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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ozonated water for antimicrobial. For evaluated the antibacterial activity, the ozonated water used to investigate against generic E. coli. The ozone generator used in this study was containing electric discharge units, a circulating fan and a cylinder of pure oxygen that was calibrated to release oxygen at 0.5 mg/L per min. after that, the ozonated water produce by bubbled through ozone gas into the distilled water. The concentration of ozonated water measure with the fluorescence light intensity generated by HTA molecules in water solutions. Another that, the antibacterial activity against, the results showed that the antimicrobial activities against of ozonated water high antimicrobial power and a potential for acute generic E. coli

The effects of carbonization temperature on some physicochemical properties of tea residue to evaluating the influence of the carbonization process and the product properties. The tea residue material was heated in laboratory conditions, the consequence of heat treatment at a specific temperature over the range 100-500°C was investigated by several techniques including the Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy to study the functional groups, the chemical compositions of the sample were also investigated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Spectroscopy and the crystal structure was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The spectrum of FTIR can be concluded that the number of functional group component of, O-H, C-H, C=O, and C-O respectively. On the other hand, for the result of EDXRF shown the trace elemental composition of composed of the organic compound (CHO). For the physical characteristic determination of the results of XRD, it indicated that mixture phase and a lot of crystalline in the specimen after heat treatment

The present study aims to investigate the structural, chemical and morphology properties of methylcellulose film with reinforced by chicken eggshells. The physical properties were determined with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the Scanning Electron microscopies (SEM) while the chemical properties can be discussed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD pattern indicated that, the methylcellulose film with reinforced by chicken eggshells have been amorphous-crystalline structure. On the other hand, the SEM micrographs exhibited the granule of chicken eggshells powder distribution along the surface. For the results of Chemical properties FTIR spectra can be used confirm the chicken eggshells powder presence in the methylcellulose film. For mechanical properties, the effects of chicken eggshells on the methylcellulose film investigated by tensile testing.

The present study aims to characterizing the properties of chitosan film (biodegradable films) with prepared from the Perna Viridis Shell, and investigate the effect of an atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) in pure argon used to modify the surface of chitosan film. The properties have also been discussed in detail with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-rays spectrometer (EDXRF) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD and SEM were explaining the crystalline and morphology properties, while the chemical composition in the chitosan film used EDXRF. The result of the XRD pattern indicated the chitosan film, can be observed the mixture phase between chitosan hydriodide phase and calcium acetate hydrate. After that, the surface modification by the APPJs exhibit the water contact angle decreased as the duration of the plasma treatment. Another that, the SEM micrograph exhibited a significant different in surface topography of the film after plasma treatment and increased the chitosan film have surface roughness.

In this study aims to characterized and analyzed the poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) films as the biodegradable film. The solvent casting techniques is used to prepare the PLA film. The Physical properties of film such as, structural, morphology, thickness were studied and discussed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively. For chemical properties, the chemical compositions and the formation of functional group were investigated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), respectively. The results of XRD showed that the PLA film composed of amorphous phase. While, the result of EDXRF shown the trace elemental composition of the PLA film composed of organic compound (CHO), Ca, P, and Ag respectively. The photograph of SEM found that the surface of PLA film look like surface of the moon which has the crater spread over the film and the thickness of the PLA films about 0.600 µm. So that, the spectrum of FTIR can be concluded that the number of functional groups compose of methyl groups, carbonyl group and hydroxyl group, respectively.

In this investigation, a chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite film was obtained by casting evaporation method. The physical properties and the influence of chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films on the antibacterial were investigated. The effects of Papia Undulata shell on the chitosan film are determined with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. On the other hand for evaluated the antibacterial activity, the chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films investigate against Gram-negative (E.coli) bacterial. The results revealed that the chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films can be inhibiting target microorganisms. Another that, the chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films has particles of Papia Undulata shell distribution in the chitosan film which corresponding with the result of XRD pattern, while the results of FTIR suggest that the chitosan-Papia Undulata shell composite films can be modified by the addition of Papia Undulata shell.

A concurrent operation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) and denitrification was investigated in a well known UASB reactor seeding with both ANAMMOX and anaerobic granular sludges. ANAMMOX activity was confirmed by hydroxylamine test and the hybridization of biomass using the gene probes of Amx 820 and EUB 338 mixed. Denitrification was observed through the reductions of both COD and nitrate-nitrite concentrations under anaerobic/anoxic conditions. By providing a stoichiometric ratio of nitrite to ammonium nitrogen with addition nitrate nitrogen, a gradual reduction of ANAMMOX activity was found with an increase of COD concentration in a range of 100-400 mg l(-1). This is equivalent to the COD to N ratio of 0.9-2.0. The COD concentration was found to be a control variable for process selection between ANAMMOX reaction and denitrification. A reduction of COD and nitrite-nitrate concentrations in all reactors confirmed the undergone concurrent denitrification which thrives when sufficient organic matter is available. COD concentration over 300 mg l(-1) was found to inactivate or eradicate ANAMMOX communities.