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Novel series of fluorotellurite lithium niobate glasses with compositions TeO2–LiNbO3–BaO–BaF2–La2O3 coded as Pr3, Pr4, Pr5, Pr6, and Pr7 were fabricated using the traditional process of quenching the melt. The density of the fabricated glasses was varied from 5.1689 to 5.4088 g/cm3, while optical packing density (o.p.d) was taken values from 50.85 to 64.4 g atom l−1. The thermal features glasses were determined by using (DSC), while their optical properties were determined in ultraviolet–visible–near-IR (UV–Vis–NIR) spectral region. Results revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) has the lowest value for Pr6 glass sample otherwise the highest value in Pr3 sample. The thermal stability (ΔT) was equal to 133, 149,154,127, and 153 °C for Pr3, Pr4, Pr5. Pr6, and Pr7 glass samples, respectively. The optical energy gap (Eopt) varied from 2.81 to 3.12 eV, while the Sellmeier gap energy (ES) changed from 6.6 to 8.55 eV. Also, gamma-ray shielding competences of the fabricated glasses were evaluated in terms of their mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC, LAC), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP). The obtained values showed that LAC was in the order of Pr7 > Pr6 > Pr3 > P4 > Pr5, while HVL arranged in the order of Pr7

This research investigates the influence of the concentration of Sm+3 ions on the properties of a new borosilicate glass system with the composition 50B2O3– 14SiO2- 20Li2O– 15Na2O– 1.0Al2O3-x(Sm2O3), where × = 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The glasses are characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV– Vis-NIR, and photoluminescence spectra. The XRD results proved that all glasses prepared are amorphous. Moreover, it was found that the values of density (ρ), and refractive index (n), rise with increasing of Sm+3 content. Otherwise, the value of molar volume, optical energy gap, and boron-boron distance decrease by increasing Sm+3 concentration. The structure of glasses studied was investigated by computing I n t e r n u c l e a r r i , Polaron radius r p , field strength F and the deconvolution of FTIR spectra. Judd-Ofelt theory was applied to clarify the structural changes and nature of the bonds of glasses prepared. Moreover, a spectroscopic quality factor, the branching ratio (βr), and lifetime (τ) are calculated with the use of Judd-Ofelt parameters. The color chromaticity of the glasses confirmed that the emission in the white-reddish orange region under 402 nm excitation is affected by the concentration of Sm3+ ions. The results of photoluminescence emission stimulated emission cross-section, and CIE chromaticity leads to the conclusion that the glass BSLNA5 are promising candidates as laser material for light-emitting diode (LED).

Concrete is the basic building material in the world, and cement is the main material used in the production of concrete. However, there is an urgent need to reduce the consumption of cement, where cement production leads to 5–8% of global emissions of carbon dioxide. Geopolymer concrete is an innovative building material produced by alkaline activation of pozzolanic materials such as fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, and kaolin clay. Geopolymers are widely used in the production of geopolymer concrete due to their ability to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and reduce high energy consumption. During the present study, the environmental impact of two strength grades (30 MPa and 40 MPa) of metakaolin geopolymer concrete (GPC) was evaluated to study its applicability in the construction sector. The kaolin clay extracted from the Aswan quarries was activated by a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution. To introduce geopolymer concrete in the Egyptian industry sector, its environmental performance, together with its technical performance, should be competitive to the cement concrete used mainly for the time being. The cost of this new concrete system should also be evaluated. The environmental impact of GPC was evaluated and compared with cement concrete using life cycle assessment analysis and IMPACT 2002+ methodology. The cost of production was calculated for 1 m3 of geopolymer concrete and conventional cement concrete. Metakaolin geopolymer concrete achieved a high compressive strength of ~ 56 MPa, splitting tensile strength of 24 MPa, and modulus of elasticity of 8.5 MPa. The corrosion inhibition of metakaolin geopolymer concrete was ~ 80% better than that of conventional cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete achieved a reduction in global warming potential by 61% and improved the human health category by 9.4%. However, due to the heavy burdens of sodium silicate, the geopolymer concrete negatively affected the quality of the ecosystem by 68% and showed a slightly higher impact than cement concrete on the resource damage category for low strength grade of 30 MPa. The high cost of the basic ingredients of the geopolymer resulted in a high production cost of geopolymer concrete (~ 92 US$) that was three times that of cement concrete (~ 31 US$). Based on the environmental results, geopolymer concrete based on locally available metakaolin clay can be applied in the construction sector as a green alternative material for cement concrete.

By melt quenching technique, a series of transparent bulk glasses with compositions (75TeO2–5Li2O–10ZnO–(10-S) Nb2O5–(S) Yb2O3) have been obtained, where S = 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mol%. For the prepared glass samples, physical properties such as density, molar volume, and oxygen packing density were studied. Spectroscopic parameters such as gain, absorption cross-section, and emission cross-section were measured. Differential scanning calorimetry curves indicated that the prepared glass compositions have a good stability factor. At different wavelengths, Urbach energy, optical band gap, and refractive index were obtained. Effective functional groups were detected by applying Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies. This work showed that the prepared glasses are promising candidates for different optical applications and amplifiers including solid state lasers, sensors, data storage, and optical switches.

Synthesis and characterization of quaternary erbium tellurite glass within the molar percentages of (75-x) TeO2 20ZnO 5Na2O-xEr2O3 where (0 ≤ x ≤ 2.5) were carried out. The optical properties were determined by recording the UV–Vis spectra in the range 200–800 nm which exhibited increasing the band gap with increasing Er2O3. The thermal characteristics of the glass were determined and showed higher thermal stability of the system suggesting its applicability for fiber drawing. The heat treatment was performed for the samples (0.5 and 2.5 mol %) of Er2O3 at different temperatures and times. Zn2 Te3O8, TeO2, ZnO, Er2TeO6, Er6Te5O19.2 and Er2O3 phases were identified, characterized and found to be in nanoscale. The annealing operation made the optical energy gap to decrease after the structure changes.

Quinary tellurite glass system in the percentages of 75TeO2–5Li2O–10ZnO–(10–x) Nb2O5–xEr2O3 where (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.8 mol%) have been prepared and characterized. Both Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies were performed to study the structural changes correlated with the glass network. The thermal characteristics of the system were specified which showed a higher thermal stability (>100 °C) due to the formation of more bridging oxygen's (BO's) revealed by (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. The optical absorption spectra within near UV–visible regions were performed, and exhibited nine absorption bands centered around 1536, 977, 798, 653, 545, 524, 490, 450, and 443 nm corresponding to the 4I15/2 ground state to the various excited states 4I13/2, 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S3/2, 2H11/2, 4F7/2,4F5/2, and 4F3/2 respectively. The same measurement also showed increasing values of the optical band gap (Eg) form 2.70 to 2.90 (eV) and decreasing the refractive index (n) from 2.48 to 2.42. Both the extinction coefficient data and the complex dielectric functions of the glasses were estimated. The different optical parameters were distinctly affected by increasing the Er2O3 (mol %) and the structural changes. The radiative properties of the glass were calculated using J-O parameters. The Branching ratio (β) of 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition peaked at 1520.48 nm for Er3+ ions has the highest value (1.000) also, the radiative lifetime (τ) of the same transition changed from 1.4510 to 1.8483. The gain cross-section of the laser transition level from 4G11/2 → 4I15/2 changed from 1.44 × 10−20 to 1.92 × 10−20 cm−1 in the existing glass system. The acquired results exhibited that the existent glass can be a good candidate in the fiber drawing and laser, non-linear optical applications.

A series of transparent and light yellow color samples composed of Sm2O3 doped tellurium oxide glasses with chemical composition 75TeO2-5Li2O-10ZnO-(10-X) Nb2O5-XSm2O3 was prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique. Rare earth (Sm2O3) was added to improve all glass properties. From obtained radiative properties, the samples which prepared with above composition can be considered as a prospect application for laser design due to higher branching ratio. The physical properties including sample density, molar volume, and OPD were measured. The glassy nature is approved by XRD analysis. The structural modification of glass forming units with introducing Sm2O3 was studied by FTIR and Raman spectra. The intensity ratio of TeO4/TeO3 was measured to determine the ratio of bridging/non-bridging oxygen exists in glass network. Glass thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and melting temperature were obtained from DSC plots. The UV–vis-NIR absorption spectra display 9 peaks. Optical parameters including optical band gap EOpt, Urbach energy ΔE and refractive index n were determined. From absorption spectra, Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters (Ωλ and λ = 2, 4, 6) have been derived to study bonding nature. A spectroscopic quality factor was calculated. Branching ratio (βr) and lifetime (τ) have been calculated using JO parameters. Absorption and emission cross-sections were determined to measure the probability of an absorption or emission process. Finally, we propose that these prepared samples can be used in optical devices and other applications.

Antibacterial tellurite glass system doped with ZnO was synthesized by the melt-quenching method. The physical and structural characteristics of the glass were studied. The change in the structure was studied using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Transmission studies were performed on the samples in the range (200–800 nm). Characteristics glass temperatures were determined by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in the temperature range (200–600 °C) at different heating rates. A broad spectrum antibacterial property was tested using agar disk-diffusion assay against Gram + ve bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-ve bacteria (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antibacterial potency of zinc-tellurite glass was directly proportional to ZnO content from 5% to 20% mol for all bacterial strains under study. To the best of authors' knowledge, present work is considered the first article addressing the antibacterial properties of zinc-tellurite glass.

As a continuation of the earlier work (synthesis and optical properties of new fluoro-tellurite glass within (TeO2 ZnO LiF Nb2O5 NaF) system), the thermal behavior and kinetics characterization of the oxyfluoride tellurite system have been achieved as a function of growing the mol% of NaF. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique at various heating rates under the non-isochronal conditions was used to identify the characteristic temperatures like the glass transition (Tg), the softening (Ts), the crystallization (Tc), the liquidus (TL), and the melting (Tm) of the system. The glass stability and glass forming ability (GFA) parameters were determined based on these characteristic temperatures. The activation energies of both the glass transition (Eg) and crystallization (Ec) have been computed by different methods. The Avrami kinetic constant (n) has been determined by more than a method to identify the crystallization succession.

The thermal characteristics of the quaternary TeO 2 –ZnO–Na 2 O–Er 2 O 3 glass system as a function of rising Er 2 O 3 mol% have been studied from the kinetic point of view. Differential scanning calorimetry technique under non-isochronal conditions at various heating rates has been used to define the characteristic temperatures of the glasses (i.e. glass transition, crystallization) in addition to the glass stability parameters. The activation energies required for both the glass transition and amorphous to crystalline transformation have been computed by different methods. The mode of the glass crystallization has been determined in terms of the Avrami kinetic constant to identify the crystallization succession. Quantitative analysis of the thermal characteristics and kinetic parameters of the glass were achieved in terms of cross-linking density, number of bonds, and the bond stretching force.

Tellurium oxide-based glasses in the form of 75TeO2 – 10ZnO – (10-x)Nb2O5 – 5Li2O – xCe2O3; where x = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mol%, were prepared by using the melt-quenching method. X-Ray Diffraction pattern (XRD) detected the amorphous nature of all the prepared glasses. Physical properties like density (ρ), molar volume ( V m ) , and oxygen packing density (OPD), have been determined and calculated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies showed that the glass network contains TeO4, TeO3+1/TeO3, ZnO4, and NbO6 as structural units. The glass transition temperature (Tg), onset of glass crystallization temperature (Tx), crystallization temperature (Tc), and melting temperature (Tm) have been determined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The optical band gap (Eopt), the Urbach energy (∆E), and the cut off wavelength (λc) were determined through the optical absorption data.

The Ni coating is one of metal coatings that are commonly deposited by electrodeposition for corrosion inhibition. The addition of particles such as TiN and Co in the Ni coating modifies coating properties. In the present work, Ni–TiN and Ni-Co-TiN composite coatings with different amounts of TiN microparticles were prepared by using the electrodeposition technique. Different characterization methods including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Vicker's microhardness tester were used to investigate the effects of adding cobalt and TiN microparticles on the surface morphology, grain size, and hardness of the Ni-TiN and Ni-Co-TiN composite coatings. The electrochemical corrosion behavior of the composite coating was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in NaCl solution. The addition of cobalt in the Ni–Co-TiN composite coating resulted in the grain size decrease (≈41.8 nm) and hardness increase. The microstructure analysis showed that, the (111) planes were the close packed planes compared with the (200) planes. Thus, with adding Co and TiN particles the (200) texture changed to the (111) texture. The electrochemical analysis showed that, the anti-corrosion behavior of the Ni-Co-TiN composite coating significantly enhanced by adding Co and TiN particles.

The present study highlights the formulation, the properties (physical, optical and thermal), and the antibacterial potential of vanadate–tellurite Glass System. The quaternary sample system (90-X) TeO 2 − 5 CaO −5 Na 2 O- X V 2 O 5 ) where x = 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol% was prepared via conventional melt cast-quenching technique. Thermal stability, fragility and crystallization kinetics like activation energy and Avrami number have been estimated. The optical properties were investigated in terms of Cut-off wavelength λ c , Urbach energy ΔE, optical band gap E opt , refractive index and molar refractive. A broad spectrum antibacterial activity of vanadate–tellurite glass was confirmed against two Gram +ve bacteria (e.g., Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes ) and three Gram -ve bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium). The antibacterial potential of V 2 O 5 incorporated in tellurite glass increased significantly (P 2 O 5 from 5 to 20 mol% in TVCN for all tested bacterial pathogens. This study provide new antibacterial, semiconductor glass has high refractive index and good thermal stability ( ≃ 100 °C) can be used in biomedical applications and attract growing attention in this field.

New bismuth boro-tellurite glass within the compositions 20Bi 2 O 3 –25B 2 O 3 –(55–x) TeO 2 –x TiO 2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 10 mol%) have been prepared by normal melt quenching technique. The structure of the glass and then the glass-ceramic was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were carried out on the prepared glass samples to estimate their thermal behavior. Selected glass samples were heat treated at different annealing temperatures and times above the glass transition temperature. The optical absorption spectra were measured in the spectral range (380–600 nm) at room temperature. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra of all glasses were in the range (350–4000 cm − 1 ) have been recorded and designated.

New synthesis fluoro-tellurite in the form in [75TeO 2 –10ZnO–5LiF– (10 − γ ) Nb 2 O 5 – γ NaF] where γ = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mol% have been successfully synthesized by rapid melt-quenching technique. Also, the effect of doping the present prepared glasses by NaF on the optical properties has been discussed. Their densities were determined by Archimedes method. Values of the molar volume and the oxygen packing density were calculated. Both the Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) in the wavenumber range (350–4400 cm − 1 ) and the Raman spectroscopy in the range (40–4450 cm − 1 ) were used to prove the changes in the structure of the prepared glasses. The glass transition temperature (T g ), crystallization temperature (T c ) and melting temperature (T m ) were determined by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as a function of NaF (mol%) in the temperature range (298–923 K).Optical absorption spectra were recorded in the range (190–2500 nm). The indirect optical band gap (E opt ), Urbach energy (ΔE), refractive index (n), molar refraction (R m ), metallization criterion (M), electronic polarizability of the oxide ion (α o 2 ) and the optical basicity (Λ) of the prepared glasses were calculated.

In continuation of our earlier work on (the mechanical and thermal properties of TeO2–Bi2O3 –V2O5 – Na2O–TiO2 glass system), in this study, we have investigated the kinetic parameters of this system as a function of increasing TiO2 mol% by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data under non-isothermal (isochronal) conditions. The thermodynamic fragility (F) and the glass forming tendency ( K g ), ( T g T m ) factors of the present glass have been evaluated to determine the relationship between the change in the structure and the thermal stability of the glass. The activation energies of both glass transition (Eg) and crystallization (Ec) processes have been evaluated by the methods of Kissinger and Ozawa by the data obtained from (DSC) at heating rates (β) 10, 15, 20 and 25 K/min. The quantitative interpretation of these kinetic parameters has been carried out by coupling with the previous estimated elastic moduli. The kinetic Avrami coefficient (n) was also calculated by several estimation methods to determine and confirm the mechanism of the crystallization process.

The prepared glass samples within the composition (85-x) TeO2-xB2O3-5Bi2O3-5SrCl2-5LiF (TBBSL) with x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mol% were synthesized. The X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed the amorphous nature of the system. The density (ρ), molar volume (vm) and oxygen packing density (OPD) have been measured and calculated. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) of TBBSL glasses showed the presence of TeO3, TeO4, BO3, BO4, LiF, SrO and BiO6. Also, FTIR spectra identified that the substitution of B2O3 with TeO2 in glass system led to convert the TeO4 to TeO3 and the formation of bridging structure Te-O-B with increasing the B2O3 mol%, consequently the BO4 units convert to BO3 and so the number of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) increases. The optical band gaps (Eopt), the Urbach energy (ΔE) and refractive index (n) have been calculated from optical absorption spectra. Thermal characterization was determined by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates 10, 15, 20, 25 °C/min. The prepared glasses showed high thermal stability. High reflective index and higher thermal stability made the synthesized glass system is a suitable candidate for the large bulk glass and optical fiber production. Keywords: Oxyhalide tellurite glasses, FTIR, Uv–vis spectroscopy, Thermal analysis

New synthesis penta tellurite glass in the molar percentages of [60 TeO 2 –(22−x)Bi 2 O 3 –15V 2 O 5 –3 Na 2 O–xTiO 2 ] with x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mol% have been successfully prepared via conventional melt cast-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the glass samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their densities were determined by Archimedes method using toluene as buoyant liquid. Values of the molar volume and the oxygen packing density were calculated then. The experimental elastic moduli were calculated by measuring ultrasound wave velocities (longitudinal and shear) using the pulse-echo-overlap technique at room temperature. Theoretical parameters based on bond compression and Makishima–Mackenzie models were calculated in order to interpret the experimental elastic moduli. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) and crystallization temperature ( T x ) were measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as a function of TiO 2 . Structure modification was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Developing the microstructure and enhancing the optical parameters of TeO2 based glass with rare earth for many applications in various domains are considered as a revolution in materials science and technology. Hence, we prepared glass 75TeO2–10ZnO–5Li2O–(10-x) Nb2O5-xLa2O3 with x equal 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 in mol% respectively by using melt-quench method. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements proved that the glasses transition temperature (Tg) increased with La2O3 concentration. The mean average value of the activation energy (Ec) for crystallization varies from 272 to 361 kJ.mol−1 and 103 to 151 kJ.mol−1 for the first and second crystalline phases respectively. Synthesizing nanocrystallization La2Te3 with 15 nm diameter of the prepared glass was studied by using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The values for energy gap (Eg) and refractive index (n) of the prepared glass were determined by using UV–spectroscopy. The structure of the present glass was studied by using the deconvolution of the FTIR spectra.

Tellurite glass systems in the form 75TeO2–15ZnO–(10−x)Nb2O5–xGd2O3 (x=0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mol%) have been prepared by the melt quenching technique. Both longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities were measured by using the pulse-echo method at 5 MHz frequency and at room temperature. Elastic moduli (longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, Young׳s modulus, Bulk modulus), Poisson׳s ratio, Debye temperature, micro-hardness and softening temperature have been calculated. Quantitative analysis of elastic moduli based on the number of bond per unit volume, average crosslink and number of vibrating atoms per unit volume has been achieved.

Ternary lithium boro-tellurite systems in the form 75TeO2−xB2O3-(25−x) Li2O and 80TeO2-xB2O3-(20−x) Li2O where, x= 5, 10 and 15 mol% have been prepared by the melt quenching technique. UV- spectra of the prepared glasses in the range 200–550 nm has been recorded at room temperature. The cut-off wavelength (νc), optical band gap (Eopt) and Urbach energy (∆E) were calculated from optical absorption data. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been carried out on the prepared glass systems in the temperature range 400–800 K. The glass transition Tg and crystallization Tc temperatures values were measured from DSC thermo-gram. Activation energy for transition Et, activation energy for crystallization Ec and order of crystallization have been calculated for every glass composition.

Quaternary tellurite glass systems in the form 75TeO2–15ZnO–(10−x)Nb2O5−xGd2O3, where (x=0.0, 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 and 2.5mol%) have been prepared by the melt quenching technique. Optical absorption studies are carried out on the glass systemin the wavelength range of 380–500nm. The cut-off wavelength λc, optical band gap Eopt, Urbach energy ΔE and refractive index n values were calculated from optical absorption data. Also, different physical parameters such as, molar refraction RM, metallization criterion M, electronic polarizability of the oxide ion αo2− (calculated from Eopt), and optical basicity Λ have been determined. The FTIR absorption spectra for all glasses in the range of wave numbers 350–4000cm−1 has been recorded and designated.

Quaternary tellurite glass systems in the form 75TeO2–15ZnO–(10−x) Nb2O5–xGd2O3 (x=0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5mol%) have been prepared by the melt quenching technique. Density, molar volume and oxygen packing density of every glass composition have been measured and calculated. Differential thermal analyses (DTA) have been carried out on the prepared glass systems in the temperature range 300–800K at heating rate 5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min. The glass transition, Tg and crystallization, Tc temperatures values were measured by using DTA. Kinetics parameters like activation energy of relaxation structure Et, activation energy of crystallization, Ec and order of crystallization have been calculated for every glass composition. Structural parameters like number of bonds per unit volume (nb) and average stretching force constant (F¯) have been calculated to interpret the experimental data.

A stable self-cleaning superhydrophobic modified fluorinated graphene surface with micro/nanostructure was successfully fabricated on copper substrates via drop coating process. Irregularly stacked island-like multilayered fluorinated graphene nanoflakes comprised the microstructure. The fabricated films exhibited outstanding superhydrophobic property with a water contact angle 167° and water sliding angle lower than 4°. The developed superhydrophobic surface showed excellent corrosion resistance with insignificant decrease of water contact angle 166° in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. This stable highly hydrophobic performance of the fluorinated graphene films could be useful in self-cleaning, antifogging, corrosion resistive coatings and microfluidic devices.

Binary tellurite glass systems of the forms TeO2(100 − x) − xAnOm where AnOm = La2O3 or V2O5 and x = 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, and 20 mol% for La2O3 and 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 mol% for V2O5 were prepared. Density and molar volume of each glass were measured and calculated. The compressibility model has been used to find the difference volume Vd due to the exchange of one formula unit between Te and both of La and V in the binary glass system and the mean volume VA per formula unit in the present binary glass in order to check whether or not it is independent of the percentage of the modifier for a glass series and also different from series to another. Differential scanning calorimetric at different heating rates was used to gain some insight into the thermal stability and calorimetric behavior of the present binary transition metal and rare-earth tellurite glasses. The glass transformation temperature Tg and glass crystallization temperature Tc were recorded at different heating rates to calculate both of the glass transition activation and the glass crystallization activation energies by using different methods.

New ternary tellurite glasses in the form (TeO2)50–(V2O5)50−x(TiO2)x have been prepared. Both longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities were measured in different compositions of the glass system by using the pulse-echo method at 5 MHz frequency and at room temperature. The elastic properties of ternary telluirte glasses (TeO2)50–(V2O5)50−x(TiO2)x were measured as a function of composition. The ultrasonic velocity data, the density, the calculated elastic moduli, micro-hardness, softening temperature, and Debye temperature depend on the glass composition. By calculating the number of network bonds per unit volume, the average stretching force constant, and the average ring size, information about the structure of the glass can be deduced. Comparison between the calculated and the experimental elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio have been carried out.

Binary tellurite glass systems of the forms TeO 2 (100− x )- x A n O m where A n O m = La 2 O 3 or V 2 O 5 and x = 5 to 20 for La 2 O 3 and 10 to 50 for V 2 O 5 were prepared. UV-spectra of these glasses were recorded in the range of 200–700 nm at room temperature. The optical energy gaps E optical and have been calculated from the optical absorption edge. UV cut-off and IR cut-off have been measured. Calculations of the oxide ion average polarizability () and optical basicity ( Λ ) have been done.