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Excavations just inside the main West gate of the town, a plantation of probably the later twelfth century, confirm that parts of the town that were intensively occupied in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were abandoned as the settlement shrank and diminished in status from the later fifteenth century onwards. The earliest buildings, founded on earth-fast posts appear to have been replaced by ones of sill-beam construction during possibly the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. One structure was converted into an ironworking smithy in the fourteenth or fifteenth century, to which a corn-drying kiln was attached. Charred remains of cultivated plants are dominated by oats, most of which probably represents crop processing activity.

The aim of this paper is to propose two procedures for the design of a robust discrete time controller for the flexible transmission system of Landau et al. (Proc. Europ. Control Conf., Rome, Sept. 1995). The procedures are based on discrete time versions of the two degree offreedom (TDF) methods of Limebeer et al. (Automatica, 29(1), 1993, 157–168) for designing robust controllers. The first method involves designing the feedback controller and prefilter in a single stage using H ∞ optimisation. It is this approach that is evaluated on the flexible transmission problem. The second approach involves two stages in which both the feedback controller and prefilter are optimised separately.

To assess the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure fetal fat volume in utero, and to study fetal growth in women with and without diabetes in view of the increased prevalence of macrosomia in the former.We studied 26 pregnant women, 14 with pre-gestational diabetes and 12 non-diabetic controls. Fetal assessment took place at 24 weeks' gestation and again at 34 weeks by standard ultrasound biometry followed by MRI at 1.5 T. Fetal fat volume was determined from T1-weighted water-suppressed images using a semi-automated approach based on pixel intensity and taking into account partial volume effects. Fetal volume was also determined from the MRI images. Fetal weight was calculated using published fat and lean tissue densities.There was little fetal fat at 24 weeks' gestation, but at 34 weeks the fetal fat content was considerably higher in the women with diabetes, with a mean fat content of 1090 ± 417 cm(3) compared with 541 ± 348 cm(3) in the controls (P = 0.006). Measurements of fetal fat volume showed low intra- and interobserver variability at 34 weeks, with intraclass correlation coefficients consistently above 0.99. Birth-weight centile correlated with fetal fat volume (R(2) = 0.496, P 0.001), percentage of fetal fat (R(2) = 0.362, P = 0.008) and calculated fetal weight (R(2) = 0.492, P 0.001) at 34 weeks.MRI appears to be a promising tool for the determination of fetal fat, body composition and weight in utero during the third trimester of pregnancy.

THE FOUNDATIONS of the small parochial church and its associated enclosure and cemetery were extensively excavated between 1984 and 1987. The first evidence of activity is represented by a sub-rectangular enclosure of 4th- to 5th-century date, with other elusive evidence of activity in the 6th to 9th centuries, possibly of a domestic or agricultural nature. A small cemetery dating to a period between the 9th to 12th centuries, but most probably to the late nth and 12th centuries, was immediately superseded by a simple two-cell stone church, apparently set out with regard to features within the early cemetery. Apses were added to the E. and W. ends in the 13th century, and the church remained of this plan until its abandonment in about the early 16th century.

Twelve138Ce/136Ce isotope determinations, 31 Nd isotope analyses, and 31 REE profiles are presented for Tertiary basic to intermediate igneous rocks from the Isle of Skye, NW Scotland. The aim of this work is to precisely identify the contamination mechanisms of basic magmas emplaced through old crust, and to test the effectiveness of Ce isotope analysis as a petrogenetic tool. Combined Ce/Nd isotope analysis enables the modelling of the light REE profiles of the mantle-derived precursors to contaminated lavas, using different crustal end-members, in order to compare these with the magmatic lineage of uncontaminated Skye lavas. The geochemical data support a contamination mechanism involving a granitic melt, produced either by large degree melting of Scourian granulitefacies acid sheets, or (possibly) by melting of intermediate gneiss out of isotopic equilibrium. Basaltic lavas showing strong isotopic contamination effects yield calculated degrees of crustal contamination by large degree granitic melts of ca. 8 or 9% based on Ce and Nd isotopic data respectively. However, for lavas with liquidus temperatures of over 1250° C, the temperature dependence of the degree of contamination is weak. The combination of this evidence with new and published Pb isotope data suggests that the bulk of crustal contamination of the Skye lavas occurred in sill complexes at distinct levels in the crust, rather than during the actual ascent of magma through the crust in dykes. It is suggested on the basis of published fluid dynamic and field evidence that the assimilation of large degree melts of acid gneiss by turbulently flowing magma is more likely than assimilation of small degree disequilibrium melts from more refractory intermediate gneisses. It is concluded that Ce isotope analysis is a viable and useful adjunct to Nd isotope data in petrogenetic studies of continental igneous rocks emplaced through old basement.

Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and U-Th-Pb isotopic data for Precambrian granitoids (i.e. granites and intermediate calc-alkaline plutonic rocks) from Greenland, Scotland and Zimbabwe are used to assess the relative contributions to magma genesis of various source materials. Ancient continental crustal contributions are identified by negative e N d values in the magmas at time of formation. Initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (Sr 1 ,) values identify crustal contributions as derived from deep (low Rb/Sr) or upper (high Rb/Sr) crust. Pb isotopic data, expressed as model ( 238 U / 204 Pb) values, permit the distinction between deep (low U/Pb) and upper (high U/Pb) crustal contributions. However, it is not usually possible to distinguish between mantle (low Rb/Sr) and deep crustal sources using Sr 1 values. In contrast, Nd and Pb isotopic data permit such a distinction to be made. The granitoids isotopically analysed for the present study range from calc-alkaline types with mantle or mixed mantle-crust isotopic characteristics (for example, late Archaean orthogneisses from west Greenland) to true granites probably produced solely by anatexis of ancient sialic crust (for example, Badcall Quay red granite, northwest Scotland; Qorqut granite, west Greenland; Mont d’Or granite, Zimbabwe).

An 8 point whole-rock and mineral Rb-Sr isochron for the Sgurr of Eigg yields an age of 52.1 ± 1.0 Ma (2σ). This is the youngest accurate date yet reported for igneous activity in the British Tertiary Province, and indicates that sub-acid rocks of the Small Isles represent one of the latest episodes of Hebridean magmatism. Pb-isotope compositions of these rocks yield an apparent age of 2660 ± 75 Ma (2σ), interpreted as a mixing line between Lewisian, Torridonian and mantle-derived Pb, and indicating the presence of Lewisian basement under Eigg. Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic evidence points to contamination of basaltic differentiates and granulite-facies Lewisian melts by Torridonian sandstone, but precludes significant involvement of amphibolite-facies Lewisian, which may have been largely removed by erosion before deposition of the Torridonian sediments in the Small Isles.

In Sconser quarry, Isle of Skye, a thin Tertiary basic sill is cut by vertical veins which formed fluid conduits in a major meteoric-hydrothermal system. In order to study the relative mobility of different elements during hydrothermal metamorphism, sill material adjacent to a large (6 mm wide) vein was cut into slices and subjected to geochemical and isotopic analysis.

This paper is a review of well-documented geochronological and related isotopic evidence for the age and total crustal residence time of the oldest known terrestrial rocks, mainly using Rb/1bSr, Sm/1bNd and U/1bPb decay schemes. The oldest known stable sialic crust of true continental character, predominantly composed of calc-alkaline orthogneisses, was produced during major mantle-differentiation some 3.7−3.5 Ga ago and is represented on several continents. Enclaves of older supracrustal rocks, as well as a major remnant of a volcano-sedimentary sequence of greenstone belt affinity dated at ∼3.8 Ga, are preserved within the surrounding gneisses in southern West Greenland. Recent ionmicroprobe evidence for ∼4.1-Ga-old detrital zircon grains in a younger early Archaean metasedimentary sequence in Western Australia is also discussed. Several cases are reviewed where claims for early Archaean (> 3.4 Ga) dates are believed to be erroneous and to result from oversimplistic and incorrect interpretation of isotopic data. Some of the geological and geochemical mechanisms which have given rise to claims for spuriously old Sm/1bNd, U/1bPb and Pb/Pb dates are critically discussed. To supplement published data, we present several new sets of whole-rock Sm/1bNd and Pb/Pb isotopic data from West Greenland, Labrador, Zimbabwe and eastern India relevant to the overall topic of this review.

The unusual clinical picture of the following two cases of gall-bladder disease prompts me to report them as examples of acute primary cholecystitis. Case 1. —History. —The patient, a large heavily built Italian of intemperate habits, aged 47, was suddenly seized at 3 p. m., Dec. 21, 1911, while attending to business, with excruciatingly severe cramping pain in the upper abdomen. He was prostated with it and was soon bathed in cold perspiration. There was no chill or subsequent fever. My father attended the patient at his home shortly afterward, where this condition was noted. Morphin sulphate, one-fourth grain, and atropin sulphate, 1/150 grain, were given hypodermatically. At 9 p. m. the pain was still present in paroxysms and the morphin and atropin were repeated. At this time some delirium was noticed. At 6 a. m. the following morning the patient was still thrashing aboutthe bed in pain and more

Intravenous administration of the sodium salts of nucleic acids obtained from the blood cells of the fowl gave such interesting results on animals 1 that it was thought justifiable to employ the method, with extreme caution, on human patients suffering from anemia. Accordingly, nucleic acids obtained by the Kessel-Neumann method, as previously described, were introduced intravenously in dosages of from 0.25 to 1 Gm., dissolved in physiologic sodium chloride solution, in a series of eleven patients. These patients were under hospital treatment and had been diagnosticated as secondary and pernicious anemia cases, with various associated complications. The smallest dose of sodium nucleate administered, 0.25 Gm., was approximately the same as had been given to rabbits weighing from 2.3 to 2.5 Kg., and the largest dose (one case) was four times this amount. There was therefore a great disparity between the body weights of the rabbits and of the patients treated

17 p. Reprinted from: Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 7, January, 1929, Pages 603-621

The hematopoietic effects produced by administration of bone-marrow and spleen extracts,1by liver feeding,2and by intravenous injections of washed nuclei and sodium nucleate,3suggest that the results obtained may be due to a factor or to several factors which these substances possess in common.4A considerable amount of nuclear material is the most obvious common characteristic. We have therefore extracted nucleoproteins and nucleic acids from dog and beef livers, and have administered these, separately and in combination, into normal animals, with hematopoietic results very similar to those previously reported as the result of treatment with nuclei and sodium nucleate from fowl's blood. It should be stated that the nucleic acids obtained from livers were also in the form of sodium nucleate, and were prepared by the method of Kossel-Neumann. The nucleoproteins were prepared by the method of Hammarsten. In view of the results on normal

Hemorrhagic erosions of the stomach from the viewpoint of the examination of the fasting organ is not an infrequent clinical finding. In 600 consecutive cases in which this routine examination was made as a part of general diagnosis, there were thirty-five cases, or 5.8 per cent., in which definite erosions of the gastric mucous membrane were found. As shown by the accompanying table, these cases were divided among the following disease conditions: Pernicious anemia, general asthenia, carcinoma of the stomach, carcinoma of the esophagus, cardiospasm, cardiosclerosis, dyspepsia nervosa, Schmidt's fermentation dyspepsia, Einhorn's disease, chronic anacid gastritis, chronic subacid gastritis, chronic acid gastritis, chronic gastrosuccorrhea, chronic gall-bladder disease, chronic intestinal catarrh, spastic obstipation, chronic salpingitis and chronic ulcer of the stomach. Two cases of so-called simple erosion, characterized by sudden severe gastric hemorrhage, afforded no fragments of mucous membrane either by vomiting or later by examination. From a study of

Excerpt There is a form of cardiovascular disease, seen more frequently than that due to syphilis, which is characterized by dilatation of the aorta and large vessels and a gross enlargement of the...