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Laser–plasma interaction and hot electrons have been characterized in detail in laser irradiation conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. The experiment was carried out at the Gekko XII laser facility in multibeam planar target geometry at an intensity of approximately $3\times {10}^{15}$ W/cm2. Experimental data suggest that high-energy electrons, with temperatures of 20–50 keV and conversion efficiencies of $\eta , were mainly produced by the damping of electron plasma waves driven by two-plasmon decay (TPD). Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is observed in a near-threshold growth regime, producing a reflectivity of approximately $0.01\%$ , and is well described by an analytical model accounting for the convective growth in independent speckles. The experiment reveals that both TPD and SRS are collectively driven by multiple beams, resulting in a more vigorous growth than that driven by single-beam laser intensity.

Lithium fluoride (LiF) crystals and thin films have been successfully investigated as X-ray imaging detectors based on optical reading of visible photoluminescence emitted by stable radiation-induced F2 and F3 + colour centres. In this work, the visible photoluminescence response of optically-transparent LiF film detectors of three different thicknesses, grown by thermal evaporation on Si(100) substrates and irradiated with monochromatic 7 keV X-rays at several doses in the range between 13 and 4.5× 103 Gy, was carefully investigated by fluorescence optical microscopy. For all the film thicknesses, the photoluminescence response linearly depends on the irradiation dose in the investigated dose range. The lowest detected dose, delivered to the thinnest LiF film, only 0.5 μm thick, is estimated 13 Gy. Edge-enhancement imaging experiments, conducted by irradiating LiF film detectors at the same energy placing an Au mesh in front of them at a distance of 15 mm, allowed estimating a spatial resolution of (0.38 ± 0.05) μm, which is comparable to the microscope one. This very high spatial resolution in LiF film radiation detectors based on colour centres photoluminescence is combined with the availability of a wide field of view on large areas.

The aim of this study was to assess changes in the quality of life and psychological distress of patients with tongue cancer undergoing total/subtotal glossectomy (TG) or extended hemiglossectomy (HG) and free flap transfer. Differences between the two groups were compared using the Short Form 8-Item Health Survey (SF-8) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Of the 43 patients with tongue cancer, 24 (56%) underwent TG and 19 (44%) underwent HG. The general health and social functioning scores in the SF-8 and depression in the HADS were significantly worse in the TG group than in the HG group at 12 months after surgery, indicating that patients in the TG group may experience social isolation and psychological distress, and have difficulty in employability even 12 months after surgery. In contrast, all items of the SF-8 in the HG group were nearly equal to those in the general population. Due to the extensive psychological impact on patients with tongue cancer who are planned for an extended resection, curative surgery with free flap transfer and multidisciplinary psychiatric support are essential to improve quality of life and manage psychological distress.

A developing supercritical collisionless shock propagating in a homogeneously magnetized plasma of ambient gas origin having higher uniformity than the previous experiments is formed by using high-power laser experiment. The ambient plasma is not contaminated by the plasma produced in the early time after the laser shot. While the observed developing shock does not have stationary downstream structure, it possesses some characteristics of a magnetized supercritical shock, which are supported by a one-dimensional full particle-in-cell simulation taking the effect of finite time of laser-target interaction into account., 7 pages, 6 fitures

When a laser is focused on an underwater object, it experiences a large amount of pressure owing to the plasma confinement effect of water. A hemispherical bubble is generated on the surface of the object, and large pressure is generated when the bubble collapses. In this study, we conducted experiments using different laser energies to analyze the pressure–time histories associated with bubble contraction. The maximum pressure was 10%–40% of the laser ablation pressure, whereas the pressure pulse width was 5–10 times longer than the laser pulse width. Furthermore, the bubble motion could be adiabatically explained, except for the plasma interaction region. The results indicate that the pressure at which the bubble collapses does not depend on the maximum size of the generated bubble but depends on the energy of water vapor within the bubble.

In this work, we present experimental results on the behavior of liquid water at megabar pressure. The experiment was performed using the HIPER (High-Intensity Plasma Experimental Research) laser facility, a uniaxial irradiation chamber of GEKKO XII (GXII) at the Institute of Laser Engineering (ILE), and the PHELIX at GSI (GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research), a single-beam high-power laser facility, to launch a planar shock into solid multilayered water samples. Equation-of-state data of water (H2O) are obtained in the pressure range 0.50–4.6 Mbar by tuning the laser-drive parameters. The Hugoniot parameters (pressure, density, etc.) and the shock temperature were simultaneously determined by using VISAR and SOP as diagnostic tools and quartz as the standard material for impedance mismatch experiments. Finally, our experimental results are compared with hydrodynamic simulations tested with different equations of state, showing good compatibility with tabulated SESAME tables for water., The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the laser technical team at GEKKO XII (ILE) and PHELIX (GSI). This work received funding from the Euratom Research and Training Program 2014–2018 and 2019-2020 (Grant agreement no. 633053). The involved teams were operated within the framework of the Enabling Research Project ENR-IFE19.CEA-01, Study of Direct Drive and Shock Ignition for IFE: Theory, Simulations, Experiments, Diagnostics Development. JIHT RAS team members were supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (State Assignment no. 075-00460-21-00).

T. Tamagawa, Y. Hironaka, K. Kawasaki, D. Tanaka, T. Idesaka, N. Ozaki, R. Kodama, R. Takizawa, S. Fujioka, A. Yogo, D. Batani, Ph. Nicolai, G. Cristoforetti, P. Koester, L. A. Gizzi, and K. Shigemori, "Development of an experimental platform for the investigation of laser–plasma interaction in conditions relevant to shock ignition regime", Review of Scientific Instruments 93, 063505 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0089969, The shock ignition (SI) approach to inertial confinement fusion is a promising scheme for achieving energy production by nuclear fusion. SI relies on using a high intensity laser pulse (≈1016 W/cm2, with a duration of several hundred ps) at the end of the fuel compression stage. However, during laser-plasma interaction (LPI), several parametric instabilities, such as stimulated Raman scattering and two plasmon decay, nonlinearly generate hot electrons (HEs). The whole behavior of HE under SI conditions, including their generation, transport, and final absorption, is still unclear and needs further experimental investigation. This paper focuses on the development of an experimental platform for SI-related experiments, which simultaneously makes use of multiple diagnostics to characterize LPI and HE generation, transport, and energy deposition. Such diagnostics include optical spectrometers, streaked optical shadowgraph, an x-ray pinhole camera, a two-dimensional x-ray imager, a Cu Kα line spectrometer, two hot-electron spectrometers, a hard x-ray (bremsstrahlung) detector, and a streaked optical pyrometer. Diagnostics successfully operated simultaneously in single-shot mode, revealing the features of HEs under SI-relevant conditions.

In this study, the FIW and the LSDW were experimentally observed by shadowgraph in air. A TEA CO2 laser with 10 J output was used. A 532 nm DPSS laser with 1.4 W output power was used as a probe light. It projected the shadow of the laser-induced plasma and the shock wave onto a high-speed ICCD camera.

Recently, Rajapaksa et al. (2010) showed that the rate of uptake of potential vaccine delivery nano- particles in the mucosal layer is a function of the electrostatic properties of the corresponding solvent. This fundamentally implies that the dominant driving forces thatmaybecapitalizedonformucosalvaccinestrategiesare electrostatic in nature. We hypothesize that the driving force normal to the cell (in the direction from apical to basolateral across the cell) is of particular importance. In addition, it has been theoretically shown that the electrostatic properties of mucosal cells are directly related to their development of brush border. Here we correlate the development of brush border on a human mucosal epithelial model (Caco-2) cultured in DMEM on 3.0mm pore sized polycarbonate membranes to their correspond- ing electrostatic properties characterized by measuring their normal zeta potential. Properties of normal streaming potential, hydraulic permeability, and brush border development (as determined by size and number) were monitored for 2, 6, and 16 days (after cells were confluent). Human endothelial cells (HECs), which lack brush border, were used as the control. Our results demonstrate that normal zeta potential of Caco-2 cells significantly changed from � 5.7 � 0.11mV to � 3.4 � 0.11mV for a period between 2 and 16 days, respectively. The zeta potential of the control cell line, HECs, stayed constant (statistically not different, P>0.05) for the duration of the experiments. Our results show that the calculated increase in surface area of the Caco-2 cells with microvilli from 6 to 16 days was directly proportional to the corresponding measured zeta potential difference. These results imply that microvilli alter the electrostatic local environment around Caco-2 cells and, hence, enhance the normal electrostatic selective transport of solute across the mucosal barrier. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;xxx: 1-7. 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

We have synthesized novel perylene derivatives bearing a silyl function with modifiable functional groups as a feasible material for visualizing biological substances. The fluorescent perylene derivative was coupled to C-5 position of pyrimidine nucleotide and the nucleotide was subsequently incorporated to the middle position of oligoDNA using an automated DNA synthesizer. Also, the derivative was coupled with a cholesterol analog with different length of linking alkyl function. The resulting modified fluorescent oligoDNA exhibited a small change in its fluorescent signal upon hybridization with the complementary oligoDNA. While the cholesterol analogs bearing the silylated perylene exhibited marked fluorescent signal in living cells. The signal is stronger in the analog having longer linker function compared to the analog having shorter linker function. In each case, however, the signal was much prominent compared to that of dehydroergosterol (DHE), a fluorescent cholesterol analog widely used in biological study.

Takayasu's arteritis is a disease of unknown etiology with a constellation of clinical findings primarily resulting from stenotic lesions on the aorta and its branches. Although aneurysmal degeneration is observed frequently in patients with Takayasu's arteritis, non-aneurysmal spontaneous aortic rupture is extremely rare. We report a case of endovascular stent grafting for spontaneous rupture of a non-aneurysmal thoracic aorta in Takayasu's arteritis.

Macrophages/monocytes and the proinflammatory mediators, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1alpha, play a critical role in the progression of immunological disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet's disease and Crohn's disease. In addition, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-alpha7 (alpha7nAChR) subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the alpha7nAChR subunit on human peripheral monocytes and the effect of nicotine on the production of these proinflammatory mediators by activated monocytes. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin demonstrated the cell surface expression of the alpha7nAchR subunit. Pretreatment with low-dose nicotine caused inhibition of TNF-alpha, PGE(2), MIP-1alpha and MIP-1alpha production, and mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1alpha and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocytes. These suppressive effects of nicotine were caused at the transcriptional level and were mediated through alpha7nAChR. Nicotine suppressed the phosphorylation of I-kappaB, and then inhibited the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappaB. These immunosuppressive effects of nicotine may contribute to the regulation of some immune diseases.

BaTiO 3 solid solutions containing rare-earth elements, which are used for capacitors with multi-layer structure, were prepared and their crystal structure was examined in order to determine preferential solubility site of rare-earth ions in perovskite structure. Since the ionic radius of Sm is in an intermediate range between those of Ba and Ti, both A and B-site replacements can be considered to occur. Rietveld refinement analysis and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis using synchrotron data were carried out to obtain the knowledge on the occupation site in the BaTiO 3 perovskite structure. These results proved that Sm is soluble in both A and B sites.

The characteristics of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation in the distribution system of Hiroshima City were investigated. Then a model was developed for predicting DBPs based on multiple regression analysis. Potassium permanganate consumption value (KMnO 4 ), free chlorine residual concentration (Cl 2 ), pH, water temperature (WT) and residence time (RT) were confirmed to have an influence on DBP formation in the distribution system and used as independent variables. The correlation coefficients between the logarithmic values of the predicted DBPs and those of the observed DBPs were higher than 0.7. In addition, the seasonal change patterns of the predicted DBPs were very similar to those observed in some DBPs. The model is helpful for managing the DBPs in water distribution systems.

In this study, phenanthroline–polyamine conjugates have been synthesized. The conjugates bind to DNA and hydrolyze it in the absence of any metal and reducing agent under physiological conditions.

Rietveld refinement and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis on the synchrotron radiation X-ray data of BaTiO3-based shell phase powder specimens with Ho and Mg co-dopants were carried out to obtain the knowledge on the occupation site and its quantitative occupancy fraction in BaTiO3 perovskite structure. Ho ions occupied preferentially A-site in BaTiO3 and the occupation ratio was same in any doped compositions. Ho─O atomic distance in A-site is increased with increasing Ho doping in contract to that in B-site.

Power consumption in a non-baffled agitated vessel with a double impeller was measured over a wide range of Reynolds number from laminar to turbulent flow regions. The power correlation for the double impeller was derived from the modification of the power correlation for a single impeller proposed by the authors. The power consumption in a baffled vessel was only measured in the turbulent flow region. The power consumption for the double impeller has the maximum value, which was almost twice the power consumption for the single impeller at larger ratio of impeller clearance to liquid depth than 0.35, and it took the minimum value at the impeller clearance ratio of 0.18–0.25. Mixing time in a baffled vessel with some types of double impeller was measured in the turbulent flow region using the decolorization method of sodium thiosulfate and iodine reaction. The minimum mixing time was observed at 0.1–0.2 of the ratio of impeller clearance to liquid depth for the two-stage paddle system, and 0.5–0.7 for the double impellers constructed with the pitched blade paddle. The relationship of mixing time to power consumption for the double impeller system coincided with that for a single impeller at the impeller clearance taking the minimum mixing time.

著者人数: 20名, 資料番号: SA1002901000

The equation of state of diamond was studied using laser‐driven shock waves in a terapascal region between 0.5 and 2 TPa. Strong shock waves were generated by direct irradiation of a 2.5 ns laser pulse on an Al driver plate. The shock wave velocities in the diamond and Al were measured optically. Particle velocities and pressures were obtained using impedance matching and the known Al Hugoniot. The dependence of UsDia(upDia) obtained for single crystalline diamond is well‐approximated by UsDia=11.2+1.2upDia for the obtained Hugoniot data, all previous experimental data, and the bulk sound velocity.

Recently, Rajapaksa et al. (2010) showed that the rate of uptake of potential vaccine delivery nanoparticles in the mucosal layer is a function of the electrostatic properties of the corresponding solvent. This fundamentally implies that the dominant driving forces that may be capitalized on for mucosal vaccine strategies are electrostatic in nature. We hypothesize that the driving force normal to the cell (in the direction from apical to basolateral across the cell) is of particular importance. In addition, it has been theoretically shown that the electrostatic properties of mucosal cells are directly related to their development of brush border. Here we correlate the development of brush border on a human mucosal epithelial model (Caco-2) cultured in DMEM on 3.0 µm pore sized polycarbonate membranes to their corresponding electrostatic properties characterized by measuring their normal zeta potential. Properties of normal streaming potential, hydraulic permeability, and brush border development (as determined by size and number) were monitored for 2, 6, and 16 days (after cells were confluent). Human endothelial cells (HECs), which lack brush border, were used as the control. Our results demonstrate that normal zeta potential of Caco-2 cells significantly changed from -5.7 ± 0.11 mV to -3.4 ± 0.11 mV for a period between 2 and 16 days, respectively. The zeta potential of the control cell line, HECs, stayed constant (statistically not different, P 0.05) for the duration of the experiments. Our results show that the calculated increase in surface area of the Caco-2 cells with microvilli from 6 to 16 days was directly proportional to the corresponding measured zeta potential difference. These results imply that microvilli alter the electrostatic local environment around Caco-2 cells and, hence, enhance the normal electrostatic selective transport of solute across the mucosal barrier.

Purpose:The MR findings in patients with spastic diplegia were investigated and the role of MR imaging in assessing the extent of brain injury was evaluated.Material and Methods:39 male and 24 female patients (preterm/term 43/20) were imaged using a 0.5 T MR system.Results:The MR findings in term patients were quite different from those in preterm patients; 55% of the term patients showed normal and minimal changes on MR, whereas 90.7% of the 43 preterm children had periventricular leucomalacia. The deep cerebral white matter was the most frequently involved site. Objective measurements revealed significant reductions of the entire sagittal area of corpus callosum in diplegic patients in comparison with normal controls. The motor palsy severity correlated well with the extent of corpus callosum involvement.Conclusion:The corpus callosum appears to be a sensitive marker site for the assessment of the extent of white matter injury.

We studied the mechanisms of dopamine receptor agonist- and L-DOPA-mediated supersensitization in experimental Parkinson's disease model rats, by measuring in vivo acetylcholine (ACh) release, GTPase activities, and mRNA expression in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. D1 agonist (SKF38393) and D2/D3 agonists (bromocriptine and quinpirole) showed more potent stimulation or inhibitions on ACh release in the model rat than in the control. However, quinpirole-evoked stimulation of GTPase activity was enhance in the model rats, compared to the control, while there was no significant enhancement of the bromocriptine-evoked stimulation. On the other hand, L-DOPA at 0.3-10 pM showed a biphasic action including significant inhibition on the GTPase activity in the lesioned striatal membranes, but not in the control. In the RNAase protection assay, neither D1, D2, Gi1 alpha, GoA alpha nor Gs alpha mRNA expression in the model was significantly different from the control. These findings suggest that there is supersensitization of D1 and D2/D3 receptors in the experimental Parkinson's disease model, while the upregulation of their receptors or GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) to be coupled to their receptors is unlikely involved in major parts of such mechanisms. In addition, the present report provides the first evidence that L-DOPA mediates neurochemical responses in the plasma membranes, possibly through its receptor.

To clarify the mechanism of tenderness after bone injury, we investigated changes in the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli, nerve distribution and nerve growth factor (NGF)-expression in a rat model of bone injury without immobilization for bone injury healing. Rats were divided into three groups as follows: (1) rats incised in the skin and periosteum, followed by drilling a hole in the tibia [bone lesion group (BLG)]; (2) those incised in the skin and periosteum without bone drilling [periosteum lesion group (PLG)]; and (3) those incised in the skin [skin lesion group (SLG)]. Mechanical hyperalgesia continued for 28 days at a lesion in the BLG, 21 days in PLG and 5 days in SLG after treatments, respectively. Endochondral ossification was observed on days 5-28 in BLG and on days 5-21 in PLG. Nerve growth appeared in deep connective tissue (DCT) at day 28 in BLG. Nerve fibres increased in both cutaneous tissue and DCT at day 7 in PLG, but they were not found at day 28. Mechanical hyperalgesia accompanied with endochondral ossification and nerve fibres increasing at the lesion in both BLG and PLG. NGF was expressed in bone-regenerating cells during the bone injury healing. Anti-NGF and trk inhibitor K252a inhibited hyperalgesia in the different time course. This study shows that localized tenderness coincides with the bone healing and involves NGF expression and nerve sprouting after bone injury. The findings present underlying mechanisms and provide pathophysiological relevance of local tenderness to determination of bone fracture and its healing.

The idea of applying intelligent control using neural networks and fuzzy logic to actual plants, where modern control theory is not powerful enough, is becoming popular. This paper presents one example applied to a recovery boiler in paper pulp mill.A recovery boiler aims to generate steam and to collect expensive soda, which is a waste from chemical reaction at the previous process. Experts still exist to operate the plant efficiently because of its process's complexity. Among them are the operators' actions based on the visual perception of the charbed. In order to reduce these operators' burden, control algorithm handling both conventional process data and image data is discussed in this paper.The control algorithm, visual feedback control, has two part. One is the perception of the charbed's shape organized by Neural Networks and the other is fuzzy control system based on operators' experience.First we discuss the present plant operations done by operators and point out the possibility of automatic manipulation. Next, explain the detailed algorithm including how we implemented neural networks and fuzzy logic. Finally the result of control to the plant is discussed.Due to the kindness support of a certain user, we have implemented this algorithm and evaluated to the actual plant.

To investigate the distribution of ghrelin in different regions of stomach in Sprague-Dawley rat, and attempt to compare with those of humans and other mammalian species in this study, the stomach of rats was divided into five sections, cardia, fundus, greater curvature, lesser curvature and pylorus. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to investigate the ghrelin-producing cells. The immunolocalization and protein levels of ghrelin differed significantly in different regions of stomach in rats. It was present at a high level in the greater curvature of the pars glandularis, and the lesser curvature. In the fundus and pylorus, no ghrelin immunoreactive cells were detected. In this study, we elucidated the distribution of ghrelin-producing cells in different regions of rat stomach in detail for the first time. It is further considered that the differences of ghrelin distribution in stomach of different species may induce different stimulatory effects on fat accumulation and metabolism.

This paper reviews our recent activities on nanophotonics based on a photonic crystal (PC)/quantum dot (QD)-combined structure for an all-optical device and a metal/semiconductor composite structure using surface plasmon (SP) and negative refractive index material (NIM). The former structure contributes to an ultrafast signal processing component by virtue of new PC design and QD selective-area-growth technologies, while the latter provides a new RGB color filter with a high precision and optical beam-steering device with a wide steering angle.

GaAs‐based two‐dimensional photonic crystal (2DPC) slab waveguides (WGs) and InAs quantum dots (QDs) were developed for key photonic device structures in the future. An ultrasmall and ultrafast symmetrical Mach‐Zehnder (SMZ)‐type all‐optical switch (PC‐SMZ) and an optical flip‐flop device (PC‐FF) have been developed based on these nanophotonic structures for an ultrafast digital photonic network. To realize these devices, two important techniques were developed. One is a new simulation method, i.e., topology optimization method of 2DPC WGs with wide/flat bandwidth, high transmittance and low reflectivity. Another is a new selective‐area‐growth method, i.e., metal‐mask molecular beam epitaxy method of InAs QDs. This technique contributes to achieving high‐density and highly uniform InAs QDs in a desired area such as an optical nonlinearity‐induced phase shift arm in the PC‐FF. Furthermore, as a unique site‐controlled QD technique, a nano‐jet probe method is also developed for positioning QDs at the centre ...

We present the application of short‐pulse laser‐driven hard x‐rays (>40 keV) for the direct density measurement of iron compressed by a laser‐driven shock. By using an on‐shot calibration of the line density, we are able to obtain line densities even though the x‐ray source is not monochromatic. The consequences for the line density measurement using a polychromatic source are discussed in detail, as well as the calibration method we propose to solve this problem.