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The COVID-19 has affected all walks of life. For China's publishing industry, everything has been changed from production to consumption, from different links in the industrial chain to various product types, and from operating modes to organizational structures. In 2020, China's book industry experienced in its first negative growth in 20 years. The total number of new book varieties has declined, bookstores have suffered an enormous impact, and marketing and sales have further shifted to online. Online education will become normal, and digital teaching materials may increase the industry and the future of the Audio-book market is hot, network literature is in the focus of investments while a number of the non-state-owned publishing house started to go public.

An attempt has been made in this paper to analyze the population growth, population density, and sex ratio of a total of 540 urban centers/towns belonging to twelve states/ regions of the Indian Himalaya. We analyze the population distribution, town distribution, growth of towns, density patterns of towns, sex composition, and status wise population based on the size class of towns as per the 2011 Census in particular. In the 2011 Census, the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) consisted a total of 46,790,642 persons living in 61,592 inhabited villages and 540 urban centers, accounting for 3.87% of the total population of the country. The Indian Himalaya hold an urban population of 12,079,291, persons, which accounts for 3.2% of the nation’s total urban population as of 2011. The urban population constitutes 25.8% of the total population of the IHR. Of the total 109 districts in the IHR, two districts (1.83%) of Himachal Pradesh, namely Lahul and Spiti and Kinnaur districts, have no urban population. It is interesting to note that the urban population of the IHR had increased by 567.3% in the period 1901–2011, which is more than two folds (1,358.5%) of the national growth of urban population in India. Of the total 540 urban centers studied, 92 (17%) places were recognized as urban centers for the first time in the 2011 Census. One of the striking issues affecting the Himalayan demography is that one-tenth (56) or 10.4% of urban centers have registered negative growth ranging from 0.2% to 81.8% on the one hand, and 32 (5.9%) towns have registered a range of 100% to 3,909.9% decadal growth from 2001 to 2011 on the other hand. However, the growth of urban population in the IHR has been fluctuating from decade to decade. The density used for calculating the pressure of population on the land of the Indian Himalayan towns varies from 49 persons per km2 to 85,654 persons per km2; however, it has not been computed for 59 (10.9%) towns because of the unavailability of the land area in the towns of Arunachal Pradesh (27), Nagaland (26), and Manipur (6). The sex ratio of the Himalayan towns varied from 4 females per 1,000 males to 1,209 per 1,000 males in the 2011 Census. Only 93 (17.3%) towns recorded more than 1,000 females per 1,000 males, with 82.7% of the towns recording low sex ratio.

Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi have experienced massive declines in their native range and are now a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act. A key management goal for this species is re-establishing extirpated populations using translocations and conservation hatcheries. In California USA, two broodstocks (Pilot Peak and Independence Lake) are available for reintroduction, in addition to translocations from wild and naturalized sources. Pilot Peak and Independence Lake fish are hatchery stocks derived from native fish from the Truckee River basin and used for recovery activities in the western Geographic Management Unit Areas only, specifically within the Truckee River basin. Yet suitability of these sources for re-introduction in different ecosystem types remains an open and important topic. We conducted growth experiments using Lahontan cutthroat trout stocked into Sagehen Creek, CA, USA. Experiments evaluated both available broodstocks and a smaller sample of fish translocated representing a naturalized population of unknown origin from a nearby creek. Fish from the Independence Lake source had significantly higher growth in weight and length compared to the other sources. Further, Independence Lake fish were the only stock that gained weight on average over the duration of the experiment. Our experiments suggest fish from the Independence Lake brood stock should be considered in reintroduction efforts.

Vrlo je uočljivo drastično smanjivanje broja katolika u Bosni i Hercegovini tijekom posljednjih 30 godina. Od 760.852, koliko ih je bilo 1991. godine, prema državnom popisu iz 2013. godine ostalo ih je 544.780, odnosno prema crkvenim procjenama na kraju 2018. na tom području bilo bi 365.688 katolika. Taj proces započeo je za vrijeme rata (1991. - 1995.) progonima i iseljavanjem zbog straha i nastavio se nakon toga zbog nesigurnosti, izostanka i onemogućavanja održivog povratka, novog iseljavanja i negativnog priraštaja. Katolička Crkva u BiH od 2003. do 2018. godine bilježi gubitak od 99.133 vjernika. Odnosno, Banjolučka biskupija je tijekom posljednjih dvadesetak godina ostala bez 45,71 % vjernika, koji su na njezinu području bili 1999. godine, Sarajevska je ostala bez 32,48 % u odnosu na 2002. godinu, Mostarska bez 11,75 % nakon 2006., a Trebinjska bez 13,04 % od 2005. godine. U tom općem gubitku vlastiti negativan priraštaj sudjeluje s 23.214, što znači da se iz BiH u tom razdoblju, prema crkvenim procjenama, iselilo 75.919 katolika. Ovaj rad podijeljen je u šest naslova: Okolnosti i zakonski okviri suvremene društvene zbilje u BiH, Depopulacija i denatalitet pogađaju cijelu BiH, Smanjivanje broja katolika ponovno postao proces, Negativan priraštaj i novo iseljavanje katolika, Uloga državne vlasti i međunarodne zajednice u traženju rješenja te Još neki izazovi Katoličke Crkve u složenom društvu BiH., After the number of Croats and Catholics in B&H was almost halved at the end of 20th century due to war persecution and displacement, emigration and negative growth became their new major problem. According to church data, after surviving the war tragedy and an initial slight comeback after the war, with new emigration and negative growth, the Catholic Church in B&H from 2003 to 2018 registered a loss of 99,133 believers. In other words, during the last 20 years, the Diocese of Banja Luka has lost 45.71% of believers, who were in the diocese in 1999. The Diocese of Sarajevo has lost 32.48% compared to 2002. The Diocese of Mostar has experienced a loss of 11.75% after 2006. And finally the Diocese of Trebinje has lost 13.04% since 2005. In this general loss according to church estimates, 75,919 Catholics emigrated from B&H during that period resulting in negative growth of 23,214 people. The demographic decline of Catholics and Croats in B&H after the war is the consequence of many simultaneous causes. The most important among these are: lack of political and material support for the return of refugees and displaced persons; very negative natural growth; new emigration; high unemployment rates that encourage emigration in search of employment; political and legal uncertainty; corruption and frustration; new emigration as a consequence of plans by developed countries to replace their own demographic losses and to gain labour workers; insufficient social and material support for women who wish to give birth; the growing crisis of marital morality and secularization; a crisis of awareness among believers about the value of life and parental collaboration with the Creator God; young people leaving, and the high average age of the population, etc. Croats in B&H are frustrated by the unjust internal division of the state into two entities, whose administrative structure in both cases is to their detriment, the unresolved national issue, and the fact that the electoral will of individuals and peoples is undermined by electoral law. In other words, since others often decide who their representative will be, many Croats feel disenfranchised and humiliated. Bosnia and Herzegovina, a complex country of three constituent peoples and other citizens, finds itself in the middle of maintaining its current state, federalization, unitarism and secessionism. It also contains various cultures and civilizations: Central European, Christian, Mediterranean, Byzantine Orthodox and Byzantine Ottoman. This is why sincere dialogue is an existential need; a means of building a just peace, social harmony, the healing of wounds from a difficult past, and empowering the religious community's own awareness and call to be the moral vertical of society. The quest for a just political solution for all in B&H, and thus the solution of the complex problems of Catholics and Croats, is the responsibility of the state government and the international community. But it is necessary to keep in mind the Church's social doctrine: it is of crucial importance that the authority makes every effort to create an atmosphere of security. In this context, it would be particularly useful to increase the political and legal certainty of the whole society, as well as the constitutionally legal equality of all, which will favour economic development. A just territorial and administrative reorganization of the entire state into a federal system for the whole of B&H would contribute to this. At the local level, Croats need to constantly strengthen and nurture their institutions of national culture and science, and it would also be of great benefit to define the basic interests of the peoples, which all Croatian forces would promote and represent through the democratization of political activities of the parties and the maintenance of good relations with Croatia and the world centers of power. At the same time, Croatian people, referred to here, with some exceptions, are the only living Catholics and members of the Catholic Church in B&H. Thus, if there are Croats, there will be also the Catholic Church. This awareness is a prerequisite for any other form of real solidarity. In addition, it is the divine right of the Church to be present throughout the world for the salvation of men. Therefore, its credibility and internal unity should be strengthened, in order to establish a just society and to contribute to the search for fair solutions for all people. In this regard, implementation of the Basic Treaty with the Holy See (2006), as well as the Treaty with the Military Ordinariate (2010) and the Law on Freedom of Religion and the Legal Status of Churches and Religious Communities (2004) would be very important for the Catholic Church in B&H.

This article underlines how the 2008-2010 recession is shifting our perception of the economic history of the Major Years and uses one of the new intellectual spaces thus created to return to an examination of the 1990-1992 recession. Its major characteristics (e.g. the pattern of unemployment, the incidence of negative equity) highlighted the fundamental changes that had taken place under Thatcherism (e.g. the severe contraction of the secondary sector, the deregulation of financial services, the increase in owner-occupancy) but the recession also had its own impact on the mutations taking place, accelerating, notably, the decline of manufacturing.

This paper revisits four recent cross-country empirical studies on the effects of inequality on growth. All four studies report strongly significant negative effects, using the popular system generalized method of moments estimator that is frequently used in cross-country growth empirics. This paper shows that the internal instruments relied on by this estimator in these inequality-and-growth regressions are weak, and that weak instrument-consistent confidence sets for the effect of inequality on growth include a wide range of positive and negative values. This suggests that strong conclusions about the effect of inequality on growth— in either direction—cannot be drawn from these studies. This paper also systematically explores a wide range of alternative sets of internal instruments, and finds that problems of weak instruments are pervasive across these alternatives. More generally, the paper illustrates the importance of documenting instrument strength, basing inferences on procedures that are robust to weak instruments, and considering alternative instrument sets when using the system generalized method of moments estimator for cross-country growth empirics.

This paper proposes a new measure of growth in shared prosperity, based on shifts in population shares of different income groups over time. This measure complements the definition of shared prosperity recently proposed by the World Bank in which income growth of the bottom 40 percent is examined. The new measure’s strengths arise from its close ties to countries’ national poverty lines and poverty measures, its focus on inclusion of the vulnerable population, and its identification of a population segment that is neither poor nor at significant risk of falling into poverty. The paper also offers a typology of scenarios for tracking shared prosperity under this measure. It provides illustrative examples using survey data from India, the United States, and Vietnam for the mid-to-late 2000s. Estimation results comparing the two approaches with measuring the evolution of shared prosperity are qualitatively consistent, and suggest that during this period, Vietnam enjoyed the greatest expansion in shared prosperity, followed by India and then the United States.

Recientemente se cometió un genocidio académico, cuando se eliminó por parte del gobierno nacional en el año 2011 la data histórica de 20 años del Programa Sistema de promoción al Investigador (SPI-PPI), programa que establecía el ranking de los investigadores reconocidos nacionalmente. Y aunque había experimentado un crecimiento positivo en sus casi 20 años, pasado de 741 investigadores en 1990 a 6791 para el 2009, se opto por eliminar el programa. En enero de 2011 el Ministerio P. P. de Ciencia y Tecnología convocó a un nuevo Registro Nacional de Innovadores e Investigadores (RNII), pero los resultados obtenidos han menoscabado la tradición de la evaluación de la investigación generando inconformidad por el sesgo ideológico. Aun cuando en términos cuantitativos pareciera que hay un crecimiento al incorporar los llamados innovadores el nuevo Programa de Estímulo a la Innovación e Investigación(PEII), no se presentó las estadísticas de quiénes no aplicaron al programa y que estaban clasificados en los más altos niveles del SPI-PPI. Pues el nuevo sistema sólo convalidó a los investigadores eméritos. Lo cierto es que hay un crecimiento negativo en lo cualitativo si tomamos en cuenta que una tercera parte de los anteriormente clasificados no aplicaron al PEII, además de una campaña de infravaloración hacia los investigadores destacados, que ven cada vez más menguadas las posibilidades de hacer investigación de punta en nuestras universidades, por las reducciones presupuestarias y limitaciones en las políticas de financiamiento de los programas de los Consejo de Desarrollo Científico Humanístico Tecnológico y de las Artes (CDCHTA). Aunque la ciencia no es neutra (Feyerabend) era conveniente que se incluyera un equipo de evaluadores heterodoxo ideológicamente para darle mayor credibilidad al programa. Recently an academic genocide committed when removed from the national government in 2011 the 20-year historical data System Promotion Program Investigator (SPI- PPI) program established ranking nationally recognized researchers. And although he had experienced positive growth in nearly 20 years, after 741 researchers in 1990-6791 for 2009, it was decided to remove the program. In January 2011 the PP Ministry of Science and Technology convened a new National Register of Innovative and Researchers (RNII), but the results have undermined the tradition of research evaluation generating disagreement with the ideological bias. Although quantitatively seems that there is a growth by incorporating innovative called the new Stimulus Program for Innovation and Research ( PEII ), no statistics of who was presented did not apply to the program and were ranked the highest levels of SPI- PPI. As the new system only validated the researchers emeritus. The truth is that there is a negative growth qualitatively if we take into account that a third of the previously classified not apply to PEII, plus a campaign towards underestimation leading researchers, who are increasingly dwindling chances of doing research tip in our universities, by budget reductions and limitations on political funding programs of the Council for Scientific and Technological Development Humanistic Arts (CDCHTA). Although science is not neutral (Feyerabend) was appropriate that a team of evaluators included ideologically heterodox to give greater credibility to the program. 255-273 pascualmora@cantv.net trimestral

The financial crisis of 2008-09 has considerably slowed the pace of economic growth in Mongolia. When combined with the Dzud (severe winter storm) of 2009-10, which occurred just as the economy was beginning to recover and killed over one million heads of livestock, the slowdown is likely to have significant impacts on poverty as well as the distribution of income and consumption among the poor and non-poor. In this paper we examine the poverty and distributional impacts of the crisis in Mongolia, relying on predictions from a simulation model based on pre-crisis data, given that household data to measure impacts during and after the crisis is unavailable. It is difficult to predict the distributional impacts of the financial crisis with a high degree of confidence. Evidence from previous crises suggests that relative inequality falls about as often as it rises during aggregate contractions (Paci et al, 2008). Furthermore, as the crisis spreads within a country (through adjustments in domestic credit and labor markets and fiscal policies), its impacts across different groups, sectors or areas became all the more difficult to track. The paper is structured as follows. Section two outlines the basic methodological approach used to create the simulation results used here. Section three discusses the macroeconomic projections that are used as inputs into the model. Sections four and five examine the model's projections for poverty and distributional impacts respectively, section six discusses the impact of Dzud (severe winter) and section seven concludes.

This article employs established techniques from the spatial economics literature to identify regional patterns of income and growth in Mexico and to examine how they have changed over the period spanned by trade liberalization and how they may be linked to the income divergence observed following liberalization. The article first shows that divergence has emerged in the form of several income clusters that only partially correspond to traditional geographic regions. Next, when regions are defined by spatial correlation in incomes, a south clearly exists, but the north seems to be restricted to the states directly on the United States (U.S.) border and there is no center region. Overall, the principal dynamic of both the increased spatial dependency and the increased divergence lies not on the border but in the sustained underperformance of the southern states, starting before the North American free-trade agreement, and to a lesser extent in the superior performance of an emerging convergence club in the north-center of the country.

One of the most contentious issues of globalization is the effect of global economic integration on inequality and poverty. This article documents five trends in the modern era of globalization, starting around 1980. The first trend is that growth rates in poor economies have accelerated and are higher than growth rates in rich countries for the first time in modern history. Developing countries per capita incomes grew more than 3.5 percent a year in the 1990s. Second, the number of extremely poor people in the world has declined significantly. The share of people in developing economies living on less than dollar 1 a day has been cut in half since 1981, though the decline in the share living on less than dollar 2 per day was much less dramatic. Third, global inequality has declined modestly, reversing a 200-year trend toward higher inequality. Fourth, within-country inequality in general is not growing, though it has risen in several populous countries (China, India, and the United States). Fifth, wage inequality is rising worldwide. This may seem to contradict the fourth trend, but it does not because there is no simple link between wage inequality and household income inequality. Furthermore, the trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in developing economies that have integrated with the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view that integration has been a positive force for improving the lives of people in developing areas