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The issue of the evolution of the behavioral model of a rural society is raised on the example of three territories, the centers of which were large rural settlements of the Oryol (Navesnoye village), Lipetsk (Panikovets village) and Voronezh (Dankovo village) regions. The chronological framework of the work coincides with the first stage in the development of these settlements from their origin to the formation of Orthodox parishes with a developed settlement district, which historically had a close connection with the central settlement. Mass economic and other documentation of the 17th—18th centuries was chosen as the main source. The research methodology is associated with the use of the problem-chronological method within the local boundaries of three rural settlements, the historical-system method and modern approaches, including microdemographic ones. The social organization of the rural population of the local territories studied by the authors was dynamic, especially in the 17th century, when the military factor played a significant role in the history of the region. It is noted that during the 18th century the odnodvortsy gradually lose their economic initiative, and by the end of the century, landowners and their owning peasants began to play an important role in the development of territories. It is shown that single-dvor collectivism continued to exist at a later time, actually surviving until the beginning of the 20th century.

The article studies the dynamics of the population in the city of Yelets from 1594 to 1711. A variety of archival documents, which date back to 1594, 1618, 1645, 1688, 1697 and 1711, are referred to. The article also specifies the correlation between Posad (trade and handicraft) and the serving population of the city. This is because the presence and number of urban population in the city is an important indicator of the urbanization process. As a result, the article shows a gradual increase in the number of suburb residents and the reduction of the service population preconditioned by the process of turning Yelets from a military fortress into a trade and craft city.

Demographic studies tend to focus on the current causes of population movements. At the same time, it is forgotten that many of the current demographic problems have deep historical roots and require monitoring of relevant processes over long periods of time. An important methodological approach in the study of the historical roots of subsequent demographic processes is the construction of gender-age pyramids. With the obvious advantages of this method, its disadvantage is the reliance on census data, which were conducted over long periods of time and could not take into account important for historical and demographic analysis weather changes in fertility, mortality, natural growth. The article attempts to fill this gap, to analyze long weather series of the most important demographic indicators. The analysis has been collected using the same methodology published static data of the Russian authorities 1950-2010-ies for 5 areas of the Central Chernozem region (Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov) and adjacent areas of South Central and Volga regions of Russia (Bryansk, Orel, Penza, Ryazan, Sarahtov, Tula): "the National economy of the RSFSR" for 1950-1990-ies, "Russian statistical Yearbook" in the 1990s, the "Demographic Yearbook of the Russian Federation" for 2000-2010-ies". The lack of information for some years on individual regions was overcome by the use of the spline modeling method. The demographic processes considered in the article are determined not only by historical factors, but also by many modern reasons. Taking into account objective factors is important for the formation of a balanced demographic policy, avoiding the formulation of unrealistic tasks and forecasts of demographic development of the regions.

The study of society, especially the border frontier spaces, is an urgent topic in modern domestic and foreign historiography. The article presents a set of archival documents from the collections of the Russian state archive of ancient acts (RGADA), as well as published documents, such mass sources as scribal and census books of counties in the South of Russia. The main purpose of the study was to try to study the social composition of the population of the Chernozem region within the administrative borders of the Yelets uyezd in the XVII-early XVIII centuries. We used both traditional research methods and modern ones, such as the method of mathematical statistics. The main conclusions of the research are summarized in the following theses. The number of the peasantry throughout the XVII century was significantly less than the share of the landowner population, in addition, the peasants were distributed on the estate lands very unevenly. The growth of the peasantry was connected with the penetration of large land ownership in the Yeletsky uyezd at the beginning of the XVIII century. The evolution of the social composition of the population of Yelets uyezd in the second half XVII- first third XVIII century allowed to establish the specificity of the regional development, when the city Supreme authority supported small serving people to the detriment of the Posad population until the end of the Northern war, which undoubtedly hindered the economic development of the region. In rural areas, as early as the 1650s, the corporations of the boyar children began to collapse, and they were replaced by two groups of the population: large landowners and small proprietors, who were close to the peasantry in their economic situation.

The development of education in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century was largely associated with the beginning of the liberal reforms of the 1860s and 1870s. Zemstvo reform contributed to the formation of rural educational environment. It became possible to open primary schools everywhere, not only in the state village, but also in the former owner's settlements. This process was continued in 1880-90s with the massive opening of primary schools under the auspices of the educational activities of the spiritual Department. Parochial and school literacy gave the necessary minimum of knowledge to students, although quite often inferior to the quality of teaching subjects Zemstvo and state educational institutions. Thus, the formation of rural educational environment was progressive and comprehensive. The role of the rural school in the daily life of the Russian peasantry, including the provinces of the agrarian Center of Russia, is difficult to underestimate. Despite the fact that according to the results of the all-Russian census of 1897, only a third of the villagers considered themselves literate, for the state, where primary education was not universal, this was a high indicator. By the early twentieth century most peasant children went to school, could may be bad, but to read and write. This made it possible for rural guys to get Junior officer ranks in the army, clerical positions, contributed to the involvement of the masses of the population in the political life of the country, pointed to the modernization of social relations in the Russian Empire

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the causes of the protest movement in the village in the beginning of the 20th century. Within the framework of the problems, the distribution of the agrarian movement in the Orel province and Yeletsky district, interaction of local authorities with the peasant society in the framework of the agrarian policy of the tsarist government is considered. Within the framework of the problem the demographic development of the village, agrarian policy are considered P. A. Stolypin, in particular the resettlement of peasants in Siberia and the far East. The main purpose of the work is to study the causes of the protest movement in rural areas in the early twentieth century. On the example of the Orel province, in particular the Yelets district, the interaction of local authorities with the peasant community in the framework of the agrarian policy of the tsarist government. Materials and methods. The main sources for the study of socio-economic changes in the Russian countryside of the designated period were statistical collections, surveys of provinces, reporting records of police, a set of materials of provincial and County institutions. Complex study of the archives materials was made by both traditional scientific methods (systemic analysis, structural approach, retrospective approach, etc.) and the new ones, such as civilization approach and following from it theory of agrarian society modernization. Results. The agrarian movement during the First Russian revolution exposed the crisis of the existing system of land ownership and land use in the country. The peasantry, wanting a fair distribution of land resources, could not always achieve this by legislation. In extreme conditions (for example, crop failure in 1905), not finding support and understanding of the complexity of the situation from the state, the villagers in despair deliberately suppressed the law, referring to the usual legal norms that meet their ideas of justice. Conclusions. The main result can be the conclusion about the socio-economic origins of the revolutionary events of 1905–1907 in Russia. Agrarian reforms in the framework of the Stolypin reform only partially solved the land issue, and the resettlement policy was ineffective due to the rapid population growth in the provinces of Central Russia in the early twentieth century.

Introduction. In the presented work, the author made an attempt to analyze the materials of court proceedings between odnodvortsy and landowners of the Livensky district of the Oryol province during the period under study as an example of the struggle of the corporate organization of a odnodvortsy community against large landowners. An important feature of this phenomenon was not only the related position of the odnodvortsy community, but the interrelation of individual clans within rural society and their defense of common interests before patrimonial owners and landowners from the general class of former service people. Materials and methods. This work is the result of a study of legal and judicial materials dating back to the last quarter of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries. The main sources for this study were court proceedings in the Livensky district and Yeletsk district courts. The main methodology is based on the use of general historical approaches in the study of the social model of behavior of the odnodvortsy social group in defending private and general corporate interests. Results. The materials of the trials between the odnodvortsy and landowners of the region under study provided very important and valuable information about the mentality of the odnodvortsy and their attitude towards large landowners who came from the general stratum of the service population of the Central Black Earth Region in the 17th century. Odnodvortsy initiated litigation with their neighboring landowners in cases where the latter came from the service population and once had common or adjacent properties with the ancestors of odnodvortsy. Land conflicts began to arise en masse only in the first half of the XIX century, which indicated the future depletion of the fund of free agricultural land. Conclusion. The study of land conflicts between odnodvortsy and landowners of the Livensky district of the Oryol province helped to reveal the mental attitudes of these class groups and determine the general social aspirations of the local population in resolving pressing issues. The majority of odnodvortsy felt common roots with local small landowners, who historically went back to the class of the service population of the 17th century. Thus, in most cases it was a showdown within the former one class group of the population, which over time significantly stratified, both in property terms and in the field of social status.