial susceptibility tests (DAST) from positive blood culture broth in suspected bacteremia and compare the DAST and conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (CAST) of the isolates. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study involving a total of 112 aerobic blood culture bottles flagged positively by the automated Identification System (Bac T/Alert3D) was processed. The bacteria were pelleted by two-step centrifugation of the broth from the bottle and used to make a smear for Gram stain as well as an inoculum for antimicrobial sensitivity testing by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Out of 842 blood culture samples, 112 flagged positive cultures were subjected to direct gram film, 28 were found to be polymicrobial, 24 Gram-positive cocci, and 60 were Gram-negative bacilli. There was a complete match between the direct Gram stain result from the positive bottle and the Gram stain from subcultures from the bottles obtained after overnight culture on solid media. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated good concordance between the DAST and CAST results. Hence, direct AST can be implemented in a routine diagnostic laboratory. Direct AST will be helpful to decrease the turnaround time and to start early antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implant site and periprosthetic joint infections (PPJI) are of major concern with tremendous improvement in orthopedic operative procedures. Early diagnosis of infection is the cornerstone for success rate and prevention of implant failure. The need for inflammatory biomarkers followed by culture sensitivity remains inevitable in the diagnosis of infection. Aims and Objectives: The aim is to study the prevalent biofilm-forming pathogens and to correlate with antimicrobial resistance and also to estimate inflammatory markers to predict the presence of PPJI. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 57 patients showing signs of PPJI was evaluated. Clinical samples of these cases were processed, the bacterial pathogens were isolated and bio-film formation was tested. Inflammatory markers C-reactive protein by latex agglutination and interleukin-6 (IL6) by ELISA is determined. Results: A total of 36 bacterial pathogens are isolated, 17% are Grampositive cocci (GPC) and 46% are Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Among these, 54% are biofilm producers and pseudomonas species (33%) are predominant. Antibiotic susceptibility studies showed GPC to be highly sensitive to linezolid (100%) and vancomycin (100%). Among GNB, pseudomonal species showed susceptibility of 85%, 57%, and 47% to meropenem, amikacin, and piperacillin–tazobactam, respectively. Acinetobacter is the most resistant isolate. The IL value of 19.5 arrived by the receiver operating curve showed maximum sensitivity and minimal false positivity. Conclusion: Assessing the infection-specific biomarkers like IL6 levels is advantageous in earlier detection of implant site infection and aid in instituting specific antibiotics for the most common implant and PPJI before permanent implant failure and sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe, in this article, the associative interaction between Linezolid and β-Cyclodextrin, and the influence of β-Cyclodextrin on Linezolid's binding to Bovine serum albumin. β-Cyclodextrin forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with Linezolid, with a binding constant value of 3.51 × 10 2 M −1 . The binding is studied using ultraviolet–visible absorption, fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance, and rotating-frame overhauser effect spectroscopic techniques. The amide substituent on the oxazolidinone ring of Linezolid is involved in its binding to β-Cyclodextrin. The binding of the Linezolid to bovine serum albumin, in the absence and the presence of β-Cyclodextrin, is studied by analyzing the fluorescence quenching and Förster resonance energy transfer. The Stern–Volmer quenching constant, the binding constant, and energy transfer occurring on the interaction of the Linezolid with BSA are found to be smaller in the presence of β-Cyclodextrin than in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of α-amino phosphonates has been accomplished from aromatic aldehydes, diethyl phosphite, and aromatic (or) aliphatic amines using potassium hydrogen sulfate as a catalyst under solvent free condition at ambient temperature and these compounds are characterized by 31P NMR with reference to H3PO4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]