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The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Citrus decumana peel extract. Antioxidant activity of Citrus decumana peel extract in four solvent systems was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(.)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) radical scavenging methods. Ethyl acetate peel extract of Citrus decumana (EtCD) was studied for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities at a dose level of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory activity was performed using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Analgesic activity was evaluated for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions in mice. EtCD showed significant antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner when compared with ascorbic acid. EtCD at the dose of 300 mg/kg produced significant decrease in paw volume and pain when compared with reference drug diclofenac and morphine, respectively. The Citrus decumana peel extract may be useful as a natural antioxidant in the treatment of inflammation and pain.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of 7,8-dimethoxycoumarin (DMC) isolated from ethyl acetate extract of Citrus decumana peels on gastritis in rats. Isolation of 7,8-DMC from ethyl acetate extract of C. decumana peels was done by column and preparative thin layer chromatography using different solvents on polarity basis. Furthermore, effect of 7,8-DMC (50, 75, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) in pyloric ligation-induced gastritis was studied in rats. The highest dose of 7,8-DMC showed significant decrease in the gastric volume, total acidity, ulcerative index, thiobarbituric acid reactive species levels, and myeloperoxidase activity, whereas there was an increase in the glutathione level. However, the lowest and medium doses did not produce significant results as compared to omeprazole and N-acetyl cysteine-treated groups. Compound 7,8-DMC (100 mg/kg) showed ameliorative effect on gastric inflammation and may be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of gastritis.

Designing a good software system is a very complex task. In order to produce a good software product, several measures need to be taken into account. System complexity generally affects attributes such as software reliability, maintainability, and testability of software systems which are considered of immense importance in designing a better software product. For achieving these software qualities, its system complexity must be controlled by modularizing the system into various modules of appropriate complexities. The paper reports the system complexity which is comprised of internal and external complexities. External complexity, a result of software decomposition, which is mainly contributed by the coupling or interaction among modules, is derived by taking into account the proposed reasonable modular coupling complexities.

The main qualitative differences between the spectra of pyridine, co-ordinated pyridine and the pyridine ion are discussed and an assignment is made for all the bands observed in the spectra of co-ordinated pyridine. In view of the small shifts observed when comparing the spectra of pyridine complexes, it is concluded that the electron density over the pyridine ring remains almost constant whatever the acceptor atom and it is suggested that back-bonding plays a part in the bonding of these complexes. some of the N-H bands in the spectra of the pyridinium ion have been identified by deuteration and the spectra of this ions are discussed.

The structures of complexes of the type M II (Hal) 2 . 2 Pyridine have been investigated by a variety of physical techniques. Particular attention has been paid to the cobalt complexes which can exist in one or both of two isomeric forms. The factors which decide whether the tetrahedral monomer or octahedral polymer form will be the more stable are discussed. By using various metals five different types of complexes of the above formula have been identified — (a) tetrahedral monomer; (b) octahedral polymer; (c) square planar monomer; (d) tetragonal polymer; (e) (presumably) irregular tetrahedral monomer. The influence of the electronic configuration of the metal and the effect of the ligand on the structure adopted are discussed.